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Kim A, Ngamnithiporn A, Du E, Stoltz BM. Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (2002-2020). Chem Rev 2023; 123:9447-9496. [PMID: 37429001 PMCID: PMC10416225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) natural products constitute one of the largest families of alkaloids and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activity. Ranging from simple THIQ natural products to complex trisTHIQ alkaloids such as the ecteinascidins, the chemical syntheses of these alkaloids and their analogs have been thoroughly investigated due to their intricate structural features and functionalities, as well as their high therapeutic potential. This review describes the general structure and biosynthesis of each family of THIQ alkaloids as well as recent advancements of the total synthesis of these natural products from 2002 to 2020. Recent chemical syntheses that have emerged harnessing novel, creative synthetic design, and modern chemical methodology will be highlighted. This review will hopefully serve as a guide for the unique strategies and tools used in the total synthesis of THIQ alkaloids, as well as address the longstanding challenges in their chemical and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia
N. Kim
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research
Institute, 54 Kamphaeng
Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Emily Du
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Wicks C, Hudlicky T, Rinner U. Morphine alkaloids: History, biology, and synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:145-342. [PMID: 34565506 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a short overview of the history of morphine since it's isolation by Sertürner in 1805. The biosynthesis of the title alkaloid as well as all total and formal syntheses of morphine and codeine published after 1996 are discussed in detail. The last section of this chapter provides a detailed overview of medicinally relevant derivatives of the title alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wicks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Rinner
- IMC Fachhochschule Krems/IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria.
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3
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Endoma-Arias MA, Dela Paz H, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of (+)-10-Keto-Oxycodone from Phenethyl Acetate. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193477. [PMID: 31557873 PMCID: PMC6804203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of (+)-10-keto-oxycodone was attained from phenethyl acetate in a stereoselective manner. Absolute stereochemistry was established via enzymatic dihydroxylation of phenethyl acetate with the recombinant strain JM109 (pDTG601A) that furnished the corresponding cis-cyclohexadienediol whose configuration corresponds to the absolute stereochemistry of the ring C of (+)-10-keto-oxycodone. Intramolecular Heck reaction was utilized to establish the quaternary carbon at C-13, along with the dibenzodihydrofuran functionality. The C-14 hydroxyl and C-10 ketone were installed via SmI2-mediated radical cyclization, and oxidation of a benzylic alcohol (obtained from an intermediate nitrate azide), respectively. The synthesis of (+)-10-keto-oxycodone was completed in a total of 14 operations (21 steps) and an overall yield of ~2%. Experimental and spectral data are provided for key intermediates and new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Endoma-Arias
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Helen Dela Paz
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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4
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Shi Y, Wang Q, Gao S. Recent advances in the intramolecular Mannich reaction in natural products total synthesis. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on selected applications of the intramolecular Mannich reaction as a key step in the total synthesis of natural products (2000–2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- China
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- East China Normal University Library
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
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5
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin D. Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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6
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14306-14309. [PMID: 27735107 PMCID: PMC5129523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Morphine has been a target for synthetic chemists since Robinson proposed its correct structure in 1925, resulting in a large number of total syntheses of morphine alkaloids. Here we report a total synthesis of (±)‐morphine that employs two key strategic cyclizations: 1) a diastereoselective light‐mediated cyclization of an O‐arylated butyrolactone to form a tricyclic cis‐fused benzofuran and 2) a cascade ene–yne–ene ring closing metathesis to forge the tetracyclic morphine core. This approach enables a short and stereoselective synthesis of morphine in an overall yield of 6.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
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8
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Reed JW, Hudlicky T. The quest for a practical synthesis of morphine alkaloids and their derivatives by chemoenzymatic methods. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:674-87. [PMID: 25730681 DOI: 10.1021/ar500427k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We became interested in approaches to morphine in the early 1990s following our immersion into the new program on the enzymatic dihydroxylation of aromatics. Larry Kwart, a former classmate of one of us at Rice University, who worked with our group at Virginia Tech in the mid-1980s, introduced to us the use of blocked mutants of Pseudomonas putida (Pp39D) for the production of arene-cis-dihydrodiols. Larry had gained expertise in microbiology from a postdoctoral stay with David Gibson, who discovered this unique enzymatic transformation, and he helped us to establish a strong program in chemoenzymatic synthesis that continues to this day. Without his pioneering effort, none of our accomplishments in chemoenzymatic synthesis, including the various approaches to morphine, would have materialized. Here we trace the evolution of our approaches to morphine alkaloids and some commercial opiate-derived medicinal agents. The design features and chronology of our approaches are discussed in a way that allows the reader to appreciate a number of errors that were made in conception as well as in execution. Experience acquired from many failed or less-than-effective attempts has finally led to an "almost reasonable" total synthesis, the key concept being based on our very first but unsuccessful attempt more than two decades ago. The irony of this accomplishment has not been lost on us. Each section of this Account presents a summary of distinctly different approaches to morphine alkaloids. Each ends with a short and philosophical lesson that was (or should have been) learned in the process. We intend for this Account to offer more than the history of a search for the perfect design solution to a synthetic problem. In today's era of rapid and often careless publication of results, it should serve also as a reminder that the success and the integrity of synthetic ventures depends on perseverance, adjustment of strategy, improvements of previous attempts, and serious attention to the quality of experimental data. Although somewhat satisfied with our latest accomplishment in morphinan synthesis, we plan to improve our design in the hope that a six-step synthesis is no longer in the realm of fantasy. With more than 20 years of effort in this area, our continuing involvement may qualify as obsession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine W. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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9
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13498-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Varghese V, Hudlicky T. Short chemoenzymatic total synthesis of ent-hydromorphone: an oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition/amination sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4355-8. [PMID: 24644041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A short synthesis of ent-hydromorphone has been achieved in twelve steps from β-bromoethylbenzene. The key transformations involved the enzymatic dihydroxylation of the arene to the corresponding cis-dihydrodiol, Mitsunobu coupling with the ring A fragment, oxidative dearomatization of the C3 phenol, and the subsequent [4+2] cycloaddition to form ring B of the morphinan. The synthesis was completed by intramolecular amination at C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Varghese
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 (Canada)
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12
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Varghese V, Hudlicky T. Short Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis ofent-Hydromorphone: An Oxidative Dearomatization/Intramolecular [4+2] Cycloaddition/Amination Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Li J, Liu GL, Zhao XH, Du JY, Qu H, Chu WD, Ding M, Jin CY, Wei MX, Fan CA. Formal Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Duchek J, Piercy TG, Gilmet J, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic total synthesis of ent-neopinone and formal total synthesis of ent-codeinone from β-bromoethylbenzene*. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formal total synthesis of ent-codeinone and ent-codeine was accomplished via the total synthesis of ent-neopinone attained in 14 steps from β-bromoethylbenzene. The key steps included (i) enzymatic dihydroxylation of β-bromoethylbenzene with E. coli JM109 (pDTG601a), an organism that overexpresses toluene dioxygenase, (ii) a Heck reaction to establish C-13 stereogenic center, (iii) aldol condensation, and (iv) 1,6-conjugate addition of the ethylamino side chain to C-9. Several other modes of construction of the C-9 and C-14 centers were also investigated: Mannich cyclization, and aza-Prins reaction. The synthesis of ent-codeinone was formalized by intersecting Fukuyama’s recently published approach. Experimental and spectral data are provided for all new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Duchek
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - T. Graeme Piercy
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Gilmet
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Chemistry Department and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Dunet J, Lebeuf R, Bose G, Robert F, Landais Y. Straightforward assembly of the octahydroisoquinoline core of morphinan alkaloids. Org Lett 2010; 12:2178-81. [PMID: 20405954 DOI: 10.1021/ol1004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The octahydroisoquinoline core of morphinan was assembled starting from readily available arylcyclohexadienes. Three different approaches were developed, including a metal- and an acid-mediated Mannich type process and an anionic-mediated cyclization. All provided the desired motif as a single diastereomer having a C9-C13-C14 trans-cis relative configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dunet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, cours de la libération, 33405 Talence cedex 05, France
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17
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Sundén H, Olsson R. Asymmetric synthesis of a tricyclic benzofuran motif: a privileged core structure in biologically active molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4831-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Stork G, Yamashita A, Adams J, Schulte GR, Chesworth R, Miyazaki Y, Farmer JJ. Regiospecific and Stereoselective Syntheses of (±) Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine via a Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular 4 + 2 Cycloaddition Leading to a Phenanthrofuran System. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11402-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Stork
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ayako Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Julian Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gary R. Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Yoji Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jay J. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
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