1
|
Li J, Zhu YT, Chen LY, Lu AX, Ji HY, Liu HP, Li ZX, Lin ZD, Wu SS, Zhai JW. Population dynamics of Phaius flavus in southeast China: Reproductive strategies and plants conservation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272929. [PMID: 35969623 PMCID: PMC9377627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of species diversity and troubling conservation status in the wild, Orchidaceae has been one of the taxa with most concern in population ecological research for a long time. Although Orchidaceae is a group with high adaptability, they have become endangered for complex and various reasons such as the germination? difficulty and habitat loss, which makes it difficult to develop an accurate protection strategy. Phaius flavus is a terrestrial orchid which used to be widely distributed in central and southern Asia; however, large populations are difficult to find in the wild. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide a new perspective for conserving endangered P. flavus by investigating the mechanisms of its population decline; we established time-specific life and fertility tables, age pyramids, survival curves, and mortality curves for this plant and then conducted Leslie matrix model. We found that both of the populations from Wuhu Mount (WM) and Luohan Mount (LM) showed declining trends and exhibited pot-shaped age pyramids, low net reproductive rates, and negative intrinsic growth rates. The population from the Beikengding Mount (BM) showed a stable status with a bell-shaped age pyramid. However, it has a significant risk of decline because of the low net reproductive rate and intrinsic growth rate. This study use time-specific life and fertility tables, age pyramids, survival curves, and mortality curves, showed that the population decline of P. flavus could be attributed to 1) the shortage of seedlings caused by the low germination rate in the wild and 2) the loss of adult individuals caused by anthropogenic disturbances. To protect this species from extinction in these areas, we suggest that human activities in these habitats should be strictly forbidden and ex situ conservation of this plant in botanical gardens is also necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ya-ting Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lun-yan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ai-xian Lu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hong-yu Ji
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-ping Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ze-xin Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zuo-dong Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sha-sha Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jun-wen Zhai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song S, Shen J, Zhou S, Guo X, Zhao J, Shi X, Yu Z, Gong Q, You S, Landrein S. Highlighting the plight of threatened lianas: Distribution, dynamics, and potential habitat areas of a critically endangered species. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
3
|
Moreno-Camarena M, Ortega-Larrocea MP. Mesoamerican Cypripedium: Mycorrhizal Contributions to Promote Their Conservation as Critically Endangered Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1554. [PMID: 35736705 PMCID: PMC9227847 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the valuable orchid genus Cypripedium, the section Irapeana consists of a distinctive group of Mesoamerican species that is formed by Cypripedium dickinsonianum Hágsater, C. irapeanum Lex., and C. molle Lindl. All lady slipper orchids exhibit different distributions and abundances. Data analysis that used herbarium accessions and field investigations indicated that the habitats of these three species have been dramatically reduced. Prospecting for suitable habitats based on climatic, vegetation, and soil parameters allows us to predict potential distributions. Conservation strategies, such as ex situ propagation by asymbiotic and symbiotic approaches, have indicated that the culture media used are a determining factor for seedling development. Mycorrhizal isolates play a main role in the compatibility and further development of germinated seeds. The fungi isolated from adult plants belong to two different families, which makes it possible that widely distributed C. irapeanum populations will be fungal-specific as well as restricted for C. molle. Root mycorrhization patterns occur high on the secondary roots. In contrast with other species of the genus, in situ germination can occur over a short period of two months, but we have documented periods as long as ten years. Cypripedium is a highly problematic genus for ex situ conservation because the germination requirements and cultures are poorly documented, and there is great urgency for in situ conservation to develop strategies for identifying hotspot habitats and actualize the protection status to avoid extinction of this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Moreno-Camarena
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - María Pilar Ortega-Larrocea
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
How Does Deforestation Affect the Growth of Cypripedium (Orchidaceae) Species? A Simulation Experiment in Northeast China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to wild habitat destruction, Cypripedium is among the most endangered groups in China. Determining how Cypripedium respond to environmental changes is curial to their conservation. However, less is known about the effect of deforestation on the growth of Cypripedium. In this study, we selected four Cypripedium species in Northeast China, and conducted conservation-based transplantation simulating deforestation to explore the impact of increased light intensity on the growth of Cypripedium. After three years, the maximum net photosynthetic rate was decreased by 15.9%, 11.5%, 13.6% and 5.3% for C. calceolus L., C. guttatum Sw., C. macranthos Sw. and C.×ventricosum Sw., respectively, resulting in poor viability, manifesting as shorter and thinner shoots, and smaller leaves. Unexpectedly, no significant traits shifts were found in the roots across four species, which may be related to the long root lifespan and conservation. Our research confirmed that increased light intensity caused by deforestation would lead to an increase in respirate cost and a decrease in photosynthate accumulation, and consequently the recession of plant growth. Except for habitat loss, individual plant reduction caused by deforestation could be responsible for the population decline of Cypripedium.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng CC, Luo YB, Jiao RF, Gao XF, Xu B. Cypripedium lichiangense (Orchidaceae) mimics a humus-rich oviposition site to attract its female pollinator, Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:145-156. [PMID: 34490731 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most species in the genus Cypripedium (Cypripedioideae) produce trap flowers, making it a model lineage to study deceptive pollination. Floral attractants in most species studied appear to target bee species of different sizes. However, more recent publications report fly pollination in some subalpine species, suggesting novel suites of adaptive floral traits. Cypripedium lichiangense (section Trigonopedia) is an endangered subalpine species endemic to the Hengduan Mountains, China. We observed and analysed its floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems over 2 years in situ and in the lab. Cypripedium lichiangense was visited by females of Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). The pollinia were carried dorsally on the fly thoraces. The eggs of this fly were frequently found in the saccate labellum and on other floral organs, suggesting brood-site mimesis. The orchid is self-compatible, but cross-pollination produces more viable embryos. We propose a new mode of floral mimesis, humus-rich oviposition site mimicry, for C. lichiangense. Compared with the mimesis of aphid colonies attracting syrphid pollinators (subfamily Syrphinae), whose larvae are entomophagic, as reported in some Paphiopedilum species (Cypripedioideae), pollination by deceit in C. lichiangense represents a distinct and separate mode of exploitation of another saprophagic (or phytophagic) larvae syrphid lineage in the subfamily Eristalinae and appears to indicate diversity of pollination strategies in Section Trigonopedia of Cypripedium. However, this new brood-site mimesis seems to be less attractive to pollinators. As a possible adaptation to the weak attracted pollination strategy, this plant species has a long flowering period and extended lifespan of individual flowers to ensure reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y B Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R F Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparative transcriptomics provides insight into the molecular basis of species diversification of section Trigonopedia (Cypripedium) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11640. [PMID: 30076357 PMCID: PMC6076244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deceptive pollination is key to the species richness of Orchidaceae. However, the genetic basis of species diversification is still under study. Section Trigonopedia is a monophyletic clade of genus Cypripedium distributed in the southwest of China. The species of this section are pollinated by different flies. Pollinator differentiation makes section Trigonopedia an ideal group for studying the genetic basis underlying species diversification. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of eight species of the genus Cypripedium, including six co-flowering species of section Trigonopedia and two species outside this section as an outgroup. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the section with the combined 1572 single-copy genes extracted from the eight species and produced a highly resolved tree of the section. Furthermore, we combined substitution rate estimation and differential expression analysis to identify candidate genes, including genes related to floral scent synthesis and environmental adaptation, involved in species differentiation. Field investigations showed that these species have adapted to different habitats. We propose that the species diversification in this section is initiated by floral scent differentiation, followed by habitat differentiation, finally leading to speciation. This study sheds novel light on the diversification of closely related orchid species in the Qinghai-Tibetan region.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao XJ, Liu KW, Zheng YY, Zhang YT, Tsai WC, Hsiao YY, Zhang GQ, Chen LJ, Liu ZJ. Predicted disappearance of Cephalantheropsis obcordata in Luofu Mountain due to changes in rainfall patterns. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29718. [PMID: 22253763 PMCID: PMC3254617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past century, the global average temperature has increased by approximately 0.74°C and extreme weather events have become prevalent. Recent studies have shown that species have shifted from high-elevation areas to low ones because the rise in temperature has increased rainfall. These outcomes challenge the existing hypothesis about the responses of species to climate change. Methodology/Principal Findings With the use of data on the biological characteristics and reproductive behavior of Cephalantheropsis obcordata in Luofu Mountain, Guangdong, China, trends in the population size of the species were predicted based on several factors. The response of C. obcordata to climate change was verified by integrating it with analytical findings on meteorological data and an artificially simulated environment of water change. The results showed that C. obcordata can grow only in waterlogged streams. The species can produce fruit with many seeds by insect pollination; however, very few seeds can burgeon to become seedlings, with most of those seedlings not maturing into the sexually reproductive phase, and grass plants will die after reproduction. The current population's age pyramid is kettle-shaped; it has a Deevey type I survival curve; and its net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, as well as finite rate of increase are all very low. The population used in the artificial simulation perished due to seasonal drought. Conclusions The change in rainfall patterns caused by climate warming has altered the water environment of C. obcordata in Luofu Mountain, thereby restricting seed burgeoning as well as seedling growth and shortening the life span of the plant. The growth rate of the C. obcordata population is in descending order, and models of population trend predict that the population in Luofu Mountain will disappear in 23 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ju Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Continuing Education College of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Yun Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, and Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, China
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (L-JC); (Z-JL)
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China/The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (L-JC); (Z-JL)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Flowers of Cypripedium fargesii (Orchidaceae) fool flat-footed flies (Platypezidae) by faking fungus-infected foliage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7478-80. [PMID: 21502502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103384108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Charles Darwin was fascinated by the orchid-pollinator interactions, but he did not realize that many orchid species are pollinated by deceit. Cypripedium, a model lineage of nonrewarding orchid flowers, is pollinated primarily by bees. Here we present both an example of floral mimesis of fungus-infected foliage in orchids and an example of flat-footed flies (Agathomyia sp.; Platypezidae) as pollen vectors for angiosperms. Cypripedium fargesii is a nectarless, terrestrial, endangered orchid from southwestern China that requires cross-pollination to produce the maximum number of viable embryos. All insects caught entering or leaving the labellum sac were Agathomyia sp. carrying conidia of Cladosporium sp. on their mouthparts and legs, suggesting mycophagy. Blackish hairy spots on the upper surface of foliage may imitate black mold spots, serving as short-term visual lures. Some odor molecules also associated with Cladosporium cultures were isolated in the floral scent. Mimesis of fungus-infected foliage probably represents an overlooked but important option in angiosperm diversification, because there are three to five more Cypripedium spp. in southwestern China with the same mode of floral presentation and black-spotted hairy leaves.
Collapse
|