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Stanciu MC, Teacă CA. Natural Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels Used for Dye Removal. Gels 2024; 10:243. [PMID: 38667662 PMCID: PMC11049453 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Removal of contaminants from discharge water is vital and demands urgent assistance with the goal to keep clean water. Adsorption is one of the most common, efficient, and low-priced methods used in water treatment. Various polysaccharide-based gels have been used as efficient dye adsorbents from wastewater. This review summarizes cutting-edge research of the last decade of different hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, cellulose, starch, pullulan, and dextran) concerning their dye adsorption efficiency. Beyond their natural abundance, attributes of polysaccharides such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cost make them not only efficient, but also environmentally sustainable candidates for water purification. The synthesis and dye removal performance together with the effect of diverse factors on gels retaining ability, kinetic, and isotherm models encountered in adsorption studies, are introduced. Thermodynamic parameters, sorbent recycling capacity along with conclusions and future prospects are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena-Cristina Stanciu
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen-Alice Teacă
- Center for Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Wang SY, Zhang JR, Guo M, Hua W. Interpreting the Cu-O 2 Antibonding Nature in Two Cu-O 2 Complexes from Cu L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectra. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17115-17125. [PMID: 37828769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cu-O2 structures play important roles in bioinorganic chemistry and enzyme catalysis, where the bonding between the Cu and O2 parts serves as a fundamental research concern. Here, we performed a multiconfigurational study on the copper L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of two copper enzyme model complexes to gain a better understanding of the antibonding nature from the clearly interpreted structure-spectroscopy relation. We obtained spectra in good agreement with the experiments by using the restricted active space second-order perturbation theory (RASPT2) method, which facilitated reliable chemical analysis. Spectral feature interpretations were supported by computing the spin-orbit natural transition orbitals. All major features were assigned to be mainly from Cu 2p to antibonding orbitals between Cu 3d and O2 π*, Cu 3d-πO-O* (type A), and a few also to mixed antibonding/bonding orbitals between Cu 3d and O2 π, Cu 3d ± πO-O (type M). Our calculations provided a clear illustration of the interactions between Cu 3d and O2 π*/π orbitals that are carried in the metal L-edge XAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75105, Sweden
| | - Weijie Hua
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
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Kim B, Karlin KD. Ligand-Copper(I) Primary O 2-Adducts: Design, Characterization, and Biological Significance of Cupric-Superoxides. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2197-2212. [PMID: 37527056 PMCID: PMC11152209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we overview and highlight synthetic bioinorganic chemistry focused on initial adducts formed from the reaction of reduced ligand-copper(I) coordination complexes with molecular oxygen, reactions that produce ligand-CuII(O2•-) complexes (O2•- ≡ superoxide anion). We provide mostly a historical perspective, starting in the Karlin research group in the 1980s, emphasizing the ligand design and ligand effects, structure, and spectroscopy of these O2 adducts and subsequent further reactivity with substrates, including the interaction with a second ligand-CuI complex to form binuclear species. The Account emphasizes the approach, evolution, and results obtained in the Karlin group, a synthetic bioinorganic research program inspired by the state of knowledge and insights obtained on enzymes possessing copper ion active sites which process molecular oxygen. These constitute an important biochemistry for all levels/types of organisms, bacteria, fungi, insects, and mammals, including humans.Copper is earth abundant, and its redox properties in complexes allow for facile CuII/CuI interconversions. Simple salts or coordination complexes have been well known to serve as oxidants for the stoichiometric or catalytic oxidation or oxygenation (i.e., O-atom insertion) of organic substrates. Thus, copper dioxygen- or peroxide-centered synthetic bioinorganic studies provide strong relevance and potential application to synthesis or even the development of cathodic catalysts for dioxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide or water, as in fuel cells. The Karlin group's focus however was primarily oriented toward bioinorganic chemistry with the goal to provide fundamental insights into the nature of copper-dioxygen adducts and further reduced and/or protonated derivatives, species likely occurring in enzyme turnover or related in one or more aspects of formation, structure, spectroscopic properties, and scope of reactivity toward organic/biochemical substrates.Prior to this time, the 1980s, O2 adducts of redox-active first-row transition-metal ions focused on iron, such as the porphyrinate-Fe centers occurring in the oxygen carrier proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin and that determined to occur in cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase turnover. Deoxy (i.e., reduced Fe(II)) heme proteins react with O2, giving FeIII-superoxo complexes (preferably referred to by traditional biochemists as ferrous-oxy species). And, it was in the 1970s that great strides were made by synthetic chemists in generating hemes capable of forming O2 adducts, their physiochemical characterization providing critical insights to enzyme (bio)chemistry and providing ideas and important goals leading to countless person years of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Wu Y, Zhao C, Su Y, Shaik S, Lai W. Mechanistic Insight into Peptidyl-Cysteine Oxidation by the Copper-Dependent Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212053. [PMID: 36545867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper-dependent formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of specific peptidyl-cysteine residues to formylglycine. Our QM/MM calculations provide a very likely mechanism for this transformation. The reaction starts with dioxygen binding to the tris-thiolate CuI center to form a triplet CuII -superoxide complex. The rate-determining hydrogen atom abstraction involves a triplet-singlet crossing to form a CuII -OOH species that couples with the substrate radical, leading to a CuI -alkylperoxo intermediate. This is accompanied by proton transfer from the hydroperoxide to the S atom of the substrate via a nearby water molecule. The subsequent O-O bond cleavage is coupled with the C-S bond breaking that generates the formylglycine and a CuII -oxyl complex. Moreover, our results suggest that the aldehyde oxygen of the final product originates from O2 , which will be useful for future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yanzhuang Su
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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Wang B, Zhang X, Fang W, Rovira C, Shaik S. How Do Metalloproteins Tame the Fenton Reaction and Utilize •OH Radicals in Constructive Manners? Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2280-2290. [PMID: 35926175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This Account describes the manner whereby nature controls the Fenton-type reaction of O-O homolysis of hydrogen peroxide and harnesses it to carry out various useful oxidative transformations in metalloenzymes. H2O2 acts as the cosubstrate for the heme-dependent peroxidases, P450BM3, P450SPα, P450BSβ, and the P450 decarboxylase OleT, as well as the nonheme enzymes HppE and the copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Whereas heme peroxidases use the Poulos-Kraut heterolytic mechanism for H2O2 activation, some heme enzymes prefer the alternative Fenton-type mechanism, which produces •OH radical intermediates. The fate of the •OH radical is controlled by the protein environment, using tight H-bonding networks around H2O2. The so-generated •OH radical is constrained by the surrounding H-bonding interactions, the orientation of which is targeted to perform H-abstraction from the Fe(III)-OH group and thereby leading to the formation of the active species, called Compound I (Cpd I), Por+•Fe(IV)═O, which performs oxidation of the substrate. Alternatively, for the nonheme HppE enzyme, the O-O homolysis catalyzed by the resting state Fe(II) generates an Fe(III)-OH species that effectively constrains the •OH radical species by a tight H-bonding network. The so-formed H-bonded •OH radical acts directly as the oxidant, since it is oriented to perform H-abstraction from the C-H bond of the substrate (S)-2-HPP. The Fenton-type H2O2 activation is strongly suggested by computations to occur also in copper-dependent LPMOs and pMMO. In LPMOs, the Cu(I)-catalyzed O-O homolysis of the H2O2 cosubstrate generates an •OH radical that abstracts a hydrogen atom from Cu(II)-OH and forms thereby the active species of the enzyme, Cu(II)-O•. Such Fenton-type O-O activation can be shared by both the O2-dependent activations of LPMOs and pMMOs, in which the O2 cosubstrate may be reduced to H2O2 by external reductants. Our studies show that, generally, the H2O2 activation is highly dependent on the protein environment, as well as on the presence/absence of substrates. Since H2O2 is a highly flexible and hydrophilic molecule, the absence of suitable substrates may lead to unproductive binding or even to the release of H2O2 from the active site, as has been suggested in P450cam and LPMOs, whereas the presence of the substrate seems to play a role in steering a Fenton-type H2O2 activation. In the absence of a substrate, the hydrophilic active site of P450BM3 disfavors the binding and activation of H2O2 and protects thereby the enzyme from the damage by the Fenton reaction. Due to the distinct coordination and reaction environment, the Fenton-type H2O2 activation mechanism by enzymes differs from the reaction in synthetic systems. In nonenzymatic reactions, the H-bonding networks are quite dynamic and flexible and the reactivity of H2O2 is not strategically constrained as in the enzymatic environment. As such, our Account describes the controlled Fenton-type mechanism in metalloenzymes, and the role of the protein environment in constraining the •OH radical against oxidative damage, while directing it to perform useful oxidative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Borrego E, Tiessler-Sala L, Lázaro JJ, Caballero A, Pérez PJ, Lledós A. Direct Benzene Hydroxylation with Dioxygen Induced by Copper Complexes: Uncovering the Active Species by DFT Calculations. Organometallics 2022; 41:1892-1904. [PMID: 35936655 PMCID: PMC9344391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The direct oxidation of benzene into phenol using molecular
oxygen
at very mild temperatures can be promoted in the presence of the copper
complex TpBr3Cu(NCMe) in the homogeneous phase in the presence
of ascorbic acid as the source of protons and electrons. The stoichiometric
nature, relative to copper, of this transformation prompted a thorough
DFT study in order to understand the reaction pathway. As a result,
the dinuclear species TpBr3CuII(μ-O•)(μ-OH)CuIITpBr3 is proposed
as the relevant structure which is responsible for activating the
arene C–H bond leading to phenol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borrego
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Laura Tiessler-Sala
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jesus J. Lázaro
- Cepsa Research Center, Compañía Española de Petróleos S.A., Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28850, Spain
| | - Ana Caballero
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del
Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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Forero-Girón AC, Toro-Labbé A. How Does Electronic Activity Drive Chemical Reactions? Insights from the Reaction Electronic Flux for the Conversion of Dopamine into Norepinephrine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4156-4163. [PMID: 35748576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a crucial step in the physiological conversion of dopamine into norepinephrine catalyzed by dopamine β-monooxygenase. The way the reaction takes place is unclear, and a rational explanation on how the electronic activity drives the HAT seems to be necessary. In this work, we answer this question using the reaction electronic flux (REF), a DFT-based descriptor of electronic activity. Two reaction mechanisms will be analyzed using the REF's decomposition in polarization and electron transfer effects. Results show that both mechanisms proceed as follows: (1) polarization effects initiate the reactions producing structural distortions; (2) electron transfer processes take over near the transition states, triggering specific chemical events such as bond forming and breaking which are responsible to push the reactions toward the products; (3) after passing the transition state, polarization shows up again and drives the relaxation process toward the product. Similar polarization effects were observed in both reactions, but they present an opposite behavior of the electronic transfer flux disclosing the fact that electron transfer phenomena govern the reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Carolay Forero-Girón
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago de Chile, 7820436, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago de Chile, 7820436, Chile
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Arrigoni F, Di Carlo C, Rovetta A, De Gioia L, Zampella G, Bertini L. Superoxide reduction by Cu‐Amyloid Beta peptide complexes. A Density Functional Theory study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Arrigoni
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Biotecnology and Biosciences ITALY
| | - Chiara Di Carlo
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Biotecnology and Biosciences ITALY
| | - Alberto Rovetta
- University of Milano–Bicocca University Library: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Biotecnology and Biosciences ITALY
| | - Luca De Gioia
- University of Milan–Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Biotecnology and Biosciences ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Zampella
- University of Milan–Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Biotecnology and Biosciences ITALY
| | - Luca Bertini
- Universita' degli studi di MIlano-Bicocca Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Piazza della Scienza 2 20127 Milano ITALY
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