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Moggia E, Koti R, Belgaumkar AP, Fazio F, Pereira SP, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS. Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 4:CD011384. [PMID: 28431202 PMCID: PMC6478067 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011384.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people with acute pancreatitis, it is unclear what the role should be for medical treatment as an addition to supportive care such as fluid and electrolyte balance and organ support in people with organ failure. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of different pharmacological interventions in people with acute pancreatitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 9), MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, and trial registers to October 2016 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We also searched the references of included trials to identify further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered only RCTs performed in people with acute pancreatitis, irrespective of aetiology, severity, presence of infection, language, blinding, or publication status for inclusion in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently identified trials and extracted data. We did not perform a network meta-analysis as planned because of the lack of information on potential effect modifiers and differences of type of participants included in the different comparisons, when information was available. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the binary outcomes and rate ratios with 95% CIs for count outcomes using a fixed-effect model and random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS We included 84 RCTs with 8234 participants in this review. Six trials (N = 658) did not report any of the outcomes of interest for this review. The remaining 78 trials excluded 210 participants after randomisation. Thus, a total of 7366 participants in 78 trials contributed to one or more outcomes for this review. The treatments assessed in these 78 trials included antibiotics, antioxidants, aprotinin, atropine, calcitonin, cimetidine, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), gabexate, glucagon, iniprol, lexipafant, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), octreotide, oxyphenonium, probiotics, activated protein C, somatostatin, somatostatin plus omeprazole, somatostatin plus ulinastatin, thymosin, ulinastatin, and inactive control. Apart from the comparison of antibiotics versus control, which included a large proportion of participants with necrotising pancreatitis, the remaining comparisons had only a small proportion of patients with this condition. Most trials included either only participants with severe acute pancreatitis or included a mixture of participants with mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis (75 trials). Overall, the risk of bias in trials was unclear or high for all but one of the trials. SOURCE OF FUNDING seven trials were not funded or funded by agencies without vested interest in results. Pharmaceutical companies partially or fully funded 21 trials. The source of funding was not available from the remaining trials.Since we considered short-term mortality as the most important outcome, we presented only these results in detail in the abstract. Sixty-seven studies including 6638 participants reported short-term mortality. There was no evidence of any differences in short-term mortality in any of the comparisons (very low-quality evidence). With regards to other primary outcomes, serious adverse events (number) were lower than control in participants taking lexipafant (rate ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.96; N = 290; 1 study; very low-quality evidence), octreotide (rate ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.89; N = 770; 5 studies; very low-quality evidence), somatostatin plus omeprazole (rate ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.70; N = 140; 1 study; low-quality evidence), and somatostatin plus ulinastatin (rate ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.60; N = 122; 1 study; low-quality evidence). The proportion of people with organ failure was lower in octreotide than control (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.97; N = 430; 3 studies; very low-quality evidence). The proportion of people with sepsis was lower in lexipafant than control (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.83; N = 290; 1 study; very low-quality evidence). There was no evidence of differences in any of the remaining comparisons in these outcomes or for any of the remaining primary outcomes (the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event and the occurrence of infected pancreatic necrosis). None of the trials reported heath-related quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Very low-quality evidence suggests that none of the pharmacological treatments studied decrease short-term mortality in people with acute pancreatitis. However, the confidence intervals were wide and consistent with an increase or decrease in short-term mortality due to the interventions. We did not find consistent clinical benefits with any intervention. Because of the limitations in the prognostic scoring systems and because damage to organs may occur in acute pancreatitis before they are clinically manifest, future trials should consider including pancreatitis of all severity but power the study to measure the differences in the subgroup of people with severe acute pancreatitis. It may be difficult to power the studies based on mortality. Future trials in participants with acute pancreatitis should consider other outcomes such as complications or health-related quality of life as primary outcomes. Such trials should include health-related quality of life, costs, and return to work as outcomes and should follow patients for at least three months (preferably for at least one year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Moggia
- IRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalDepartment of General and Digestive SurgeryVia Manzoni 5620089 RozzanoMilanItaly20089
| | - Rahul Koti
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical SchoolDepartment of SurgeryRoyal Free HospitalPond StreetLondonUKNW3 2QG
| | - Ajay P Belgaumkar
- Ashford and St Peter's NHS TrustDept of Upper GI SurgerySt Peter's HospitalGuildford RoadChertseySurreyUKKT16 0PZ
| | - Federico Fazio
- Royal Free Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustHPB and Liver Transplant SurgeryLondonUK
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Royal Free Hospital CampusUCL Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUpper 3rd FloorLondonUKNW3 2PF
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical SchoolDepartment of SurgeryRoyal Free HospitalPond StreetLondonUKNW3 2QG
| | - Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical SchoolDepartment of SurgeryRoyal Free HospitalPond StreetLondonUKNW3 2QG
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Abstract
An international symposium entitled "Acute pancreatitis: progress and challenges" was held on November 5, 2014 at the Hapuna Beach Hotel, Big Island, Hawaii, as part of the 45th Anniversary Meeting of the American Pancreatic Association and the Japanese Pancreas Society. The course was organized and directed by Drs. Stephen Pandol, Tooru Shimosegawa, Robert Sutton, Bechien Wu, and Santhi Swaroop Vege. The symposium objectives were to: (1) highlight current issues in management of acute pancreatitis, (2) discuss promising treatments, (3) consider development of quality indicators and improved measures of disease activity, and (4) present a framework for international collaboration for development of new therapies. This article represents a compilation and adaptation of brief summaries prepared by speakers at the symposium with the purpose of broadly disseminating information and initiatives.
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Akinosoglou K, Gogos C. Immune-modulating therapy in acute pancreatitis: Fact or fiction. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15200-15215. [PMID: 25386069 PMCID: PMC4223254 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, bearing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatment of AP remains unspecific and supportive and is mainly targeted to aggressively prevent systemic complications and organ failure by intensive care. As acute pancreatitis shares an indistinguishable profile of inflammation with sepsis, therapeutic approaches have turned towards modulating the systemic inflammatory response. Targets, among others, have included pro- and anti-inflammatory modulators, cytokines, chemokines, immune cells, adhesive molecules and platelets. Even though, initial results in experimental models have been encouraging, clinical implementation of immune-regulating therapies in acute pancreatitis has had a slow progress. Main reasons include difficulty in clinical translation of experimental data, poor understanding of inflammatory response time-course, flaws in experimental designs, need for multimodal approaches and commercial drawbacks. Whether immune-modulation in acute pancreatitis remains a fact or just fiction remains to be seen in the future.
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Seta T, Noguchi Y, Shikata S, Nakayama T. Treatment of acute pancreatitis with protease inhibitors administered through intravenous infusion: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:102. [PMID: 24886242 PMCID: PMC4061927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intravenous use of protease inhibitors in patients with acute pancreatitis is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of protease inhibitors intravenously administered to prevent pancreatitis-associated complications. METHODS We updated our previous meta-analysis with articles of randomized controlled trials published from January 1965 to March 2013 on the effectiveness of protease inhibitors for acute pancreatitis. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Japana Centra Revuo Medicina was conducted. In addition, Internet-based registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, controlled-trials.com, UMIN, JMACCT, and JAPIC) were used to search for on-going clinical trials. Furthermore, references of review articles and previously published meta-analyses were handsearched. The main outcome of interest was the overall mortality rate from acute pancreatitis. RESULTS Seventeen trials were selected for analysis. Overall, protease inhibitors did not achieve a significant risk reduction in mortality (pooled risk difference [RD], -0.02; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], -0.05 to 0.01; number needed to treat [NNT], 74.8) with low heterogeneity. A subgroup analysis in moderate to severe pancreatitis (defined by control mortality rate [CMR] >0.10) did not show a significant effect of protease inhibitors to prevent death (pooled RD, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.01; NNT, 1603.9) with low heterogeneity. An additional subgroup analysis of two trials with CMR >0.20 (i.e., low quality) revealed a significant risk reduction. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis re-confirmed that there is no solid evidence that supports the intravenous use of protease inhibitors to prevent death due to acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Seta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center, 4-20, Komatsubara-dori, Wakayama, Wakayama 640-8558, Japan
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Noguchi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Society Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Myoken-cho 2-9, Showa-ku, Nagoya-city 466-8650, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru Shikata
- Department of Family medicine, Mie Prefectural Ichishi Hospital, 616 Minami ieshiro, Hakusan-cho, Tsu-city, Mie 515-3133, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Mayerle J, Dummer A, Sendler M, Malla SR, van den Brandt C, Teller S, Aghdassi A, Nitsche C, Lerch MM. Differential roles of inflammatory cells in pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 Suppl 2:47-51. [PMID: 22320916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acute pancreatitis per 100,000 of population ranges from 5 to 80. Patients suffering from hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis die in 10-24% of cases. 80% of all cases of acute pancreatitis are etiologically linked to gallstone disease immoderate alcohol consumption. As of today no specific causal treatment for acute pancreatitis exists. Elevated C-reactive protein levels above 130,mg/L can also predict a severe course of acute pancreatitis. The essential medical treatment for acute pancreatitis is the correction of hypovolemia. Prophylactic antibiotics should be restricted to patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, infected necrosis or other infectious complications. However, as premature intracellular protease activation is known to be the primary event in acute pancreatitis. Severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by an early inflammatory immune response syndrome (SIRS) and a subsequent compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) contributing to severity as much as protease activation does. CARS suppresses the immune system and facilitates nosocomial infections including infected pancreatic necrosis, one of the most feared complications of the disease. A number of attempts have been made to suppress the early systemic inflammatory response but even if these mechanisms have been found to be beneficial in animal models they failed in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
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Hsu CY, Lee FY, Huo TI, Chan CY, Huang HC, Lin HC, Chang CC, Teng TH, Wang SS, Lee SD. Lack of therapeutic effects of gabexate mesilate on the hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic hepatic failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1321-8. [PMID: 20594263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Inflammation plays a pivotal role in liver injury. Gabexate mesilate (GM, a protease inhibitor) inhibits inflammation by blocking various serine proteases. This study examined the effects of GM on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic liver failure. METHODS Acute and chronic liver failure (cirrhosis) were induced by intraperitoneal TAA administration (350 mg/kg/day for 3 days) and common bile duct ligation, respectively, in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to receive either GM (50 mg/10 mL/kg) or saline intraperitoneally for 5 days. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the Opto-Varimex animal activity meter and hemodynamic parameters, mean arterial pressure and portal pressure, were measured (only in chronic liver failure rats). Plasma levels of liver biochemistry, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined. RESULTS In rats with acute liver failure, GM treatment significantly decreased the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.02), but no significant difference of motor activity, plasma levels of ammonia, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha or survival was found. In chronic liver failure rats, GM significantly lowered the plasma TNF-alpha levels (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference of motor activity, other biochemical tests or survival found. GM-treated chronic liver failure rats had higher portal pressure (P = 0.04) but similar mean arterial pressure in comparison with saline-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Chronic GM treatment does not have a major effect on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with TAA-induced acute liver failure and rats with chronic liver failure induced by common bile duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yang Hsu
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Our knowledge of acute pancreatitis is still far from complete and there is no unanimous agreement concerning the pathophysiological processes leading to typical alterations during the course of acute pancreatitis. We reviewed the paper published in the last decade on the pathophysiology and treatment of acute pancreatitis. It is difficult to translate the experimental therapeutic results into clinical practice. For example, lexipafant was efficacious in decreasing the severity and mortality of lethal pancreatitis in rats, but seems to have no effect on severe acute pancreatitis in humans. Thus, the main problem in acute pancreatitis, especially in the severe form of the disease, is the difficulty of designing clinical studies capable of giving reliable statistically significant answers regarding the benefits of the various proposed therapeutic agents previously tested in experimental settings. Thus, analgesia, supportive care, and treatment of the pulmonary and renal complications remain the cornerstones of the treatment of acute pancreatitis, especially in the severe form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pezzilli
- Ospedale Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Bologna, Italy.
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Manfredi R, Calza L. HIV infection and the pancreas: risk factors and potential management guidelines. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:99-105. [PMID: 18334062 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One thousand and eighty-one evaluable HIV-infected patients were assessed for pancreatic abnormalities in a prospective case-control study including the whole follow-up period of each patient (minimum 12 months). The 435 patients (40.2%), who experienced at least one episode of confirmed pancreatic laboratory abnormality had a longer duration of seropositivity, exposure to protease inhibitors, a more frequent immunodeficiency, AIDS, chronic liver and/or biliary disease and hypertriglyceridaemia, while no relation was found with antiretroviral administration, and the duration of type of nucleoside analogues, when compared with the 646 controls. High and prolonged laboratory alterations eventually associated with signs of organ involvement occurred in 166 cases (38.2%), and were related to the administration of didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, pentamidine, cotrimoxazole or antitubercular/antimycobacterial therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, illicit substance or alcohol abuse, opportunistic infections, chronic liver and/or biliary disease, a protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and hypertriglyceridaemia (usually associated with HAART administration). No difference was noticed between the 46 patients with clinical and/or imaging evidence of pancreatic involvement and the 120 asymptomatic subjects. Although recurrences of enzyme alterations involved 69.6% of patients, only in 30.1% of cases did a change of the underlying antiretroviral or antimicrobial therapy become necessary. An acute, uncomplicated pancreatitis occurred in nine of the 46 symptomatic subjects (19.6%). A two to four week gabexate and/or octreotide administration (performed in 79 cases of 166, 47.6%), achieved a significant laboratory, clinical and imaging cure or improvement in 82.3% of cases, with a better success rate of combined (gabexate mesilate plus octreotide) vs. single (gabexate mesilate or ocreotide) therapy. Reduced disease recurrences and a better tolerability of antiretroviral regimens, were also noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manfredi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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De Campos T, Deree J, Coimbra R. From acute pancreatitis to end-organ injury: mechanisms of acute lung injury. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2007; 8:107-20. [PMID: 17381402 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2006.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-organ dysfunction, and in particular lung injury, is often responsible for the unfavorable outcome of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Understanding of the mechanisms by which local inflammation in the pancreas leads to end-organ injury is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies. METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed with the terms "acute pancreatitis," "lung injury," "inflammatory response," "SIRS," and "multi-organ dysfunction." Pertinent articles were selected for analysis. RESULTS Modulation of the inflammatory response using a combination of immunomodulatory agents may decrease the incidence of severe pancreatitis-related acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSION Clinical trials are of utmost importance to establish the validity of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tercio De Campos
- Division of Trauma, University of California-San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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Pezzilli R, Uomo G, Gabbrielli A, Zerbi A, Frulloni L, De Rai P, Castoldi L, Cavallini G, Di Carlo V. A prospective multicentre survey on the treatment of acute pancreatitis in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39:838-46. [PMID: 17602904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas released a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for acute pancreatitis in 1999. AIM This study focused on the analysis of the therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute pancreatitis in Italy. PATIENTS One thousand, one hundred and seventy-three patients were recruited: 1006 patients (85.8%) had mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and 167 (14.2%) had the severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); 161 patients showed pancreatic necrosis at computed tomography; 121 patients (10.3%) had sequelae and 36 (3.1%) died. RESULTS Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tramadol were used more frequently in patients with the MAP whereas opioids and the association schedules were used more frequently in patients with the SAP (P<0.001). Gabexate mesilate was utilised in 831 out of 1173 patients (70.8%); in particular, gabexate mesilate was used in 70.6% patients with MAP and in 73.1% of those with SAP (P=0.521). The duration of the drug administration was significantly shorter in those having MAP than in those having the SAP (P<0.001). The antibiotics most frequently used for the prophylaxis against infection from pancreatic necrosis (43.1%) were carbapenems. Only a small number of patients received enteral nutrition (4.7%). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was carried out in 344 of the 1173 patients (29.3%). Surgery was performed in 48 with SAP (19 had elective biliary surgery and 29 had pancreatic surgery). CONCLUSIONS The results of this survey indicate a lack of compliance with the guidelines which regard the indications mainly for interventional endoscopy and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pezzilli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Tang WF, Wang YG, Zhu L, Wan MH, Chen GY, Xia Q, Ren P, Huang X. Effect of somatostatin on immune inflammatory response in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Dig Dis 2007; 8:96-102. [PMID: 17532822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-9573.2007.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somatostatin regulates immune inflammatory response via apoptosis and adhesion of leukocytes in many diseases. This article reported a study that aimed to observe the mechanism and effect of somatostatin on the immune inflammatory response through apoptosis and adhesion of leukocytes in severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with severe acute pancreatitis, that fulfilled the guidelines for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis of China and Balthazar computed tomography severity index (>or=5) were enrolled consecutively. Nineteen of these patients received our routine treatment and 19 received additional somatostatin. In all patients the expressions of CD4, CD8, CD95/CD95 ligand and CD18/CD62 ligand on leukocytes were determined by flow cytometry, both upon admission and on the fourth day. Thirty healthy volunteers constituted the normal healthy group. RESULTS In the treatment group, CD4, CD4:CD8 ratio and CD62 ligand on leukocytes increased from 11.4+/-8.2, 0.47+/-0.10 and 25.5+/-9.2 to 22.1+/-9.7, 0.68+/-0.11 and 36.2+/-11.7 (P<0.05) respectively, while CD95 ligand on both lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear cells increased from 0.65+/-0.21 and 0.76+/-0.29 to 1.18+/-0.32 and 1.58+/-0.43 after treatment with somatostatin (P<0.05). Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, C reactive protein and acute physiology and chronic healthy evaluation (APACHE II) score in the treatment group reduced faster than those in the control group (P<0.05), though there was no difference in mortality (15.7% vs 5.3%) between the two patient groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Somatostatin can modulate the immune inflammatory response and the severity of severe acute pancreatitis through apoptosis and adhesion of leukocytes, but this modulatory effect by itself is not strong enough to improve the final.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China.
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Vij V, Negi SS, Chaudhary A. What is New in Acute Pancreatitis? Med J Armed Forces India 2005; 61:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(05)80001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Eighty percent of all cases of acute pancreatitis are linked etiologically to gallstone disease or caused by immoderate alcohol consumption. No specific causal treatment for acute pancreatitis exists. Early prognostic factors that indicate severe disease are three or more signs on organ failure scores according to Ranson, Imrie, or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) 11, extrapancreatic complications of the disease, or the detection of pancreatic necrosis on CT scans. Elevated CRP levels above 130 mg/L can also predict a severe course of acute pancreatitis. The essential medical treatment for acute pancreatitis is the correction of hypovolemia. Moreover, relief of often severe visceral pain is a high priority. Prophylactic antibiotics should be restricted to patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, infected necrosis, or other infectious complications. Enteral nutrition has no adverse effect compared with parenteral nutrition during the course of acute pancreatitis, and is probably beneficial in regard to outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mayerle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Strasse 23A, Greifswald 17487, Germany
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Carraro M, Zennaro C, Artero M, Candiano G, Ghiggeri GM, Musante L, Sirch C, Bruschi M, Faccini L. The effect of proteinase inhibitors on glomerular albumin permeability induced in vitro by serum from patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1969-75. [PMID: 15187198 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The putative circulating factor responsible for the glomerular permeability alterations induced in vitro by serum from patients affected by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains unidentified. We have observed that a serine proteinase isolated from patient serum increases albumin permeability in isolated glomeruli. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of various proteinase inhibitors on glomerular albumin permeability (P(alb)) in isolated glomeruli incubated with FSGS serum. METHODS The study population consisted of 12 FSGS patients (eight males; mean age: 21+/-10 years) previously shown to have elevated serum albumin permeability activity. P(alb) was determined by measuring the change in glomerular volume induced by applying oncotic gradients to isolated healthy rat glomeruli treated with patient serum in comparison to control serum. Solutions of seven different proteinase inhibitors (0.5 mg/ml) were added to the incubation media with the sera (1:1 vol/vol): serine proteinase inhibitors (PMSF, leupeptin, aprotinin, gabexate mesylate), the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64, the metalloproteinase inhibitor EDTA and the aspartate proteinase inhibitor pepstatin. Sera from the same patients were also tested with the addition to the incubation media of quinaprilat, an inhibitor of the metalloproteinase angiotensin-converting enzyme. RESULTS Mean P(alb) of the sera was 0.86+/-0.11, with the addition of PMSF 0.41+/-0.09, leupeptin 0.30+/-0.17, aprotinin 0.09+/-0.14, gabexate mesylate 0.27+/-0.25, E-64 0.81+/-0.09, EDTA 0.68+/-0.10 or pepstatin 0.76+/-0.11. The mean P(alb) of the sera combined with quinaprilat was reduced to 0.34+/-0.35. Thus, only the serine proteinase inhibitors consistently blocked the increased P(alb) induced by the FSGS sera. CONCLUSIONS In the cascade of events that lead to the initiation of glomerular fibrosis in FSGS, the putative glomerular permeability factor associated with FSGS may require a serine proteinase to effect its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carraro
- Department of Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Italy.
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Pezzilli R. Gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis: neither a miracle nor a mirage, merely the search of optimal dosage. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:502. [PMID: 11572579 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(01)80030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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