Influence of NADPH oxidase inhibition on oxidative stress parameters in rat hearts

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Tea-The Positive Impact of Tea Consumption on Patients with Autoimmune Diabetes

The physiological markers of autoimmune diabetes include functional disorders of the antioxidative system as well as progressing inflammation and the presence of autoantibodies. Even though people with type 1 diabetes show genetic predispositions facilitating the onset of the disease, it is believed that dietary factors can stimulate the initiation and progression of the disease. This paper analyses the possibility of using tea as an element of diet therapy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Based on information available in literature covering the last 10 years, the impact of regular tea consumption or diet supplements containing tea polyphenols on the oxidative status as well as inflammatory and autoimmune response of the organism was analyzed. Studies conducted on laboratory animals, human patients, and in vitro revealed positive effects of the consumption of tea or polyphenols isolated therefrom on the diabetic body. Few reports available in the literature pertain to the impact of tea on organisms affected by type 1 diabetes as most (over 85%) have focused on cases of type 2 diabetes. It has been concluded that by introducing tea into the diet, it is possible to alleviate some of the consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation, thus limiting their destructive impact on the patients' organisms, consequently improving their quality of life, regardless of the type of diabetes. Furthermore, elimination of inflammation should reduce the incidence of immune response. One should consider more widespread promotion of tea consumption by individuals genetically predisposed to diabetes, especially considering the drink's low price, easy availability, overall benefits to human health, and above all, the fact that it can be safely used over extended periods of time, regardless of the patient's age.

Apocynin attenuates testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to examine the possible protective effect of apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, against torsion/detorsion (T/D) induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in testis.

METHODS

Male Wistar albino rats were divided into sham-operated control, and either vehicle, apocynin 20mg/kg- or apocynin 50mg/kg-treated T/D groups. In order to induce I/R injury, left testis was rotated 720° clockwise for 4 hours (torsion) and then allowed reperfusion (detorsion) for 4 hours. Left orchiectomy was done for the measurement of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and luminol, lucigenin, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite chemiluminescences (CL). Testicular morphology was examined by light microscopy.

RESULTS

I/R caused significant increases in tissue luminol, lucigenin, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite CL demonstrating increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites. As a result of increased oxidative stress tissue MPO activity, MDA levels were increased and antioxidant GSH was decreased. On the other hand, apocynin treatment reversed all these biochemical indices, as well as histopathological alterations that were induced by I/R. According to data, although lower dose of apocynin tended to reverse the biochemical parameters, high dose of apocynin provides better protection since values were closer to the control levels.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the present study suggest that NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin by inhibiting free radical generation and increasing antioxidant defense exerts protective effects on testicular tissues against I/R. The protection with apocynin was more pronounced with high dose.