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Błażyńska-Spychalska A, Kur M, Brzeski T, Zając W, Pankiewicz T, Bielecki S, Woliński J, Jankau J. Potential of Bacterial Cellulose in Reconstructive Surgery of Body Integumentary System: Preliminary Studies in Animals. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:397. [PMID: 37623642 PMCID: PMC10455510 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to present the preliminary results of the in vivo application of Komagataeibacter xylinum E25 bacterial cellulose (BC) as a replacement material for produced defects during operations. Three pigs (sus scrofa domestica) had the same defects in the ear cartilage (4 × 4 cm) and in the rectus abdominis muscle (6 × 10 cm) with BC membranes implanted into them. The time of observation of the condition of the animals was 3 months. Implantation sites did not show clinical signs of complications in the form of inflammation or necrosis. Histologically, a normal scar was produced as a result of the material healing into the host's body. In one case, no residual implant material was found at the site of implantation, and the remodeled scar confirmed healing. No systemic inflammatory reaction was observed in any of the animals. The host organism's reaction to the bacterial cellulose allows us to believe that it meets the expectations as a material that can be widely used in reconstructive surgery. Nevertheless, this requires further research on a larger group and also using other foreign bodies. The next step would be an experiment on a group consisting of people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyna Kur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.-S.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Wacław Zając
- Independent Researcher, 75-671 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Teresa Pankiewicz
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, University of Technology of Łódź, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (T.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Stanisław Bielecki
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, University of Technology of Łódź, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (T.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Science Academy, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Jankau
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.-S.); (M.K.)
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2
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Bacterial cellulose and its potential for biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107856. [PMID: 34666147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an important polysaccharide synthesized by some bacterial species under specific culture conditions, which presents several remarkable features such as microporosity, high water holding capacity, good mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, making it a potential biomaterial for medical applications. Since its discovery, BC has been used for wound dressing, drug delivery, artificial blood vessels, bone tissue engineering, and so forth. Additionally, BC can be simply manipulated to form its derivatives or composites with enhanced physicochemical and functional properties. Several polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been introduced into BC by ex situ and in situ methods to design hybrid materials with enhanced functional properties. This review provides comprehensive knowledge and highlights recent advances in BC production strategies, its structural features, various in situ and ex situ modification techniques, and its potential for biomedical applications.
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Khan S, Siddique R, Huanfei D, Shereen MA, Nabi G, Bai Q, Manan S, Xue M, Ullah MW, Bowen H. Perspective Applications and Associated Challenges of Using Nanocellulose in Treating Bone-Related Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:616555. [PMID: 34026739 PMCID: PMC8139407 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.616555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone serves to maintain the shape of the human body due to its hard and solid nature. A loss or weakening of bone tissues, such as in case of traumatic injury, diseases (e.g., osteosarcoma), or old age, adversely affects the individuals quality of life. Although bone has the innate ability to remodel and regenerate in case of small damage or a crack, a loss of a large volume of bone in case of a traumatic injury requires the restoration of bone function by adopting different biophysical approaches and chemotherapies as well as a surgical reconstruction. Compared to the biophysical and chemotherapeutic approaches, which may cause complications and bear side effects, the surgical reconstruction involves the implantation of external materials such as ceramics, metals, and different other materials as bone substitutes. Compared to the synthetic substitutes, the use of biomaterials could be an ideal choice for bone regeneration owing to their renewability, non-toxicity, and non-immunogenicity. Among the different types of biomaterials, nanocellulose-based materials are receiving tremendous attention in the medical field during recent years, which are used for scaffolding as well as regeneration. Nanocellulose not only serves as the matrix for the deposition of bioceramics, metallic nanoparticles, polymers, and different other materials to develop bone substitutes but also serves as the drug carrier for treating osteosarcomas. This review describes the natural sources and production of nanocellulose and discusses its important properties to justify its suitability in developing scaffolds for bone and cartilage regeneration and serve as the matrix for reinforcement of different materials and as a drug carrier for treating osteosarcomas. It discusses the potential health risks, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ding Huanfei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sehrish Manan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Bowen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Nehra P, Chauhan RP. Eco-friendly nanocellulose and its biomedical applications: current status and future prospect. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:112-149. [PMID: 32892717 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1817706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the earth's leading natural polymer. It is known for its properties like biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, cost-effectiveness and lightweight. Nanocellulose displays better properties as compared to the native cellulose fibre. The nanocellulose is very remunerative in the arenas of routine application especially in health care, food industry, sanitary products and many more. In the biomedical area, cellulose-based products are utilized in applications like wound healing, dental applications, drug delivery, antimicrobial material, etc. Nanocellulose biomaterials have been commercialised, representing the material of new generation. With the objective to comprehend the contribution of nanocellulose in the current status and future development in biomedical utilisations, the review is focused on cellulose, nanocellulose, types and sources of nanocellulose, its preparation, characteristics, constraints related to its composites through the analysis of certain scientific reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nehra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
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Kaminagakura KLN, Sue Sato S, Sugino P, Kataki de Oliveira Veloso L, Dos Santos DC, Padovani CR, Basmaji P, Olyveira G, Schellini SA. Nanoskin® to treat full thickness skin wounds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:724-732. [PMID: 30267636 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This experimental study evaluated 40 guinea pigs that received Nanoskin®. A full thickness skin rectangle measuring 2x4 cm was removed from the median dorsal region and the wound was covered by a 2X2 cm fragment of uncoated Nanoskin® graft (uncoated group) or Nanoskin® coated with gelatin (coated group) and sutured in the caudal region and a 2x2 cm fragment of autologous skin sutured in the cranial aspect of the surgical wound served a control. The animals were examined daily by ectoscopy and euthanized at 7, 30, 90 and 180 days postoperatively. Immediately after euthanasia, the operated area was shaved, documented with photos and removed, and prepared for morphological, morphometric and ultrastructural exam. It was found that the full thickness skin wound healed in a centripetal pattern. The healing process was similar between groups, with a more pronounced inflammatory reaction initially that gradually decreased over time. The conclusion is that the uncoated Nanoskin® or Nanoskin® coated with gelatin is a good material to treat full thickness skin wound. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res B Part B: Appl Biomater, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 724-732, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvana Sue Sato
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sugino
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Basmaji
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Olyveira
- Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zharikov AN, Lubyansky VG, Gladysheva EK, Skiba EA, Budaeva VV, Semyonova EN, Zharikov AA, Sakovich GV. Early morphological changes in tissues when replacing abdominal wall defects by bacterial nanocellulose in experimental trials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:95. [PMID: 29942982 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Experimental trials were done on five dogs to explore if an anterior abdominal wall defect could be repaired using wet (99.9%), compact BNC membranes produced by the Мedusomyces gisevii Sa-12 symbiotic culture. The abdominal wall defect was simulated by middle-midline laparotomy, and a BNC membrane was then fixed to open aponeurotic edges with blanket suture (Prolene 4-0, Ethicon). A comparative study was also done to reinforce the aponeurotic defect with both the BNC membrane and polypropylene mesh (PPM) (Ultrapro, Ethicon). The materials were harvested at 14 and 60 days postoperative to visually evaluate their location in the abdominal tissues and evaluate the presence of BNC and PPM adhesions to the intestinal loops, followed by histologic examination of the tissue response to these prosthetics. The BNC exhibited good fixation to the anterior abdominal wall to form on the 14th day a capsule of loose fibrin around the BNC. Active reparative processes were observed at the BNC site at 60 days post-surgery to generate new, stable connective-tissue elements (macrophages, giant cells, fibroblasts, fibrin) and neocapillaries. Negligible intraperitoneal adhesions were detected between the BNC and the intestinal loops as compared to the case of PPM. There were no suppurative complications throughout the postsurgical period. We noticed on the 60th day after the BNC placement that collagenous elements and new capillary vessels were actively formed in the abdominal wall tissues, generating a dense postoperative cicatrix whose intraperitoneal adhesions to the intestinal loops were insignificant compared to the PPM graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Zharikov
- Chair of Neymark Departmental Surgery and Hospital Surgery, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, 656038, Russia.
| | - Vladimir G Lubyansky
- Chair of Neymark Departmental Surgery and Hospital Surgery, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, 656038, Russia
| | - Evgenia K Gladysheva
- Bioconversion Laboratory, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk, Altai Krai, 659322, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Skiba
- Bioconversion Laboratory, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk, Altai Krai, 659322, Russia
| | - Vera V Budaeva
- Bioconversion Laboratory, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk, Altai Krai, 659322, Russia
| | - Elena N Semyonova
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Altai Krai Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Altai Krai, 656024, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zharikov
- Chair of Neymark Departmental Surgery and Hospital Surgery, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, 656038, Russia
| | - Gennady V Sakovich
- Bioconversion Laboratory, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk, Altai Krai, 659322, Russia
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Lee SH, An SJ, Lim YM, Huh JB. The Efficacy of Electron Beam Irradiated Bacterial Cellulose Membranes as Compared with Collagen Membranes on Guided Bone Regeneration in Peri-Implant Bone Defects. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091018. [PMID: 28862689 PMCID: PMC5615673 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polysaccharide produced by some bacteria, and consists of a linear polymer linked by β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds. BC has been developed as a material for tissue regeneration purposes. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of resorbable electron beam irradiated BC membranes (EI-BCMs) for guided bone regeneration (GBR). The electron beam irradiation (EI) was introduced to control the biodegradability of BC for dental applications. EI-BCMs had higher porosity than collagen membranes (CMs), and had similar wet tensile strengths to CMs. NIH3T3 cell adhesion and proliferation on EI-BCMs were not significantly different from those on CMs (p > 0.05). Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histometric analysis in peri-implant dehiscence defects of beagle dogs showed that EI-BCMs were non-significantly different from CMs in terms of new bone area (NBA; %), remaining bone substitute volume (RBA; %) and bone-to-implant contact (BIC; %) (p > 0.05). These results suggest resorbable EI-BCMs can be used as an alternative biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyoun Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Sung-Jun An
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea.
| | - Youn-Mook Lim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea.
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
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Sahin E, Cingi C, Eskiizmir G, Altintoprak N, Calli A, Calli C, Yilgör I, Yilgör E. In vivo tissue response and durability of five novel synthetic polymers in a rabbit model. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2016; 36:101-6. [PMID: 27196074 PMCID: PMC4907156 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alloplastic materials are frequently used in facial plastic surgeries such as rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction. Unfortunately, the ideal alloplastic material has not been found. This experimental study evaluates the tissue response and durability of five novel polymers developed as an alloplastic material. In this experimental study involving a tertiary university hospital, six subcuticular pockets were formed at the back of 10 rabbits for the implantation of each polymer and sham group. Each pocket was excised with its adjacent tissue after three months, and collected for histopathological examination. Semi-quantitative examination including neovascularisation, inflammation, fibrosis, abscess formation, multinucleated foreign body giant cells was performed, and integrity of polymer was evaluated. A statistical comparison was performed. No statically significant difference was detected in neovascularisation, inflammation, fibrosis, abscess formation and multinucleated foreign body giant cells when a paired comparison between sham and polymer II, III and IV groups was performed individually. Nevertheless, the degree of fibrosis was less than sham group in polymer I (p = .027) and V (p = .018), although the other variables were almost similar. The integrity of polymers III (9 intact, 1 fragmented) and IV (8 intact, 2 absent) was better than the other polymers. These novel synthetic polymers could be considered as good candidates for clinical applicability. All polymers provided satisfactory results in terms of tissue response; however, fibrovascular integration was higher in polymers II, III and IV. In addition, the durability of polymer III and IV was better than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sahin
- Bayindir Icerenkoy Hospital, ENT Clinic, Istanbul
| | - C Cingi
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - G Eskiizmir
- Celal Bayar University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Manisa, Turkey
| | | | - A Calli
- Izmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C Calli
- Ekol ENT Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - I Yilgör
- Koc University, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Yilgör
- Koc University, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM, Kumbhar JV. Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2491-511. [PMID: 25666681 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose produced by few but specific microbial genera is an extremely pure natural exopolysaccharide. Besides providing adhesive properties and a competitive advantage to the cellulose over-producer, bacterial cellulose confers UV protection, ensures maintenance of an aerobic environment, retains moisture, protects against heavy metal stress, etc. This unique nanostructured matrix is being widely explored for various medical and nonmedical applications. It can be produced in various shapes and forms because of which it finds varied uses in biomedicine. The attributes of bacterial cellulose such as biocompatibility, haemocompatibility, mechanical strength, microporosity and biodegradability with its unique surface chemistry make it ideally suited for a plethora of biomedical applications. This review highlights these qualities of bacterial cellulose in detail with emphasis on reports that prove its utility in biomedicine. It also gives an in-depth account of various biomedical applications ranging from implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering, carriers for drug delivery, wound-dressing materials, etc. that are reported until date. Besides, perspectives on limitations of commercialisation of bacterial cellulose have been presented. This review is also an update on the variety of low-cost substrates used for production of bacterial cellulose and its nonmedical applications and includes patents and commercial products based on bacterial cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rajwade
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India,
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Antimicrobial Brazilian Propolis (EPP-AF) Containing Biocellulose Membranes as Promising Biomaterial for Skin Wound Healing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:703024. [PMID: 23840264 PMCID: PMC3690832 DOI: 10.1155/2013/703024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Among remarkable discoveries concerning propolis, such as antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, its anti-inflammatory, and mainly its antibacterial, properties deserve special attention when skin wound healing is concerned. Based on this and knowing the distinctive performance of bacterial (BC) membranes on wound healing, in this work it is proposed to demonstrate the potent antimicrobial activity and wound healing properties of a novel propolis containing biocellulose membrane. The obtained propolis/BC membrane was able to adsorb propolis not only on the surface, but also in its interstices demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravidimetric assays. Additionally, the polyphenolic compounds determination and the prominent antibacterial activity in the membrane are demonstrated to be dose dependent, supporting the possibility of obtaining propolis/BC membranes at the desired concentrations, taking into consideration its application and its skin residence time. Finally, it could be suggested that propolis/BC membrane may favor tissue repair in less time and more effectively in contaminated wounds.
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de Souza FC, Olival-Costa H, da Silva L, Pontes PA, Lancellotti CLP. Bacterial Cellulose as Laryngeal Medialization Material: An Experimental Study. J Voice 2011; 25:765-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Cellulose macro- and nanofibers have gained increasing attention due to the high strength and stiffness, biodegradability and renewability, and their production and application in development of composites. Application of cellulose nanofibers for the development of composites is a relatively new research area. Cellulose macro- and nanofibers can be used as reinforcement in composite materials because of enhanced mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of composites. Cellulose fibers are hydrophilic in nature, so it becomes necessary to increase their surface roughness for the development of composites with enhanced properties. In the present paper, we have reviewed the surface modification of cellulose fibers by various methods. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of nanocellulose and cellulosic composites are also discussed in this paper.
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Daneshmandi S, Hajimoradi M, Soleimani N, Sattari M. Modulatory effect ofAcetobacter xylinumcellulose on peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:164-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.491080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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