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Jalili C, Ranjbar Shamsi R, Amiri B, Kakebaraie S, Jalili F, Nasta TZ. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin on the reproductive system: Focus on cell cycle dynamics and apoptosis in testicular tissue. Toxicology 2024; 504:153773. [PMID: 38484789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are inevitable environmental contaminants that are detrimental to human and animal health. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, metabolizing into different hydroxylated derivatives in the liver, as well as mechanistically induce ROS accumulation, S-phase arrest, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Chronic consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods can adversely affect the male reproductive system, cause testicular damage, prevent testosterone synthesis, decline sperm quality, and cause infertility. Oxidative stress is the fundamental pathogenesis of aflatoxin-induced reproductive toxicity. The overproduction of reactive oxygen substances can cause testicular failure and disturb the process of spermatogenesis. Mitochondria are susceptible to being impaired by oxidative stress, and its damage is associated with infertility. AFs also disturb the process of spermatogenesis by disrupting the regulation of genes related to the progression of the cell cycle such as cyclins and inducing genes related to apoptosis, thereby weakening fertility and negatively affecting the testicular endocrine potential by suppressing androgen synthesis. Additionally, AFs downregulate ERα expression, potentially negatively impacting spermatogenesis by enhancing the apoptotic mechanism. In this review, we provide new insights into the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of AFB1 on the male reproductive system with a focus on the cell cycle and apoptosis destruction of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahele Ranjbar Shamsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bita Amiri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Seyran Kakebaraie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Faramarz Jalili
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Touraj Zamir Nasta
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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2
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Cheng H, Shang D, Zhou R. Germline stem cells in human. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:345. [PMID: 36184610 PMCID: PMC9527259 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline cells are essential for the propagation of human beings, thus essential for the survival of mankind. The germline stem cells, as a unique cell type, generate various states of germ stem cells and then differentiate into specialized cells, spermatozoa and ova, for producing offspring, while self-renew to generate more stem cells. Abnormal development of germline stem cells often causes severe diseases in humans, including infertility and cancer. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) first emerge during early embryonic development, migrate into the gentile ridge, and then join in the formation of gonads. In males, they differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells, which give rise to spermatozoa via meiosis from the onset of puberty, while in females, the female germline stem cells (FGSCs) retain stemness in the ovary and initiate meiosis to generate oocytes. Primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) can be induced in vitro from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on current advances in these embryonic and adult germline stem cells, and the induced PGCLCs in humans, provide an overview of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and differentiation of the germline stem cells and outline their physiological functions, pathological implications, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dantong Shang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Chen X, Zheng Y, Han Y, He H, Lv J, Yu J, Li H, Hou S, Shen C, Zheng B. SAT2 regulates Sertoli cell-germline interactions via STIM1-mediated ROS/WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1704-1713. [PMID: 35819096 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the main component of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells are in close contact with germ cells and generate niche signals, which exhibit pivotal functions in spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Sertoli cell-germline interactions (SGIs) in the testes of neonatal mice (NM) remain largely unclear. Previously, we identified spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase 2 (SAT2) and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) to be potential regulators of testicular cord formation via comparative proteomics analysis. Here, we demonstrated a novel role of SAT2 for SGIs during testicular development in NM. Testicular explants lacking SAT2 affected the mislocation, but not the quantity, of Sertoli cells, which led to maintenance defects in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Interestingly, SAT2 was essential for the migration of TM4 cells, a Sertoli cell line. Mechanistically, SAT2 was able to bind STIM1, repress its expression, and regulate homeostasis of a reactive oxygen species/wingless type (WNT)/β-catenin pathway in NM testes. Collectively, our study identified that SAT2 was able to regulate SGIs via a STIM1-mediated WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanli Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinxing Lv
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University), Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunyu Hou
- Department of Gynaecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Qian P, Kang J, Liu D, Xie G. Single Cell Transcriptome Sequencing of Zebrafish Testis Revealed Novel Spermatogenesis Marker Genes and Stronger Leydig-Germ Cell Paracrine Interactions. Front Genet 2022; 13:851719. [PMID: 35360857 PMCID: PMC8961980 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.851719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis in testis is an important process for sexual reproduction, and worldwide about 10-15 percent of couples suffer from infertility. It is of importance to study spermatogenesis at single cell level in both of human and model organisms. Currently, single-cell RNA sequencing technologies (scRNA-seq) had been extensively applied to the study of cellular components and its gene regulations in the testes of different species, including human, monkey, mouse, and fly, but not in zebrafish. Zebrafish was a widely used model organism in biology and had been extensively used for the study of spermatogenesis in the previous studies. Therefore, it is also important to profile the transcriptome of zebrafish testis at single cell level. In this study, the transcriptomes of 14, 315 single cells from adult male zebrafish testes were profiled by scRNA-seq, and 10 cell populations were revealed, including Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, spermatogonia cell (SPG), spermatocyte, and spermatids. Notably, thousands of cell-type specific novel marker genes were identified, including sumo3b for SPG, krt18a.1 for Sertoli cells, larp1b and edrf1 for spermatids, which were also validated by RNA in situ hybridization experiments. Interestingly, through Ligand-Receptor (LR) analyses, zebrafish Leydig cells demonstrated stronger paracrine influence on germ cells than Sertoli cells. Overall, this study could be an important resource for the study of spermatogenesis in zebrafish and might also facilitate the study of the genes associated with human infertility through using zebrafish as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Qian
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiahui Kang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Makoolati Z, Bahrami H, Zamanzadeh Z, Mahaldashtian M, Moulazadeh A, Ebrahimi L, Naghdi M. Efficacy of Ficus carica leaf extract on morphological and molecular behavior of mice germ stem cells. Anim Reprod 2022; 19:e20220036. [PMID: 36060818 PMCID: PMC9417092 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is one of the most prevalent health disorders in reproductive-age males and females. Ficus carica (Fc), an herbal plant, has been used traditionally for the treatment of different diseases such as infertility especially in Iranian folk medicine. This study examined the effects of Fc leaf extract on the proliferation of mice spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Phenolic, flavonoid content, major polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated respectively by Folin-Ciocateu, aluminum chloride, HPLC and the FRAP and DPPH methods. Testicular cells of neonate mice were extracted and their identity was confirmed using cytokeratin for Sertoli and Oct-4, CDHI and PLZF for SSCs. Effects of Fc (0.0875, 0.175, 0.35, 0.71 and 1.42 mg/ml) was evaluated at third, 7th, 9th and 14th days of culture by colony assay. The expression of the Mvh, GFRα1 and Oct-4 genes and the viability and proliferation of cultured cells was assessed at the end of the culture period. The extract has a rich phenolic and flavonoid content such as Rutin, Psoralen, Bergapten and Caffeoylmalic acid using HPLC analysis. It also had a potent reducing and radical scavenging activity. Morphology of colonies was similar in all groups. Higher viability, proliferation, colony number and diameter of SSCs was seen in the presence of Fc leaf extract in a dose-dependent manner so that higher number and diameter of colonies were observed in two higher doses of 0.71 and 1.42 mg/ml, separately for each time point relative to other groups. The Mvh, Oct-4 and GFRα1 genes expression had no significant differences between groups. It seems that Fc leaf extract not only had no any cytotoxic effects on the viability and proliferation of SSCs but also support their stemness state. So, this culture system can be employed for enrichment of germ stem cells for use in clinical applications.
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Misiakiewicz-Has K, Pilutin A, Wiszniewska B. Influence of hormonal imbalance on the integrity of seminiferous epithelium in the testes of adult rats chronically exposed to letrozole and rats exposed to soya isoflavones during the prenatal period, lactation, and up to sexual maturity. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100562. [PMID: 34555686 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural integrity of the germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium and the correct process of spermatogenesis are made possible by proteins that participate in the formation of different types of junctions. This study was performed on samples of the testes of 4 groups (2 experimental and 2 corresponding control) of male Wistar rats. In the first experimental group, the adult rats received letrozole - a nonsteroidal inhibitor of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom). The second experimental group was exposed to soya isoflavones during the prenatal period, lactation, and up to sexual maturity. The aim of this study was to examine the immunoexpression of β-catenin, N-cadherin, occludin, connexin43, annexin V, and advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the seminiferous epithelium of rat testes with chronic estrogen deficiency and of rats exposed to soya isoflavones. Series of sections of the testes were stained using PAS and silver impregnation. Moreover, immunohistochemistry tests were performed. A semi-quantitative determination of protein immunoexpression was performed using Image J. The number of annexin V positive Sertoli cells per tubule were counted manually. Comparisons between the experimental and corresponding control groups were performed using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The most common alterations were prematurely sloughed germ cells in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and invaginations of the seminiferous tubules. We observed a lower number of annexin V positive Sertoli cells and a lower expression of N-cadherin and occludin in the seminiferous epithelium of both groups of rats with hormonal imbalances. Moreover, a higher expression of AGE, a lower expression of connexin 43 and a lower amount of reticular fibers in the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules was present in rats treated with letrozole and a higher expression of β-catenin was found in rats exposed to soya isoflavones. The hormonal imbalance between androgens and estrogens resulted in a decreased number of annexin V positive Sertoli cells. This may be associated with a failed clearance of apoptotic germ cells that leads to disturbances in the blood-testis-barrier (BTB) by affecting the expression of junctional proteins in the seminiferous epithelium. Moreover, a decreased level of estrogens was also associated with an increased expression of AGEs and with a changed composition of basal lamina in the seminiferous tubules of rats. These changes could lead to germ cell sloughing and invaginations of the seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Misiakiewicz-Has
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - A Pilutin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - B Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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7
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Neuroendocrine Tumors: Clinical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Perspectives and Case Report-Mature Teratoma in a 16-Year-Old Girl. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:373-386. [PMID: 35366281 PMCID: PMC8830444 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A mature teratoma is a germinal neoplasm that differentiates from embryonic multipotent cells into three germ layers. There may also be glandular tissue. The literature describes a total of 658 cases of ovarian neuroendocrine neoplasms, mainly in women over 40 years of age. The authors, together with a systemic review, present a case of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with and treated for a neuroendocrine tumor. Case description: A 16-year-old girl visited the Paediatric Gynaecology Outpatient Clinic because of abdominal pains that intensified during menstruation. Standard painkillers and diastolic drugs were ineffective. An ultrasound examination revealed a large tumor with a heterogeneous structure in her right ovary. A sparing operation was carried out. During laparotomy, the lesion was enucleated, leaving healthy tissue. Histopathological examination revealed the typical features of teratoma, as well as the coexistence of a G1 neuroendocrine tumor. Immunohistochemical examination (IHC) showed the presence of markers characteristic for this type of tumor. The patient requires constant monitoring in the Endocrinology and Oncological Gynaecology Clinic. Conclusion: Tissue of neuroendocrine neoplasm within a teratoma is rare in this age group of patients; thus, there are currently no standards for long-term follow-up. This case adds to the body of evidence and demonstrates a possible good prognosis with non-aggressive behavior in G1 neuroendocrine tumors and teratomas in young patients.
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Khosravi A, Hasani A, Behnam P, Piryaei A, Pirani M, Aliaghaei A, Raee P, Abdi S, Fathabadi FF, Abdollahifar MA. An effective method for establishing animal models of azoospermia and oligospermia. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14095. [PMID: 33961697 DOI: 10.1111/and.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to develop a validated animal model to predict successful spermatogenesis retrieval in azoospermia and oligospermia men. Thirty-two mice were equally divided into 4 groups: control, scrotal hyperthermia (15 times), scrotal hyperthermia group (10 times), scrotal hyperthermia group (5 times). In the scrotal hyperthermia groups, their scrotum exposed to water at a temperature of 43°C for 20 min every other day. Then, the mice were euthanised and sperm samples were collected for sperm parameters analysis, and blood samples were obtained for hormonal assay. The testis samples were taken for histopathology experiments, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot in order to examine the protein expression together with RNA extraction in order to examine the gene expression of germ cell markers. The results of sperm analysis and histopathology of testicular tissue as well as the results of gene expression and Western blot showed that hyperthermia can significantly impair spermatogenesis. In conclusion, we have developed a novel model of azoospermia and oligospermia in mouse, which uses a high temperature to suppress spermatogenesis process through demolition of germ cells subsequent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The model will contribute to understanding azoospermia in human, oligospermia pathophysiology and the development of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Khosravi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Hasani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Behnam
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pirani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Abdi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei Fathabadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fleck D, Kenzler L, Mundt N, Strauch M, Uesaka N, Moosmann R, Bruentgens F, Missel A, Mayerhofer A, Merhof D, Spehr J, Spehr M. ATP activation of peritubular cells drives testicular sperm transport. eLife 2021; 10:e62885. [PMID: 33502316 PMCID: PMC7840184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis, the complex process of male germ cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, is the basis of male fertility. In the seminiferous tubules of the testes, spermatozoa are constantly generated from spermatogonial stem cells through a stereotyped sequence of mitotic and meiotic divisions. The basic physiological principles, however, that control both maturation and luminal transport of the still immotile spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules remain poorly, if at all, defined. Here, we show that coordinated contractions of smooth muscle-like testicular peritubular cells provide the propulsive force for luminal sperm transport toward the rete testis. Using a mouse model for in vivo imaging, we describe and quantify spontaneous tubular contractions and show a causal relationship between peritubular Ca2+ waves and peristaltic transport. Moreover, we identify P2 receptor-dependent purinergic signaling pathways as physiological triggers of tubular contractions both in vitro and in vivo. When challenged with extracellular ATP, transport of luminal content inside the seminiferous tubules displays stage-dependent directionality. We thus suggest that paracrine purinergic signaling coordinates peristaltic recurrent contractions of the mouse seminiferous tubules to propel immotile spermatozoa to the rete testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fleck
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Lina Kenzler
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nadine Mundt
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses – MultiScales, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Martin Strauch
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Robert Moosmann
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Felicitas Bruentgens
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Annika Missel
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
| | - Dorit Merhof
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Jennifer Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses – MultiScales, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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10
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Wang J, Gao WJ, Deng SL, Liu X, Jia H, Ma WZ. High temperature suppressed SSC self-renewal through S phase cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 31358059 PMCID: PMC6664773 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High temperature has a very adverse effect on mammalian spermatogenesis and eventually leads to sub- or infertility through either apoptosis or DNA damage. However, the direct effects of heat stress on the development of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are still unknown because SSCs are rare in the testes. METHODS In the present study, we first used in vitro-cultured SSCs to study the effect of heat shock treatment on SSC development. Then, we used RNA-Seq analysis to identify new genes or signalling pathways implicated in the heat stress response. RESULTS We found that 45 min of 43 °C heat shock treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of SSCs 2 h after treatment but did not lead to apoptosis. In total, 17,822 genes were identified by RNA-Seq after SSC heat shock treatment. Among these genes, we found that 200 of them had significantly changed expression, with 173 upregulated and 27 downregulated genes. The number of differentially expressed genes in environmental information processing pathways was 37, which was the largest number. We screened the candidate JAK-STAT signalling pathway on the basis of inhibition of cell cycle progression and found that the JAK-STAT pathway was inhibited after heat shock treatment. The flow cytometry results further confirmed that heat stress caused S phase cycle arrest of SSCs. CONCLUSION Our results showed that heat shock treatment at 43 °C for 45 min significantly inhibited SSC self-renewal through S phase cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wei-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Wen-Zhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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11
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Savvulidi F, Ptacek M, Savvulidi Vargova K, Stadnik L. Manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells in livestock species. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 31205688 PMCID: PMC6560896 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches (such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology; 2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification; 3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs; 4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis; 5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species (including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation, the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp Savvulidi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ptacek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Karina Savvulidi Vargova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Stadnik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
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Zhao Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Luo Y, Da F, Tao W, Zhou L, Wang D, Wei J. Both Gfrα1a and Gfrα1b Are Involved in the Self-renewal and Maintenance of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Medaka. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1658-1670. [PMID: 30319069 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) plays a crucial role in the self-renewal and maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from mammals. However, to date, our knowledge about its role in fish SSCs is limited. In the present study, the medaka (Oryzias latipes) gfrα1 duplicate genes, Olgfrα1a and Olgfrα1b, were cloned and characterized. Furthermore, their expression profile and biological activity were investigated. OlGfrα1a and OlGfrα1b predict 524 and 466 amino acid residues, respectively. Both are orthologous to mammalian Gfrα1 by sequence analyses and appear high in spermatogonia by in situ hybridization assay. The knockdown of OlGfrα1a and/or OlGfrα1b via Vivo-Morpholino oligos significantly inhibited the self-renewal and maintenance of SSCs, as evidenced by the decreased proliferation activity of SG3 cells (a spermatogonial stem cell line derived from adult medaka testis) as well as spermatogonia in the testicular organ culture and by the decreased survival rate and expression levels of pluripotency-related genes (klf4, lin28b, bcl6b, and etv5) in SG3 cells. Additionally, our study indicates that OlGfrα1a might function by binding either Gdnfa or Gdnfb (the two medaka Gdnf homologs), whereas OlGfrα1b function by binding Gdnfa not Gdnfb. Taken together, our study indicates that both OlGfrα1a and OlGfrα1b are involved in the self-renewal and maintenance of SSCs by binding Gdnfa and/or Gdnfb, respectively. These findings suggest that the GDNF/GFRα1 signaling pathway might be conserved from mammals to fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yubing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Da
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
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13
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Testicular endothelial cells are a critical population in the germline stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4379. [PMID: 30348976 PMCID: PMC6197186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of adult tissues depends on stem cell self-renewal in local niches. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are germline adult stem cells necessary for spermatogenesis and fertility. We show that testicular endothelial cells (TECs) are part of the SSC niche producing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and other factors to support human and mouse SSCs in long-term culture. We demonstrate that FGF-2 binding to FGFR1 on TECs activates the calcineurin pathway to produce GDNF. Comparison of the TEC secretome to lung and liver endothelial cells identified 5 factors sufficient for long-term maintenance of human and mouse SSC colonies in feeder-free cultures. Male cancer survivors after chemotherapy are often infertile since SSCs are highly susceptible to cytotoxic injury. Transplantation of TECs alone restores spermatogenesis in mice after chemotherapy-induced depletion of SSCs. Identifying TECs as a niche population necessary for SSC self-renewal may facilitate fertility preservation for prepubertal boys diagnosed with cancer. Self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) is necessary for spermatogenesis and male fertility. Here the authors identify testicular endothelial cells (TECs) as a source of 5 key growth factors for self-renewal and expansion of human and mouse SSCs.
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14
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Stromal interaction molecule 1 is required for neonatal testicular development in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:909-915. [PMID: 30224062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum protein, and it serves as a Ca2+ sensor and activator of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). We have previously identified STIM1 in the proteome profile of mice neonatal testes, revealing STIM1 to be associated with neonatal testicular development. Here, to further explore the location and function of STIM1 in mice testes, we studied the effect of Stim1 gene knockdown on neonatal testicular development by testicular culture. Our results revealed that STIM1 was primarily located in Sertoli cells. Knockdown of Stim1 gene using morpholino in neonatal testis caused the mislocation of Sertoli cells and loss of germ cells, which were associated with the aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation, while inhibition of ROS could partly rescue the phenotypes caused by Stim1 gene knockdown. In conclusion, our study suggests that STIM1 can maintain neonatal testicular development by inhibiting ROS activation.
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Zheng B, Yu J, Guo Y, Gao T, Shen C, Zhang X, Li H, Huang X. Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein is vital to testis development and spermatogenesis in mice. Reproduction 2018; 156:59-69. [PMID: 29743260 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP), also known as zinc finger protein 9, is a highly conserved zinc finger protein that is strikingly conserved among vertebrates. Data collected from lower vertebrates showed that CNBP is expressed at high levels and distributed in the testes during spermatogenesis. However, the location and function of CNBP in mammalian testes are not well known. Here, by neonatal mouse testis culture and spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) culture methods, we studied the effect of CNBP knockdown on neonatal testicular development. Our results revealed that CNBP was mainly located in the early germ cells and Sertoli cells. Knockdown of CNBP using morpholino in neonatal testis culture caused disruption of seminiferous tubules, mislocation of Sertoli cells and loss of germ cells, which were associated with the aberrant Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. However, knockdown of CNBP in SSC culture did not affect the survival of germ cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that CNBP could maintain testicular development by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, particularly by influencing Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Center for Reproduction and GeneticsSuzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Center of Clinical Reproductive MedicineThe Affiliated Changzhou Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Cong Shen
- Center for Reproduction and GeneticsSuzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and GeneticsSuzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Moshari S, Nejati V, Najafi G, razi M. Nanomicelle curcumin-induced DNA fragmentation in testicular tissue; Correlation between mitochondria dependent apoptosis and failed PCNA-related hemostasis. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:372-381. [PMID: 28385400 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Current study was done to assess possible anti-proliferative effect of nanomicelle curcumin (NMCM) against germ cells in testicular tissue. For this purpose, 24 mature male Wistar rats were divided into control and test groups. The animals in test groups received 7.5mg/kg, 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg of NMC (NO=6 rats in each group). Following 48days, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, P53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were evaluated by using reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Histological changes, tubular differentiation index (TDI), tissue cellularity and serum level of testosterone were analyzed. Finally, the DNA laddering test was used to assess the DNA fragmentation as hallmark for apoptosis. The NMCM significantly (P<0.05) diminished the Bcl-2, p53 and PCNA and enhanced the Bax and caspase-3 mRNA levels. The NMCM significantly (P<0.05) elevated the percentage of Bax and caspase-3-positive tubules and remarkably reduced the percentage of tubules with positive reaction for Bcl-2, p53 and PCNA. The NCMN-received animals exhibited remarkable (P<0.05) reduction in cell population, TDI ratio and serum level of testosterone. Severe DNA fragmentation was observed in 30mg/kg NMCM-received group. In conclusion, the NMCM by reducing the testicular endocrine status, down-regulating Bcl-2 expression and by enhancing the Bax and caspase-3 expression initiates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. On the other hand, inhibited expression of p53 and PCNA (at dose level of 30mg/kg) suppresses the p53 and PCNA-related hemostasis/preservative reactions. All these alterations adversely affect the spermatogenesis.
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17
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Huang S, Wang J, Cui Y. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether injures cell viability and mitochondrial function of mouse spermatocytes by decreasing mitochondrial proteins Atp5b and Uqcrc1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:301-310. [PMID: 27525561 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our object was to explore direct effects and mechanism of BDE47 on GC2 (immortalized mouse spermatocyte). GC2 were exposed to DMSO, 0.1, 1, 10, 100μM BDE47 for 48h. Cell viability was detected by trypan-blue exclusion; ultrastructure by electron-microscopy; cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane motential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow-cytometry; ATP production by luminometer; Atp5b, Uqcrc1, Bcl-2 level by WB. To explore whether the decreased mitochondrial proteins play an important role in apoptosis, MMP and apoptosis were detected after Atp5b or Uqcrc1 knockdown in GC2. Results showed BDE47 reduced cell viability, caused condensation of nuclear and vacuolated mitochondria, decreased MMP and ATP, induced ROS, cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phase, reduced Atp5b, Uqcrc1, Bcl-2 in GC2. Knockdown of Atp5b or Uqcrc1 decreased MMP, induced apoptosis in GC2. Results suggested that BDE47 reduced cell viability, injured mitochondria in spermatocytes probably by decreasing mitochondrial protein Atp5b and Uqcrc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- MingDe Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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Fleck D, Mundt N, Bruentgens F, Geilenkirchen P, Machado PA, Veitinger T, Veitinger S, Lipartowski SM, Engelhardt CH, Oldiges M, Spehr J, Spehr M. Distinct purinergic signaling pathways in prepubescent mouse spermatogonia. J Gen Physiol 2016; 148:253-71. [PMID: 27574293 PMCID: PMC5004339 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis ranks among the most complex, yet least understood, developmental processes. The physiological principles that control male germ cell development in mammals are notoriously difficult to unravel, given the intricate anatomy and complex endo- and paracrinology of the testis. Accordingly, we lack a conceptual understanding of the basic signaling mechanisms within the testis, which control the seminiferous epithelial cycle and thus govern spermatogenesis. Here, we address paracrine signal transduction in undifferentiated male germ cells from an electrophysiological perspective. We identify distinct purinergic signaling pathways in prepubescent mouse spermatogonia, both in vitro and in situ. ATP-a dynamic, widespread, and evolutionary conserved mediator of cell to cell communication in various developmental contexts-activates at least two different spermatogonial purinoceptor isoforms. Both receptors operate within nonoverlapping stimulus concentration ranges, display distinct response kinetics and, in the juvenile seminiferous cord, are uniquely expressed in spermatogonia. We further find that spermatogonia express Ca(2+)-activated large-conductance K(+) channels that appear to function as a safeguard against prolonged ATP-dependent depolarization. Quantitative purine measurements additionally suggest testicular ATP-induced ATP release, a mechanism that could increase the paracrine radius of initially localized signaling events. Moreover, we establish a novel seminiferous tubule slice preparation that allows targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified testicular cell types in an intact epithelial environment. This unique approach not only confirms our in vitro findings, but also supports the notion of purinergic signaling during the early stages of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fleck
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Mundt
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felicitas Bruentgens
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Geilenkirchen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG), IBG-1: Biotechnology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Patricia A Machado
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Veitinger
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Veitinger
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne M Lipartowski
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna H Engelhardt
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG), IBG-1: Biotechnology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Pirnia A, Parivar K, Hemadi M, Yaghmaei P, Gholami M. Stemness of spermatogonial stem cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogel during cryopreservation. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pirnia
- Department of Biology; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - K. Parivar
- Department of Biology; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Hemadi
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Ahvaz Iran
| | - P. Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Gholami
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research center and department of Anatomical sciences; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences; Khorramabad Iran
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20
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Mahaldashtian M, Naghdi M, Ghorbanian MT, Makoolati Z, Movahedin M, Mohamadi SM. In vitro effects of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollen on colonization of neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:362-368. [PMID: 27084457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollen (DPP) is widely used as a folk remedy for male infertility treatment, and has well known medicinal effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of DPP on the efficiency of neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sertoli and SSCs were isolated from 6 to 10-days-old mouse testes, and their identity was confirmed using immunocytochemistry against cytokeratin for sertoli cells and PLZF, Oct-4 and CDH-1 for SSCs. Isolated testicular cells were cultured in the absence or presence of 0.06, 0.25 and 0.62mg/ml concentrations of DPP aqueous extract for 2 weeks. The number and diameter of SSC colonies were assessed during third, 7th, 9th and 14th day of culture, and the expression of the Mvh, GFRα-1 and Oct-4 was evaluated using quantitative PCR at the end of the culture period. The significance of the data was analyzed using ANOVA and paired samples t-test and Tukey and Bonferroni test as post hoc tests at the level of p≤0.05. RESULTS Pattern assay of colony formation showed that SSCs numbers increased in the present of 0.62mg/ml concentration of DPP extract with higher slop relative to other groups (P <0.05). Colony diameters had no significant difference between groups in 3th, 7th, 9th and 14th days after culture. The Mvh and Oct-4 genes expression had no significant difference between groups, while GFRα1 expression was increased significantly in cells treated with 0.06mg/ml concentration relative to other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION It seems that co-culture of SSCs with sertoli sells in the presence of low doses of DPP can increase SSCs proliferation and keep their stemness state, while higher concentrations can differentiate the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahaldashtian
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Damghan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Majid Naghdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Taghi Ghorbanian
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Damghan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Makoolati
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Momeneh Mohamadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Escada‐Rebelo S, Silva AF, Amaral S, Tavares RS, Paiva C, Schlatt S, Ramalho‐Santos J, Mota PC. Spermatogonial stem cell organization in felid testis as revealed by
Dolichos biflorus
lectin. Andrology 2016; 4:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Escada‐Rebelo
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - A. F. Silva
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. Amaral
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - R. S. Tavares
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - C. Paiva
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB) Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - J. Ramalho‐Santos
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - P. C. Mota
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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Huleihel M, Nourashrafeddin S, Plant TM. Application of three-dimensional culture systems to study mammalian spermatogenesis, with an emphasis on the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Asian J Androl 2015; 17:972-80. [PMID: 26067870 PMCID: PMC4814948 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.154994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) has generally been performed using two-dimensional (2D) culture systems; however, such cultures have not led to the development of complete spermatogenesis. It seems that 2D systems do not replicate optimal conditions of the seminiferous tubules (including those generated by the SSC niche) and necessary for spermatogenesis. Recently, one of our laboratories has been able to induce proliferation and differentiation of mouse testicular germ cells to meiotic and postmeiotic stages including generation of sperm in a 3D soft agar culture system (SACS) and a 3D methylcellulose culture system (MCS). It was suggested that SACS and MCS form a special 3D microenvironment that mimics germ cell niche formation in the seminiferous tubules, and thus permits mouse spermatogenesis in vitro. In this review, we (1) provide a brief overview of the differences in spermatogenesis in rodents and primates, (2) summarize data related to attempts to generate sperm in vitro, (3) report for the first time formation of colonies/clusters of cells and differentiation of meiotic (expression of CREM-1) and postmeiotic (expression of acrosin) germ cells from undifferentiated spermatogonia isolated from the testis of prepubertal rhesus monkeys and cultured in SACS and MCS, and (4) indicate research needed to optimize 3D systems for in vitro primate spermatogenesis and for possible future application to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Huleihel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Seyedmehdi Nourashrafeddin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tony M Plant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Moreno I, Míguez-Forjan JM, Simón C. Artificial gametes from stem cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2015; 42:33-44. [PMID: 26161331 PMCID: PMC4496429 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2015.42.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of artificial gametes is a real challenge for the scientific community today. In vitro development of human eggs and sperm will pave the way for the understanding of the complex process of human gametogenesis and will provide with human gametes for the study of infertility and the onset of some inherited disorders. However, the great promise of artificial gametes resides in their future application on reproductive treatments for all these people wishing to have genetically related children and for which gamete donation is now their unique option of parenthood. This is the case of infertile patients devoid of suitable gametes, same sex couples, singles and those fertile couples in a high risk of transmitting serious diseases to their progeny. In the search of the best method to obtain artificial gametes, many researchers have successfully obtained human germ cell-like cells from stem cells at different stages of differentiation. In the near future, this field will evolve to new methods providing not only viable but also functional and safe artificial germ cells. These artificial sperm and eggs should be able to recapitulate all the genetic and epigenetic processes needed for the correct gametogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis leading to the birth of a healthy and fertile newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moreno
- Department of Research and Development, Igenomix S.L., Paternam, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Simón
- Department of Research and Development, Igenomix S.L., Paternam, Spain. ; Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia, Spain. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Stukenborg JB, Kjartansdóttir KR, Reda A, Colon E, Albersmeier JP, Söder O. Male germ cell development in humans. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:2-12. [PMID: 24356336 DOI: 10.1159/000355599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cells are unique cells that possess the ability to transmit genetic information between generations. Detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms determining the fate of human male germ cells still remains sparse. This is partially due to ethical issues limiting the access to research material. Therefore, the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of human male germ cells still remain challenging study objectives. METHODS This review focuses on using English articles accessible in PubMed as well as personal files on the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms connected with human testicular germ cell development, maturation failure and the possibility of fertility preservation in patients in whom there is a risk of gonadal failure. However, since rodents, particularly mice, offer the possibility of studying germ cell development by use of genetic modification techniques, some studies using animal models are also discussed. CONCLUSION This mini review focuses on the current knowledge about male germ cells. However, the reader is referred to two previous mini reviews focusing on testicular somatic cells, i.e. on Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Martínez-Arroyo AM, Medrano JV, Remohí J, Simón C. Germ line development: lessons learned from pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 28:64-70. [PMID: 25461452 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about mammalian germ line development is mainly based on the mouse model and little is known about how this fundamental process occurs in humans. This review summarizes our current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic germ line development in mammals, mainly focusing on primordial germ cell (PGC) specification events, comparing the differences between mouse and human models. We also emphasize the knowledge derived from the most successful strategies used to generate germ cell-like cells in vitro in both models and major obstacles to obtaining bona fide in vitro-derived gametes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Martínez-Arroyo
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Dept. Obst. & Gynec., Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia 46015, Spain
| | - Jose V Medrano
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Dept. Obst. & Gynec., Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - José Remohí
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Dept. Obst. & Gynec., Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Dept. Obst. & Gynec., Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia 46015, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Lacerda SMDSN, Costa GMJ, de França LR. Biology and identity of fish spermatogonial stem cell. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 207:56-65. [PMID: 24967950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although present at relatively low number in the testis, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of spermatogenesis in eukaryotes and, until recently, those cells were investigated in fish using morphological criteria. The isolation and characterization of these cells in fish have been so far limited by the lack of specific molecular markers, hampering the high SSCs biotechnological potential for aquaculture. However, some highly conserved vertebrate molecular markers, such as Gfra1 and Pou5f1/Oct4, are now available representing important candidates for studies evaluating the regulation of SSCs in fish and even functional investigations using germ cells transplantation. A technique already used to demonstrate that, different from mammals, fish germ stem cells (spermatogonia and oogonia) present high sexual plasticity that is determined by the somatic microenvironment. As relatively well established in mammals, and demonstrated in zebrafish and dogfish, this somatic environment is very important for the preferential location and regulation of SSCs. Importantly, a long-term in vitro culture system for SSCs has been now established for some fish species. Therefore, besides the aforementioned possibilities, such culture system would allow the development of strategies to in vitro investigate key regulatory and functional aspects of germline stem cells (ex: self-renewal and/or differentiation) or to amplify SSCs of rare, endangered, or commercially valuable fish species, representing an important tool for transgenesis and the development of new biotechnologies in fish production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato de França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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27
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Sobinoff AP, Sutherland JM, Beckett EL, Stanger SJ, Johnson R, Jarnicki AG, McCluskey A, St John JC, Hansbro PM, McLaughlin EA. Damaging legacy: maternal cigarette smoking has long-term consequences for male offspring fertility. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:2719-35. [PMID: 25269568 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the effects on fertility of cigarette smoke-induced toxicity on male offspring exposed during the gestational/weaning period? SUMMARY ANSWER Maternal cigarette smoke exposure during the gestational/weaning period causes long-term defects in male offspring fertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Cigarette smoke is a well-known reproductive toxicant which is particularly harmful to both fetal and neonatal germ cells. However, recent studies suggest a significant portion of young mothers in the developed world still smoke during pregnancy. In the context of male reproductive health, our understanding of the effects of in utero exposure on offspring fertility is limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In this study, 27 C57BL/6 5-week-old female mice were exposed via the nose-only to cigarette smoke (treatment) or 27 were exposed to room air (control) for 6 weeks before being housed with stud males to produce litters. In the treatment group, smoke exposure continued throughout mating, pregnancy and lactation until weaning of pups at 21 days post birth. Male offspring were examined at post-natal days 3, 6, 12, 21 and 98 (adult). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Approximately 108 maternal smoke-exposed C57BL/6 offspring and controls were examined. Spermatogenesis was examined using testicular histology and apoptosis/DNA damage was assessed using caspase immunohistochemistry and TUNEL. Sertoli cell morphology and fluctuations in the spermatogonial stem cell population were also examined using immunohistochemistry. Microarray and QPCR analysis were performed on adult testes to examine specific long-term transcriptomic alteration as a consequence of maternal smoke exposure. Sperm counts and motility, zona/oolemma binding assays, COMET analysis and mitochondrial genomic sequencing were also performed on spermatozoa obtained from adult treated and control mice. Fertility trials using exposed adult male offspring were also performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Maternal cigarette smoke exposure caused increased gonocyte and meiotic spermatocyte apoptosis (P < 0.01) as well as germ cell depletion in the seminiferous tubules of neonatal and juvenile offspring. Aberrant testicular development characterized by abnormal Sertoli and germ cell organization, a depleted spermatogonial stem cell population (P < 0.01), atrophic seminiferous tubules and increased germ cell DNA damage (P < 0.01) persisted in adult offspring 11 weeks after exposure. Microarray analysis of adult offspring testes associated these defects with meiotic germ cell development, sex hormone metabolism, oxidative stress and Sertoli cell signalling. Next generation sequencing also revealed a high mitochondrial DNA mutational load in the testes of adult offspring (P < 0.01). Adult maternal smoke-exposed offspring also had reduced sperm counts with spermatozoa exhibiting morphological abnormalities (P < 0.01), affecting motility and fertilization potential. Odf2, a spermatozoa flagellum component required for coordinated ciliary beating, was also significantly down-regulated (P < 0.01) in maternal smoke-exposed adult offspring, with aberrant localization along the spermatozoa flagellum. Adult maternal smoke-exposed offspring took significantly longer to impregnate control females and had a slight but significant (P < 0.01) reduction in litter size. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study examined only one species (mouse) using a smoking model which only simulates human cigarette smoke exposure. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study represents the first comprehensive animal model of maternal smoking on male offspring reproductive function, suggesting that exposure during the gestational/weaning period causes long-term defects in male offspring fertility. This is due to a compromised spermatogonial stem cell population resulting from gonocyte apoptosis and impaired spermatogenic development. This results in significant germ cell damage and Sertoli cell dysfunction, impacting germ cell number, tubule organization, DNA damage and spermatozoa in adult offspring. This study strengthens the current literature suggesting that maternal exposure impairs male offspring fertility, which is currently debated due to conflicting studies. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was funded by the Australian Research Council, Hunter Medical Research Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Newcastle Permanent Building Society Charitable Trust. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sobinoff
- Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - J M Sutherland
- Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - E L Beckett
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - S J Stanger
- Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - R Johnson
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - A G Jarnicki
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - A McCluskey
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - J C St John
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton Vic 3168, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - E A McLaughlin
- Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Monash Medical Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Giffin JL, Bartlewski PM, Hahnel AC. Correlations among ultrasonographic and microscopic characteristics of prepubescent ram lamb testes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1606-18. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214543063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of spermatogenesis during prepubertal development is accompanied by dynamic changes in testicular microstructure. Computer-assisted analysis of scrotal ultrasonograms may allow us to track these changes in a noninvasive manner; however, the echotextural characteristics of different histomorphological variables remain unclear. Hence the objective of this study was to compare echotextural and microscopic attributes of the testis over the first wave of spermatogenesis in prepubescent ram lambs. Bi-weekly ultrasound examinations and weekly testicular biopsies were carried out in 22 ram lambs from 9.5–10 weeks of age or the attainment of 15 cm3 in testicular volume, respectively, to the first detection of elongated spermatids (ESt). Testicular echogenicity was highly variable with age; however, after the alignment of data to the first detection of ESt, there was an initial increase followed by a decline, corresponding to the mitotic and postmitotic phases of spermatogenesis in prepubescent ram lambs. Testicular echotextural attributes (mean numerical pixel values and pixel heterogeneity) correlated with seminiferous tubule (ST) diameter, the number of degenerating cells/ST cross-section (XS), and the number of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L-1 (a marker for prespermatogonia and undifferentiated spermatogonia) staining cells/ST XS during the mitotic and postmitotic phases. Additionally, in the postmitotic phase, significant correlations were recorded between the quantitative echotextural characteristics and ST cell density, nuclear:ST area and percentages of STs with different spermatogenic cells as the most mature germ cell type present. These results indicate that ram testes exhibit distinctive echotextural characteristics during the mitotic and postmitotic phases of germ cell differentiation. It is concluded that scrotal ultrasonography in conjunction with computerized image analysis holds potential as a noninvasive alternative to testicular biopsy in monitoring the reproductive status throughout different stages of testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Giffin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Pawel M Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ann C Hahnel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Han NR, Park YH, Yun JI, Park HJ, Park MH, Kim MS, Choi JH, Lee E, Gong SP, Lim JM, Lee ST. Determination of Feeder Cell-Based Cellular Niches Supporting the Colonization and Maintenance of Spermatogonial Stem Cells from Prepubertal Domestic Cat Testes. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:705-10. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NR Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; College of Animal Life and Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - YH Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - JI Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - HJ Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; College of Animal Life and Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - MH Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; College of Animal Life and Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - MS Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; College of Animal Life and Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - JH Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - E Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - SP Gong
- Department of Marine Biomaterials and Aquaculture; Pukyong National University; Busan Korea
| | - JM Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - ST Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; College of Animal Life and Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
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Zheng B, Zhou Q, Guo Y, Shao B, Zhou T, Wang L, Zhou Z, Sha J, Guo X, Huang X. Establishment of a proteomic profile associated with gonocyte and spermatogonial stem cell maturation and differentiation in neonatal mice. Proteomics 2014; 14:274-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Binbin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Department of Histology and Embryology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Wu J, Song W, Zhu H, Niu Z, Mu H, Lei A, Yang C, Peng S, Li X, Li G, Hua J. Enrichment and characterization of Thy1-positive male germline stem cells (mGSCs) from dairy goat (Capra hircus) testis using magnetic microbeads. Theriogenology 2013; 80:1052-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Misiakiewicz K, Kolasa A, Kondarewicz A, Marchlewicz M, Wiszniewska B. Expression of the c-Kit receptor in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium in rats with hormonal imbalance. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eslahi N, Hadjighassem MR, Joghataei MT, Mirzapour T, Bakhtiyari M, Shakeri M, Pirhajati V, Shirinbayan P, Koruji M. The effects of poly L-lactic acid nanofiber scaffold on mouse spermatogonial stem cell culture. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4563-76. [PMID: 24348035 PMCID: PMC3848747 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s45535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 3D-nanofiber scaffold acts in a similar way to the extracellular matrix (ECM)/basement membrane that enhances the proliferation and self-renewal of stem cells. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of a poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofiber scaffold on frozen-thawed neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and testis tissues. METHODS The isolated spermatogonial cells were divided into six culture groups: (1) fresh spermatogonial cells, (2) fresh spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA, (3) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, (4) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA, (5) spermatogonial cells obtained from frozen-thawed testis tissue, and (6) spermatogonial cells obtained from frozen-thawed testis tissue seeded onto PLLA. Spermatogonial cells and testis fragments were cryopreserved and cultured for 3 weeks. Cluster assay was performed during the culture. The presence of spermatogonial cells in the culture was determined by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for spermatogonial markers (Oct4, GFRα-1, PLZF, Mvh(VASA), Itgα6, and Itgβ1), as well as the ultrastructural study of cell clusters and SSCs transplantation to a recipient azoospermic mouse. The significance of the data was analyzed using the repeated measures and analysis of variance. RESULTS The findings indicated that the spermatogonial cells seeded on PLLA significantly increased in vitro spermatogonial cell cluster formations in comparison with the control groups (culture of SSCs not seeded on PLLA) (P≤0.001). The viability rate for the frozen cells after thawing was 63.00% ± 3.56%. This number decreased significantly (40.00% ± 0.82%) in spermatogonial cells obtained from the frozen-thawed testis tissue. Both groups, however, showed in vitro cluster formation. Although the expression of spermatogonial markers was maintained after 3 weeks of culture, there was a significant downregulation for some spermatogonial genes in the experimental groups compared with those of the control groups. Furthermore, transplantation assay and transmission electron microscopy studies suggested the presence of SSCs among the cultured cells. CONCLUSION Although PLLA can increase the in vitro cluster formation of neonate fresh and frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, it may also cause them to differentiate during cultivation. The study therefore has implications for SSCs proliferation and germ cell differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Eslahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Mirzapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiyari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malak Shakeri
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peymaneh Shirinbayan
- Pediatric Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Santos Nassif Lacerda SM, Costa GMJ, da Silva MDA, Campos-Junior PHA, Segatelli TM, Peixoto MTD, Resende RR, de França LR. Phenotypic characterization and in vitro propagation and transplantation of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) spermatogonial stem cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:95-106. [PMID: 23792279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In association with in vitro culture and transplantation, isolation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is an excellent approach for investigating spermatogonial physiology in vertebrates. However, in fish, the lack of SSC molecular markers represents a great limitation to identify/purify these cells, rendering it difficult to apply several valuable biotechnologies in fish-farming. Herein, we describe potential molecular markers, which served to phenotypically characterize, cultivate and transplant Nile tilapia SSCs. Immunolocalization revealed that Gfra1 is expressed exclusively in single type A undifferentiated spermatogonia (Aund, presumptive SSCs). Likewise, the expression of Nanos2 protein was observed in Aund cells. However, Nanos2-positive spermatogonia have also been identified in cysts with two to eight germ cells that encompass type A differentiated spermatogonia (Adiff). Moreover, we also established effective primary culture conditions that allowed the Nile tilapia spermatogonia to expand their population for at least one month while conserving their original undifferentiated (stemness) characteristics. The maintenance of Aund spermatogonial phenotype was demonstrated by the expression of early germ cell specific markers and, more convincingly, by their ability to colonize and develop in the busulfan-treated adult Nile tilapia recipient testes after germ cell transplantation. In addition to advancing our knowledge on the identity and physiology of fish SSCs, these findings provide the first step in establishing a system that will allow fish SSCs expansion in vitro, representing an important progress towards the development of new biotechnologies in aquaculture, including the possibility of producing transgenic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra Maria Santos Nassif Lacerda
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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Tajaddini S, Ebrahimi S, Behnam B, Bakhtiyari M, Joghataei MT, Abbasi M, Amini M, Amanpour S, Koruji M. Antioxidant effect of manganese on the testis structure and sperm parameters of formalin-treated mice. Andrologia 2013; 46:246-53. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tajaddini
- Department of Basic Sciences; Payame Noor University; Iran
| | - S. Ebrahimi
- Department of Basic Sciences; Payame Noor University; Iran
| | - B. Behnam
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Bakhtiyari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomical Science; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. T. Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomical Science; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Abbasi
- Department of Anatomical Science; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Amini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Amanpour
- Vali-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Koruji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomical Science; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Propagation of adult SSCs: from mouse to human. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:384734. [PMID: 23484114 PMCID: PMC3581147 DOI: 10.1155/2013/384734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) represent a distinctive source of stem cells in
mammals for several reasons. First, by giving rise to spermatogenesis, SSCs are
responsible for the propagation of a father's genetic material. As such, autologous SSCs
have been considered for treatment of infertility and other purposes, including correction
of inherited disorders. Second, adult spermatogonia can spontaneously produce
embryonic-like stem cells in vitro, which could be used as an alternative for therapeutic,
diagnostic, or drug discovery strategies for humans. Therefore, an increasing urgency is
driving efforts to understand the biology of SSCs and improve techniques to manipulate
them in vitro as a prerequisite to achieve the aforementioned goals. The characterization
of adult SSCs also requires reproducible methods to isolate and maintain them in long-term
culture. Herein, we describe recent major advances and challenges in propagation of
adult SSCs from mice and humans during the past few years, including the use of unique
cell surface markers and defined cultured conditions.
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Costa GMJ, Avelar GF, Rezende-Neto JV, Campos-Junior PHA, Lacerda SMSN, Andrade BSC, Thomé RG, Hofmann MC, Franca LR. Spermatogonial stem cell markers and niche in equids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44091. [PMID: 22937157 PMCID: PMC3429436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the foundation of spermatogenesis and are located in a highly dynamic microenvironment called "niche" that influences all aspects of stem cell function, including homing, self-renewal and differentiation. Several studies have recently identified specific proteins that regulate the fate of SSCs. These studies also aimed at identifying surface markers that would facilitate the isolation of these cells in different vertebrate species. The present study is the first to investigate SSC physiology and niche in stallions and to offer a comparative evaluation of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia (Aund) markers (GFRA1, PLZF and CSF1R) in three different domestic equid species (stallions, donkeys, and mules). Aund were first characterized according to their morphology and expression of the GFRA1 receptor. Our findings strongly suggest that in stallions these cells were preferentially located in the areas facing the interstitium, particularly those nearby blood vessels. This distribution is similar to what has been observed in other vertebrate species. In addition, all three Aund markers were expressed in the equid species evaluated in this study. These markers have been well characterized in other mammalian species, which suggests that the molecular mechanisms that maintain the niche and Aund/SSCs physiology are conserved among mammals. We hope that our findings will help future studies needing isolation and cryopreservation of equids SSCs. In addition, our data will be very useful for studies that aim at preserving the germplasm of valuable animals, and involve germ cell transplantation or xenografts of equids testis fragments/germ cells suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. J. Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gleide F. Avelar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José V. Rezende-Neto
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique A. Campos-Junior
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samyra M. S. N. Lacerda
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno S. C. Andrade
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Unit 1105, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luiz R. Franca
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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