1
|
Elboraie MZ, Elbashir AA, Eid EEM, Aboul-Enein HY. Dispersive solid-phase extraction for simultaneous determination of four amphetamines drugs in urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
2
|
Akhunov S, Ashurov K, Axmedov S, Kasimov B, Rotshteyn V, Radjabov A, Usmanov D. Development of surface ionization mass spectrometry for detection of stimulants in human urine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:29-38. [PMID: 33745338 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates direct detection of stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine spiked with untreated urine and a real world sample using surface ionization mass spectrometry. Spiked samples were analyzed without preliminary chromatographic separation and extraction procedure using the developed method. Moreover, in order to check the analytical capabilities of the method non-extracted real world sample was analyzed. After liquid-liquid extraction, the same sample was analyzed using the method for comparative study. Limit of detection of spiked samples was in the range of 10 pg (10 ng/ml) to 100 pg (100 ng/ml). Linear ranges of samples were two orders of magnitude or more than two orders of magnitude. It was revealed these spiked samples and real world sample can be analyzed without preliminary chromatographic separation and preliminary extraction procedure due to high selectivity of the method and the presence of the indicator lines of studied analytes in the mass spectra. The surface ionization mass spectrometry data was attested by the GC/MS analysis of these samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shovkatjon Akhunov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Khatam Ashurov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Sherzod Axmedov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Beknazar Kasimov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Vladimir Rotshteyn
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Azim Radjabov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilshadbek Usmanov
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Emission Phenomenon, Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Habib A, Nargis A, Bi L, Zhao P, Wen L. Analysis of amphetaminic drug compounds in urine by headspace-dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
4
|
Yamamoto S, Matsumoto A, Yui Y, Miyazaki S, Kumagai S, Hori H, Ichiba M. Concentration determination of urinary metabolites of N,N-dimethylacetamide by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Occup Health 2018; 60:140-147. [PMID: 29213009 PMCID: PMC5886881 DOI: 10.1539/joh.17-0098-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) is widely used in industry as a solvent. It can be absorbed through human skin. Therefore, it is necessary to determine exposure to DMAC via biological monitoring. However, the precision of traditional gas chromatography (GC) is low due to the thermal decomposition of metabolites in the high-temperature GC injection port. To overcome this problem, we have developed a new method for the simultaneous separation and quantification of urinary DMAC metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Urine samples were diluted 10-fold in formic acid, and 1-μl aliquots were injected into the LC-MS/MS equipment. A C18 reverse-phase Octa Decyl Silyl (ODS) column was used as the analytical column, and the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and aqueous formic acid solution. RESULTS Urinary concentrations of DMAC and its known metabolites (N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylacetamide (DMAC-OH), N-methylacetamide (NMAC), and S- (acetamidomethyl) mercapturic acid (AMMA) ) were determined in a single run. The dynamic ranges of the calibration curves were 0.05-5 mg/l (r≥0.999) for all four compounds. The limits of detection for DMAC, DMAC-OH, NMAC, and AMMA in urine were 0.04, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.02 mg/l, respectively. Within-run accuracies were 96.5%-109.6% with relative standard deviations of precision being 3.43%-10.31%. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the proposed method could successfully quantify low concentrations of DMAC and its metabolites with high precision. Hence, this method is useful for evaluating DMAC exposure. In addition, this method can be used to examine metabolite behaviors in human bodies after exposure and to select appropriate biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Measurement and Control, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University
| | | | | | | | - Shinji Kumagai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Hajime Hori
- Department of Environmental Measurement and Control, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irii T, Maebashi K, Fukui K, Sohma R, Matsumoto S, Takasu S, Iwadate K. Development of a dual test procedure for DNA typing and methamphetamine detection using a trace amount of stimulant-containing blood. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 20:53-60. [PMID: 27161925 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of drug-related crimes, such as violation of the Stimulant Drug Control Law, requires identifying the used drug (mainly stimulant drugs, methamphetamine hydrochloride) from a drug solution and the DNA type of the drug user from a trace of blood left in the syringe used to inject the drug. In current standard test procedures, DNA typing and methamphetamine detection are performed as independent tests that use two separate portions of a precious sample. The sample can be entirely used up by either analysis. Therefore, we developed a new procedure involving partial lysis of a stimulant-containing blood sample followed by separation of the lysate into a precipitate for DNA typing and a liquid-phase fraction for methamphetamine detection. The method enables these two tests to be run in parallel using a single portion of sample. Samples were prepared by adding methamphetamine hydrochloride water solution to blood. Samples were lysed with Proteinase K in PBS at 56°C for 20min, cooled at -20°C after adding methanol, and then centrifuged at 15,000rpm. Based on the biopolymer-precipitating ability of alcohol, the precipitate was used for DNA typing and the liquid-phase fraction for methamphetamine detection. For DNA typing, the precipitate was dissolved and DNA was extracted, quantified, and subjected to STR analysis using the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit. For methamphetamine detection, the liquid-phase fraction was evaporated with N2 gas after adding 20μL acetic acid and passed through an extraction column; the substances captured in the column were eluted with a solvent, derivatized, and quantitatively detected using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. This method was simple and could be completed in approximately 2h. Both DNA typing and methamphetamine detection were possible, which suggests that this method may be valuable for use in criminal investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Irii
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Metropolitan Police Department, 3-35-21, Shakujiidai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0045, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Maebashi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ryoko Sohma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Sari Matsumoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shojiro Takasu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kimiharu Iwadate
- Department of Forensic Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taghvimi A, Hamishehkar H, Ebrahimi M. The application of magnetic nano graphene oxide in determination of methamphetamine by high performance liquid chromatography of urine samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Conduite automobile et amphétamines dans le sang – bases bibliographiques pour un consensus de la Société française de toxicologie analytique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Kim SY, Kim JY, Kwon W, In MK, Kim YE, Paeng KJ. Method development for simultaneous determination of amphetamine type stimulants and cannabinoids in urine using GC–MS. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Namera A, Urabe S, Saito T, Torikoshi-Hatano A, Shiraishi H, Arima Y, Nagao M. A fatal case of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone poisoning: coexistence of α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone and α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone in blood and/or hair. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Nakamoto A, Nishida M, Saito T, Kishiyama I, Miyazaki S, Murakami K, Nagao M, Namura A. Monolithic silica spin column extraction and simultaneous derivatization of amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines in human urine for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 661:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
MENG P, ZHU D, HE H, WANG Y, GUO F, ZHANG L. Determination of Amphetamines in Hair by GC/MS after Small-volume Liquid Extraction and Microwave Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1115-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Shahdousti P, Aghamohammadi M, Alizadeh N. Spectrophotometric study of the charge-transfer and ion-pair complexation of methamphetamine with some acceptors. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 69:1195-200. [PMID: 17905645 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The charge-transfer (CT) complexes of methamphetamine (MPA) as a n-donor with several acceptors including bromocresolgreen (BCG), bromocresolpurple (BCP), chlorophenolred (CPR), picric acid (PIC), and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) have been studied spectrophotometrically in chloroform solutions in order to obtain some information about their stoichiometry and stability of complexation. The oscillator strengths, transition dipole moments and resonance energy of the complex in the ground state for all complexes have been calculated. Vertical ionization potential of MPA and electron affinity of acceptors were determined by ab initio calculation. The acceptors were also used to utilize a simple and sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric method for the determination of MPA. The method is based on the formation of 1:1 ion-pair association complexes of MPA with BCG, BCP and PIC in chloroform medium. Beer's plots were obeyed in a general concentration range of 0.24-22 microg ml(-1) for the investigated drug with different acceptors. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of MAP in pure and abuse drug with good accuracy and precision.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alizadeh N, Mohammadi A, Tabrizchi M. Rapid screening of methamphetamines in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction using a dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Kudo K, Ishida T, Hara K, Kashimura S, Tsuji A, Ikeda N. Simultaneous determination of 13 amphetamine related drugs in human whole blood using an enhanced polymer column and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:115-20. [PMID: 17403620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Metamphetamine (MA) is one of the most frequently encountered abused drugs in Japan and the Triage immunoassay kit is often used to screen for this drug. However, immunoassay screening also gives positive results with other structurally related compounds, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), an ephedrine metabolite and beta-phenethylamine (PEA). Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and reliable method which can determine these drugs simultaneously. This paper describes a simple method for simultaneous identification and quantification of 13 amphetamine related drugs in human whole blood. The method consists of a solid phase extraction using a new polar-enhanced Focus column followed by acetylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the scan mode. Tetradeuterated MA and trideuterated methylephedrine (ME) were used as internal standards. As the Focus column required only simple extraction steps and provided a clean extract, identification of each drug was feasible even at low concentrations. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range from 50 to 5000 ng/ml for all drugs with correlation coefficients that exceeded 0.99. The lower limits of detection of the drugs were 5-50 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries for the drugs were 65-95% and 64-89% at concentrations of 100 and 1000 ng/ml, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were satisfactory when using 2 internal standards. The applicability of the assay was proven by the analysis of blood samples in forensic cases. This method should be most useful for confirmation of positive immunoassay results for amphetamines and related drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kudo
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nieddu M, Boatto G, Dessì G. Determination of 4-alkyl 2,5 dimethoxy-amphetamine derivatives by capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry detection from urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:578-81. [PMID: 17347059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The methylenedioxy-derivatives of amphetamine represent the largest group of designer drugs. The 4-methyl (DOM), -ethyl (DOET) and -propyl (DOPR) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine (2,5-DMA) were found to possess quite similar serotonin receptor affinities [R.A. Glennon, D.L. Doot, R. Young, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 14 (1981) 287.]. This paper describes a method to screen for and quantify DOM, DOET and DOPR in urine samples, using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). Prior to CE-MS analysis, a simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample cleanup. The method was validated according to international guidelines. Data for accuracy and precision were within required limits. Calibration curves were generated ranging from 10 to 1000 ng/mL and correlation coefficients always exceeded 0.996.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kraemer T, Paul LD. Bioanalytical procedures for determination of drugs of abuse in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1415-35. [PMID: 17468860 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of drugs of abuse in blood is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology. This review describes procedures for detection of the following drugs of abuse and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma or serum: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide, heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, codeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, other cocaine metabolites or pyrolysis products (norcocaine, norcocaethylene, norbenzoylecgonine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, ethyl ecgonine, ecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, anhydroecgonine ethyl ester, anhydroecgonine, noranhydroecgonine, N-hydroxynorcocaine, cocaine N-oxide, anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide). Metabolites and degradation products which are recommended to be monitored for assessment in clinical or forensic toxicology are mentioned. Papers written in English between 2002 and the beginning of 2007 are reviewed. Analytical methods are assessed for their suitability in forensic toxicology, where special requirements have to be met. For many of the analytes sensitive immunological methods for screening are available. Screening and confirmation is mostly done by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS(/MS) procedures. Basic information about the biosample assayed, internal standard, workup, GC or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, and validation data for each procedure is summarized in two tables to facilitate the selection of a method suitable for a specific analytic problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraemer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheng HL, Jong YJ, Li JH, Ko WK, Wu SM. Cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping MEKC for direct analysis of methamphetamine and its metabolites in urine. Electrophoresis 2007; 27:4711-6. [PMID: 17080473 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and p-hydroxymethamphetamine in urine was achieved by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar EKC. A bare fused-silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm id) was filled with phosphate buffer (80 mM, pH 3, containing 20% ACN). Then a high-conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, pH 3; 6.9 kPa for 2.5 min) was injected. Samples were loaded using electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 600 s) which created long zones of cationic analytes. To enhance sensitivity by sweeping, the stacking step was performed using a phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 3, containing 20% ACN and 100 mM SDS) at -20 kV before separation by MEKC. This method was capable of detecting the analytes at ppb levels. The calibration plots were linear (r(2) >or= 0.9948) over a range of 100-5000 ng/mL for methamphetamine, and 100-2000 ng/mL for amphetamine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine. The LODs (S/N = 3) were 20 ng/mL for methamphetamine, and 15 ng/mL for amphetamine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine. The method was applied to analysis of 14 urine samples of addicts and is suitable for screening suspected samples for forensic purposes. The results showed good agreement with fluorescence polarization immunoassay and GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin YH, Lee MR, Lee RJ, Ko WK, Wu SM. Hair analysis for methamphetamine, ketamine, morphine and codeine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:234-40. [PMID: 17316663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We established a capillary electrophoretic method with high sensitivity and specificity for testing hair taken from addicts. After pretreatment of hair sample, the cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-Sweep-MEKC) was used to test for the presence of abused drugs in human hair. These drugs include morphine (M), codeine (C), ketamine (K) and methamphetamine (MA). First, an uncoated fused-silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm I.D.) was filled with phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.5) containing 30% methanol, followed by high conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, 6.9 kPa for 99.9 s). Electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 600 s) was used to load samples and to enhance sensitivity. Stacking steps and separations were performed at -20 kV with detection at 200 nm, using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.5) containing 20% methanol and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using CSEI-Sweep-MEKC, the analytes could be simultaneously analyzed and have a detection limit down to the level of picogram per milligram hair. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r > or = 0.999) over a range of 0.15-80 ng/mg hair for MA and K, 0.3-30 ng/mg hair for C and 0.5-50 ng/mg hair for M. The limits of detection were 50 pg/mg hair for MA and K, 100 pg/mg hair for C and 200 pg/mg hair for M (S/N=3, sampling 600 s at 10 kV). Our method was applied for analysis of real hair samples taken from addicts. The addicts' specimens were also analyzed by LC-MS, and showed good coincidence of results. This method has proven feasible for application in detecting trace levels of abused drugs in forensic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumihashi M, Ameno K, Shibayama T, Suga K, Miyauchi H, Jamal M, Wang W, Uekita I, Ijiri I. Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine and its metabolite, amphetamine, in urine using a high performance liquid chromatography column-switching method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 845:180-3. [PMID: 16916628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a simple, precise, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AM) in urine using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column-switching method. A PK-2A (Shodex) column was used for extraction and deproteinization, and a CAPCELL PAK SCX semi-micro, polymer-coated cation-exchange column was employed for separation. The urine sample was mixed with an equal volume of borate buffer (0.1M, pH 9.4), and then 100 microl of the mixture was injected into the HPLC column. The column was switched for 6 min, and then 10 min later detection was performed at 210 nm. Recovery yields of the MA and AM spiked in the urine were 93.0-100.4% with a coefficient of variation of less than 1%. The calibration curves of MA and AM were in the range of 0.1-10 microg/ml with good linearity (r(2)=0.999), with the limit of qualification being 0.005 microg/ml. This method of using HPLC with column-switching can be used for both qualification and quantification of MA and its metabolite, AM, in urine, especially in forensic cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kumihashi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qiu B, Chen X, Chen HL, Chen GN. Electrochemiluminescence determination of codeine or morphine with an organically modified silicate film immobilizing Ru(bpy)32+. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:189-94. [PMID: 17262726 DOI: 10.1002/bio.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An ECL approach was developed for the determination of codeine or morphine based on tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) immobilized in organically modified silicates (ORMOSILs). Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and dimethyldimethoxysilane (DiMe-DiMOS) were selected as co-precursors for ORMOSILs, which were then immobilized on a surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by a dip-coating process. Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was immobilized in the ORMOSIL film via ion-association with poly(p-styrenesulphonate). The ORMOSIL-modified GCE presented good electrochemical and photochemical activities. In a flow system, the eluted codeine or morphine was oxidized on the modified GCE and reacted with immobilized Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) at a potential of +1.20 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The modified electrode was used for the ECL determination of codeine or morphine and showed high sensitivity. The calibration curves were linear in the range 2 x 10(-8)-5 x 10(-5) mol/L for codeine and 1 x 10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) mol/L for morphine. The detection limit was 5 x 10(-9) mol/L for codeine and 3 x 10(-8) mol/L for morphine, at signal:noise ratio (S:N)=3. Both codeine and morphine showed reproducibility with RSD values <2.5% at 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L. Furthermore, the modified electrode immobilized Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was applied to the ECL determination of codeine or morphine in incitant samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tzing SH, Ghule A, Liu JY, Ling YC. On-line derivatization gas chromatography with furan chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for screening of amphetamines in urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:76-83. [PMID: 17034801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple alternative method with minimal sample pretreatment is investigated for screening of amphetamines in small volume (using only 20 microL) of urine sample. The method is sensitive and selective. The method uses gas chromatography (GC) direct sample introduction (DSI) for on-line derivatization (acylation) of amphetamines to improve sensitivity. Furan as chemical ionization (CI) reagent in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is used to improve selectivity. Low background with sharp protonated molecular ion peaks of analytes is the evidence of improvement in sensitivity and selectivity. Blank urine samples spiked with known amounts of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine is analyzed. Selected ion monitoring of the characteristic product ions (m/z 119+136+150+163) using furan CI-MS/MS in positive ion mode is used for quantification. Limits of detection (LOD) between 0.4 and 1.0 ng mL(-1) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) between 1.0 and 2.0 ng mL(-1) are established. Linear response over the range of 1-1000 ng mL(-1) (r(2)>0.997) is observed for all analytes, except for methamphetamine (2.0-1000 ng mL(-1)). Good accuracy between 86 and 113% and precision ranging from 4 to 18% is obtained. The method is also tested on real samples of urine from suspected drug abusers. This method could be used for screening and determination of amphetamines in urine samples, however needs additional work for full validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hwa Tzing
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin YH, Li JH, Ko WK, Wu SM. Direct and sensitive analysis of methamphetamine, ketamine, morphine and codeine in human urine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:281-6. [PMID: 16600267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-Sweep-MEKC) was directly used to test some abuse drugs in human urine, including morphine (M), codeine (C), ketamine (K) and methamphetamine (MA). First, phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.5) containing 30% methanol was filled into uncoated fused silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm I.D.), then high conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, 6.9 kPa for 99.9 s) was followed. Electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 500 s) was used to load samples and to enhance sensitivity. The stacking step and separation were performed at -20 kV and 200 nm using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.5) containing 20% methanol and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using CSEI-Sweep-MEKC, the analytes could be simultaneously analyzed and have a detection limit down to ppb level. It was unnecessary to have sample pretreatments. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r>or=0.9982) over a range of 150-3,000 ng/mL for M and C, 250-5,000 n g/mL for MA, and 50-1,000 ng/mL for K. The limits of detection were 15 ng/mL for M and C, and 5 ng/mL for MA and K (S/N=3, sampling 500 s at 10 kV). Comparing with capillary zone electrophoresis, the results indicated that this stacking method could increase 6,000-fold sensitivity for analysis of MA. Our method was applied for analysis of 28 real urine samples. The results showed good coincidence with immunoassay and GC-MS. This method was feasible for application to detect trace levels of abused drugs in forensic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
In-matrix derivatization and automated headspace solid-phase microextraction for GC-MS determination of amphetamine-related drugs in human hair. Forensic Toxicol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-006-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Cháfer-Pericás C, Campíns-Falcó P, Herráez-Hernández R. Application of solid-phase microextraction combined with derivatization to the determination of amphetamines by liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2005; 333:328-35. [PMID: 15450809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the utility of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in the analysis of amphetamines by liquid chromatography (LC) after chemical derivatization of the analytes. Two approaches have been tested and compared, SPME followed by on-fiber derivatization of the extracted amphetamines, and solution derivatization followed by SPME of the derivatives formed. Both methods have been applied to measure amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), using the fluorogenic reagent 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and carbowax-templated resin (CW-TR)-coated fibers. Data on the application of the proposed methods for the analysis of different kind of samples are presented. When analyzing aqueous solutions of the analytes, both approaches gave similar analytical performance, but the sensitivity attainable with the solution derivatization/SPME method was better. The efficiencies observed when processing spiked urine samples by the SPME/on-fiber derivatization approach were very low. This was because the extraction of matrix components into the fiber coating prevented the extraction of the reagent. In contrast, the efficiencies obtained for spiked urine samples by the solution derivatization/SPME approach were similar to those obtained for aqueous samples. Therefore, the later method would be the method of choice for the quantification of amphetamines in urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cháfer-Pericás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yi C, Tao Y, Wang B, Chen X. Electrochemiluminescent determination of methamphetamine based on tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ion-association in organically modified silicate films. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boatto G, Nieddu M, Carta A, Pau A, Palomba M, Asproni B, Cerri R. Determination of amphetamine-derived designer drugs in human urine by SPE extraction and capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 814:93-8. [PMID: 15607712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of newer designer drugs have entered the illicit drug market. The methylenedioxy-derivates of amphetamine represent the largest group of designer drugs. This paper describes a method for screening for and quantification of ten 2,5-methylenedioxy-derivates of amphetamine and phenylethylamine in human urine, using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). Prior to CE-MS analysis, a simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample cleanup. The method was validates according to international guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Boatto
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nieddu M, Boatto G, Carta A, Sanna A, Pisano M. Simultaneous determination of ten amphetamine designer drugs in human whole blood by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:737-42. [PMID: 15959868 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of new designer drugs have entered the illicit drug market. The methylenedioxyderivatives of amphetamine represent the largest group of designer drugs. This paper describes a method for screening for and simultaneously quantifying 10 2,5-methylenedioxy-derivatives of amphetamine and phenethylamine in human whole blood, using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with diode array detection (DAD). Using an aqueous pH 2.5 phosphate buffer, CE analysis gave peaks with good symmetry and reproducible migration times. Under these experimental conditions, the 10 amphetamines were resolved in 15 min and without interference from biological matrices (blood). Their identification by migration time was confirmed by their UV spectra recorded with a DAD (190-350 nm). The main advantages of the present method lie in its simplicity, clean and reliable extraction from human whole blood and simultaneous detection and quantification by CE-DAD. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analysis of in vivo rat blood samples. The method was validated according to international guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nishida M, Namera A, Yashiki M, Kimura K. Miniaturized sample preparation method for determination of amphetamines in urine. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 143:163-7. [PMID: 15240038 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and miniaturized sample preparation method for determination of amphetamines in urine was developed using on-column derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Urine was directly applied to the extraction column that was pre-packed with Extrelut and sodium carbonate. Amphetamine (AP) and methamphetamine (MA) in urine were adsorbed on the surface of Extrelut. AP and MA were then converted to a free base and derivatized to N-propoxycarbonyl derivatives using propylchloroformate on the column. Pentadeuterated MA was used as an internal standard. The recoveries of AP and MA from urine were 100 and 102%, respectively. The calibration curves showed linearity in the range of 0.50-50 microg/mL for AP and MA in urine. When urine samples containing two different concentrations (0.50 and 5.0 microg/mL) of AP and MA were determined, the intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation were 1.4-7.7%. This method was applied to 14 medico-legal cases of MA intoxication. The results were compared and a good agreement was obtained with a HPLC method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Nishida
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, 734-8551, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xie S, Aspromonte J, Balla A, Sershen H, Javitt DC, Cooper TB. Sensitive and simple gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination for amphetamine in microdialysate and ultrafiltrate samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:27-31. [PMID: 15113536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method is described for the measurement of amphetamine (AMP) using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. Without prior extraction AMP was derivatized with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBC) and simultaneously extracted into toluene. The toluene extract was injected directly into GC-MS equipped with a HP-1 capillary column. The method is simple and more sensitive than most of the previously published methods. The limit of quantification of amphetamine is 25pg (1.4pg on column) with a very limited sample volume (25microl). The within-day precision was from 1.7 to 5.1% and between-day precision was from 2.2 to 7.3%. The method has been used for the measurement of several thousand microdialysate and ultrafiltrate samples and proven reliable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xie
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Zaikin VG, Halket JM. Review: Derivatization in mass spectrometry--2. Acylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2003; 9:421-434. [PMID: 14624012 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present review is devoted to acylation as a widely employed derivatization procedure for protection of OH (alcohols, polyols, phenols, enols), SH (thiols) and NH (amines, amides) groups in order to increase volatility, improve chromatographic properties and, if possible, improve mass spectral properties of derivatives. Chemical aspects of derivatization and various acylating agents are characterized. Mass spectral [electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and negative-ion (NI) CI] properties of derivatives that are helpful in identification, structure elucidation and quantitative determination of the analyzed compounds are discussed. Some recent analytical applications of the procedure in synthetic organic chemistry, clinical chemistry, environmental chemistry etc. are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|