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Kul A, Budak F, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Al S, Sagirli O, Ozkan SA. Fabrication of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor for the selective assay of antipsychotic drug clozapine and performance comparison with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 281:126810. [PMID: 39241641 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLO) is an atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. The treatment effectiveness of CLO is better than that of other atypical antipsychotics, and it has the advantage of being able to determine its effectiveness by measuring its concentration in the patient's blood. Thus, sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of CLO in blood is highly significant for treatment monitoring. This study describes the design and fabrication of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for CLO determination. This is the first MIP-based electrochemical application in the literature for CLO determination. Employing the thermal polymerization approach, the MIP was formed on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using CLO as the template, trans-3-(3-Pyridyl)acrylic acid (3,3-TA) as the functional monomer, and the support of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Elaborate characterizations in terms of surface morphology and electrochemistry were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. An indirect approach was employed to determine CLO in standard solution, real human biological samples, and tablet formulation, using 5 × 10-3 M [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- solution as the redox probe. The limit of detection (LOD) values for the standard solution and serum sample were calculated as 2.9 × 10-11 M and 6.01 × 10-12 M, respectively. These values and recovery studies confirmed the sensor's sensitivity and feasibility. The measurements in the presence of similarly structured compounds (olanzapine and quetiapine fumarate) verified the sensor's superior selectivity. Moreover, the developed sensor's performance was compared and verified using an LC-MS/MS method using the student's t-test and F-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Kul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Fatma Budak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye; Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - S Irem Kaya
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Selen Al
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Olcay Sagirli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye.
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Hrichi H, Kouki N, Elkanzi NAA. Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of the Antipsychotic Drug Clozapine and Its Major Metabolites: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae016. [PMID: 38576210 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ), a second-generation antipsychotic, can effectively reduce schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression symptoms. This review provides an overview of all reported chromatographic methods (62 references) for the quantification of CLZ and its two main metabolites, norclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in pharmaceutical formulations, biological matrices and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Hrichi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Kouki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Ali Ahmed Elkanzi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Pharmacometabolomics-guided clozapine therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: Preliminary exploration of future too near. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 67:102939. [PMID: 34844176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the association of clozapine pharmacometabolomics and clozapine response in Asian patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed on 50 consecutive TRS patients following up in psychiatry department of the tertiary care hospital. Demographic details, response assessment, were collected on the case record form. A blood sample was also collected for trough concentration assessment of drug and its metabolites. Clozapine (CLZ) the parent drug and its two major metabolites - Clozapine N oxide (CNO) and N-Desmethyl clozapine (N-DSMC) levels were assessed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Clozapine responders and nonresponders patients were classified based upon Andreasen criteria. RESULTS The average trough concentration of CNO, N-DSMC, and CLZ were 123 ± 76.04, 171.93 ± 93.24, 229.27 ± 124.25 ng/ml, respectively. The two patient subgroups did not differ for CLZ, CNO, and N-DSMC concentrations statistically. However, clozapine nonresponse was associated with a higher CLZ/N-DSMC ratio (p = 0.03) and clozapine dose (p = 0.01). The receiver operator characteristic curve showed that the cut-off CLZ/N-DSMC ratio of 1.54 with a sensitivity of 85% and a positive predictive value of 84% for identifying nonresponders. CONCLUSION CLZ/N-DSMC ratio and clozapine dose were identified as significant variables for future dose optimization algorithms. Pharmacometabolomics-guided clozapine therapy has the potential to revolutionize TRS management.
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Majid Arvand, Akram Pourhabib. Adsorptive Stripping Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples Using a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Modified Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ayman A, EL-Shabrawy Y, Zeid AM, Wahba MEK. A diagnostic intoxication tool for clozapine and phenytoin using hybrid micelle liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1886418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ayman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Yasser EL-Shabrawy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M. Zeid
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M. E. K. Wahba
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Rahman H, Haque SM, Siddiqui MR. A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.
Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.
Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.
Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No. 10099, Zip Code–31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - S.K. Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No 10099, Zip Code- 31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Clozapine N-Oxide Administration Produces Behavioral Effects in Long-Evans Rats: Implications for Designing DREADD Experiments. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0219-16. [PMID: 27822508 PMCID: PMC5089539 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0219-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a ligand for a powerful chemogenetic system that can selectively inhibit or activate neurons; the so-called Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) system. This system consists of synthetic G-protein-coupled receptors, which are not believed to be activated by any endogenous ligand, but are activated by the otherwise inert CNO. However, it has previously been shown that the administration of CNO in humans and rats leads to detectable levels of the bioactive compounds clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine (N-Des). As a follow-up, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of CNO in male Long–Evans rats. It was found that 1 mg/kg CNO reduced the acoustic startle reflex but had no effect on prepulse inhibition (PPI; a measure of sensorimotor gating). CNO (2 and 5 mg/kg) had no effect on the disruption to PPI induced by the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine or the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. In locomotor studies, CNO alone (at 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg) had no effect on spontaneous locomotion, but 5 mg/kg CNO pretreatment significantly attenuated d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. In line with the behavioral results, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry found that 5 mg/kg CNO significantly attenuated the d-amphetamine-induced increase in evoked dopamine. However, the effects seen after CNO administration cannot be definitively ascribed to CNO because biologically relevant levels of clozapine and N-Des were found in plasma after CNO injection. Our results show that CNO has multiple dose-dependent effects in vivo and is converted to clozapine and N-Des emphasizing the need for a CNO-only DREADD-free control group when designing DREADD-based experiments.
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Jia LL, Zhong ZY, Li F, Ling ZL, Chen Y, Zhao WM, Li Y, Jiang SW, Xu P, Yang Y, Hu MY, Liu L, Liu XD. The Aggravation of Clozapine-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:468-79. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13257fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Arvand M, Shiraz MG. Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids Using an In Situ Surfactant-Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen J, Xiong C, Ruan J, Su Z. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of clozapine and chlorpromazine in urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:277-284. [PMID: 21505999 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A simple method has been proposed for the determination of clozapine (CLZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) in human urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). All important variables influencing the extraction efficiency, such as pH, types of the extraction solvent and the disperser solvent and their volume, ionic strength and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of the method were 13 and 39 ng/mL for CLZ, and 2 and 6 ng/mL for CPZ, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the targets were less than 5.1% (C=0.100 μg/mL, n=9). Good linear behaviors over the tested concentration ranges were obtained with the values of R (2)>0.999 for the targets. The absolute extraction efficiencies of CLZ and CPZ from the spiked blank urine samples were 98.3% and 97.8%, respectively. The applicability of the technique was validated by analyzing urine samples and the mean recoveries for spiked urine samples ranged from 93.3% to 105.0%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of CLZ and CPZ in real human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chaomei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jinlan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zou Su
- The Second Psychiatric Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
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Song M, Yu X, Zhao H, Hang T, Yang L, Xu W. LC-MS-MS Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Clozapine in Human Plasma. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Determination of Clozapine and its Metabolite, Norclozapine in Various Biological Matrices Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:1158-66. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701484338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang G, Jr AVT, Bartlett MG. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of antipsychotic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Blankert B, Dominguez O, El Ayyas W, Arcos J, Kauffmann J. Horseradish Peroxidase Electrode for the Analysis of Clozapine. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Niederländer HAG, Koster EHM, Hilhorst MJ, Metting HJ, Eilders M, Ooms B, de Jong GJ. High throughput therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and metabolites in serum by on-line coupling of solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:98-107. [PMID: 16527550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of automated on-line solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS) are very amenable for flexibility and throughput in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We demonstrate this concept of automated, on-line SPE-LC-MS for the analysis of clozapine and metabolites (desmethylclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide) in serum. Method development, optimisation and validation are described and a comparison with previously published methods for the determination of clozapine and metabolites in serum and plasma is made. Optimisation of chromatographic and SPE conditions for increased throughput resulted in SPE-LC-MS cycle times of only about 2.2 min, demonstrating the great potential of automated on-line SPE-LC-MS for TDM. The new method is shown to be clearly favourable, in particular in terms of ease of sample handling, throughput and detection limits. Recovery is essentially quantitative. Detection limits are at about 0.15-0.3 ng ml(-1), depending on the ionisation source used. Calibration follows a quadratic model for clozapine and its N-oxide and a linear model for the desmethyl metabolite (all cases: R > 0.99). Accuracy, evaluated at three concentration levels spanning the whole therapeutic range, shows that bias is less than 10%. Precision (intra - and inter assay) ranges from about 5% R.S.D. at the high end of the therapeutic range (700-1,000 ng ml(-1)) to about 20% R.S.D. (OECD defined limit) at the lower limit of quantitation ( approximately 50 ng ml(-1)). The lower limit of quantitation is well below the low end of the therapeutic range at 350 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H A G Niederländer
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Group, University Center of Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zhou Z, Li X, Li K, Xie Z, Cheng Z, Peng W, Wang F, Zhu R, Li H. Simultaneous determination of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:257-62. [PMID: 15018785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clozapine (CLZ), olanzapine (OLZ), risperidone (RIP) and quetiapine (QTP) have been widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, no study (or little study) has been conducted to determine the four drugs simultaneously by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI). OBJECTIVE To develop a sensitive method for simultaneous determination of CLZ, OLZ, RIP and QTP in human plasma by HPLC-MS/ESI. METHODS The analytes were extracted twice by ether after samples had been alkalinized. The HPLC separation of the analytes was performed on a MACHEREY-NAGEL C(18) (2.0 mm x 125 mm, 3 microm, Germany) column, using water (formic acid: 2.70 mmol/l, ammonium acetate: 10 mmol/l)-acetonitrile (53:47) as mobile phase, with a flow-rate of 0.16 ml/min. The compounds were ionized in the electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source of the mass spectrometer and were detected in the selected ion recording (SIR) mode. RESULTS The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 20-1000 ng/ml for CLZ and QTP, 1-50 ng/ml for OLZ and RIP, respectively. The average extraction recoveries for all the four analysts were at least above 80%. The methodology recoveries were higher than 91% for the analysts. The intra- and inter-day R.S.D. were less than 15%. CONCLUSION The method is accurate, sensitive and simple for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and for the study of the pharmacokinetics of the four drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhou
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
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Mohamed AA, Al-Ghannam SM. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:907-11. [PMID: 15544796 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of clozapine in its dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of the drug with potassium bromate in a perchloric acid medium to produce an intense yellow colored species exhibiting a maximum absorption at 308 nm. Beer's law is obeyed for up to 12.0 microg ml(-1) with a correlation coefficient (n = 6) of 0.9998 and a detection limit (3S(b)) of 0.1 microg ml(-1). The molar absorptivity is 1.986 x 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1). The various experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the colored oxidation product were carefully studied and optimized. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of clozapine in its dosage forms. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using the B.P. official method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9033, Saudi Arabia.
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Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim MM. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:149-56. [PMID: 15351059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using the cyclic voltammetry technique and the Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2-10) as a supporting electrolyte, clozapine was found to reduce at the hanging mercury drop electrode in a single two-electron irreversible step corresponding to reduction of the azomethine group of the seven-member heterocyclic ring. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of clozapine onto the hanging mercury drop electrode, a validated square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping (SWAdCS) voltammetric procedure was described for the quantification of bulk clozapine with limits of detection and quantitation of 4.5 x 10(-10) and 1.5 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the quantification of the drug in pharmaceutical formulation (Leponex) and human serum without the necessity for samples' pretreatment or any time-consuming extraction or evaporation steps prior to the analysis. The limits of detection and quantitation of clozapine in spiked human serum were found to be 1 x 10(-9) and 3.3 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure for quantification of clozapine in bulk form, tablets and human serum has the advantage of being simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and inexpensive compared to most of the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hammam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt.
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Fang J, Semple HA, Song J. Determination of metoprolol, and its four metabolites in dog plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:9-14. [PMID: 15282087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol and its metabolites alpha-hydroxymetoprolol, O-desmethylmetoprolol, metoprolol acid and deaminated metoprolol were quantified in dog plasma using an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method (with a BetaBasic Cyano column) with fluorescence detection. A solid phase extraction technique (Oasis HLB, Waters) was used to extract metoprolol and its four metabolites from dog plasma with high recovery rates. The method was shown to be sensitive and reproducible and was used to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of metoprolol in dog. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only method that can extract and analyze metoprolol and its four metabolites in a single assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 110 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5C9.
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