1
|
Shen L, Zhang M, Qiu Y, Yang L, Lu Y, Li H, Zhang L, Tang F, Wang F, Zhu C, Bao H, Ding Y. DNA barcoding combined with high-resolution melting analysis to discriminate rhubarb species and its traditional Chinese patent medicines. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1371890. [PMID: 38948467 PMCID: PMC11211599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1371890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rhubarb is a frequently used and beneficial traditional Chinese medicine. Wild resources of these plants are constantly being depleted, meaning that rhubarb products have been subjected to an unparalleled level of adulteration. Consequentially, reliable technology is urgently required to verify the authenticity of rhubarb raw materials and commercial botanical drugs. Methods: In this study, the barcode-DNA high-resolution melting (Bar-HRM) method was applied to characterize 63 rhubarb samples (five Polygonaceae species: Rheum tanguticum, Rh. palmatum, Rh. officinale, Rumex japonicus and Ru. sp.) and distinguish the rhubarb contents of 24 traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM) samples. Three markers, namely ITS2, rbcL and psbA-trnH, were tested to assess the candidate DNA barcodes for their effectiveness in distinguishing rhubarb from its adulterants. A segment from ITS2 was selected as the most suitable mini-barcode to identify the botanical drug rhubarb in TCPMs. Then, rhubarbs and TCPM samples were subjected to HRM analysis based on the ITS2 barcode. Results: Among the tested barcoding loci, ITS2 displayed abundant sites of variation and was effective in identifying Polygonaceae species and their botanical origins. HRM analysis based on the ITS2 mini-barcode region successfully distinguished the authenticity of five Polygonaceae species and eight batches of TCPMs. Of the 18 TCPM samples, 66.7 % (12 samples) were identified as containing Rh. tanguticum or Rh. officinale. However, 33.3 % were shown to consist of adulterants. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that DNA barcoding combined with HRM is a specific, suitable and powerful approach for identifying rhubarb species and TCPMs, which is crucial to guaranteeing the security of medicinal plants being traded internationally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Centre, Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology of Seda County, Seda, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tao G, Li Q, Xu S, Song W, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Gao L, Huang W, Li X, Ye Y. Rapid identification of chemical compositions from three species of Siegesbeckiae Herba by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry in combination with deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300160. [PMID: 37269050 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Siegesbeckiae Herba, a traditional Chinese medicine, originates from Siegesbeckia orientalis, S. glabrescens, and S. pubescens in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. However, accurate identification of decoction pieces from the three plants remains a challenge. In this study, 26 batches of Siegesbeckiae Herba were identified by deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding, and their chemical compositions were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the internal transcribed spacer 2 and internal transcribed spacer 1-5.8 S- internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences could distinguish three species. In total, 48 compounds were identified including 12 marker compounds screened for three species using the partial least square discriminant analysis. Among these, two diterpenoids 16-O-malonylkirenol and 15-O-malonylkirenol, and a novel diterpenoid 15,16-di-O-malonylkirenol were isolated and identified. A convenient method for the identification of Siegesbeckiae Herba was established using kirenol and 16-O-acetlydarutoside as control standards by thin-layer chromatography. Unexpectedly, none of the batches of S. orientalis contained kirenol, which did not meet the quality standards of Siegesbeckiae Herba, suggesting that the rationality of kirenol as a quality marker for S. orientalis should be further investigated. The results of this study will contribute to the quality control of Siegesbeckiae Herba.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqi Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Song
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yinjuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Research Institute, Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu K, Liu Y, Yang B, Kung Y, Chang K, Lee M. Rapid discrimination of the native medicinal plant Adenostemma lavenia from its adulterants using PCR-RFLP. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13924. [PMID: 36340190 PMCID: PMC9635354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Taiwan, the aerial part of Adenostemma lavenia (Al) is used in the form of herbal tea or in a folk remedy primarily to mitigate inflammatory conditions in the lungs and liver. Due to the excellent health benefits of Al against inflammation, it has become increasingly crucial and in great demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Al has been found to be adulterated with Wedelia biflora, Sigesbeckia orientalis, and/or Wedelia chinensis because of similarities in appearance and vernacular names. Methods This study aimed to develop a PCR-RFLP DNA molecular method for the authentication of Al. The restriction enzyme BsrI was used according to the sequencing and alignment results of PCR products in the ITS2 regions of Al and its adulterants. Gel electrophoresis resulted in the clear separation of Al and its adulterants into two distinct categories. Results In conclusion, the PCR-RFLP authentication method developed herein provides an easy, rapid, and accurate method to distinguish Al from its adulterants to assure user health and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunchang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yunchen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bocheng Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yenying Kung
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Center of Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kaiwei Chang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Center of Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mengshiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu S, Liu Q, Qiu S, Dai J, Gao X. DNA barcoding: an efficient technology to authenticate plant species of traditional Chinese medicine and recent advances. Chin Med 2022; 17:112. [PMID: 36171596 PMCID: PMC9514984 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the global traditional health systems. However, adulterated and counterfeit TCM is on the rise. DNA barcoding is an effective, rapid, and accurate technique for identifying plant species. In this study, we collected manuscripts on DNA barcoding published in the last decade and summarized the use of this technique in identifying 50 common Chinese herbs listed in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. Based on the dataset of the major seven DNA barcodes of plants in the NCBI database, the strengths and limitations of the barcodes and their derivative barcoding technology, including single-locus barcode, multi-locus barcoding, super-barcoding, meta-barcoding, and mini-barcoding, were illustrated. In addition, the advances in DNA barcoding, particularly identifying plant species for TCM using machine learning technology, are also reviewed. Finally, the selection process of an ideal DNA barcoding technique for accurate identification of a given TCM plant species was also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Simin Qiu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangpeng Dai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao B, Xiong C, Wu L, Xiang L, Shi Y, Sun W, Chen S. DNA barcoding coupled with high resolution melting for rapid identification of Ardisia gigantifolia and its toxic adulterants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1885993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Food and Drug Resources & Health Food Innovation, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Authenticity Testing and Detection of Eurycoma longifolia in Commercial Herbal Products Using Bar-High Resolution Melting Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080408. [PMID: 30103564 PMCID: PMC6115996 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis combined with DNA barcode (Bar-HRM) as a fast and highly sensitive technique for detecting adulterants in Eurycoma longifolia commercial herbal products. Targeting the DNA barcoding of the chloroplastic region-ribulose biphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL) and the nuclear ribosomal region- internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), PCR amplification and HRM analysis using saturated Eva green dye as the source of fluorescence signals, was accomplished by employing a real-time cycler. The results were further validated by sequencing to identify unknown sequence from Genbank database and to generate phylogenetic tree using neighbour joint (NJ) analysis. Both of the DNA markers exhibited a distinguishable melting temperature and shape of the normalised curve between the reference and the adulterants. In the case of species identification, ITS2 was more successful in differentiating between species. Additionally, detection of admixture sample containing small traces of targeted E. longifolia DNA (w/v) can be detected as low as 5% for rbcL and less than 1% for ITS2, proving the sensitivity and versatility of the HRM analysis. In conclusion, the Bar-HRM analysis is a fast and reliable technique that can effectively detect adulterants in herbal products. Therefore, this will be beneficial for regulatory agencies in order to regulate food safety issues.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiong C, Sun W, Li J, Yao H, Shi Y, Wang P, Huang B, Shi L, Liu D, Hu Z, Chen S. Identifying the Species of Seeds in Traditional Chinese Medicine Using DNA Barcoding. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:701. [PMID: 30018552 PMCID: PMC6037847 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed is not only the main reproductive organ of most of herbal plants but also an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Seed TCMs possess important medicinal properties and have been widely used as components of pharmaceutical products. In parallel with the increasing popularity and accessibility of seeds as medicinal products in recent years, numerous substitutes and adulterants have also appeared on the market. Due to the small volume and similar appearances of many seed TCMs, they are very difficult to accurately identify the constituent plant species through organoleptic methods. Usage of the wrong herb may be ineffective or may worsen the condition and even cause death. Correct identification of seed herbal medicines is therefore essential for their safe use. Here, we acquired 177 ITS2 sequences and 15 psbA-trnH sequences from 51 kinds of seed TCMs belonging to 64 species that have been described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Tree-building analysis showed that the ITS2 sequences of 48 seed TCMs can be differentiated from each other, and they formed distinct, non-overlapping groups in the maximum-likelihood tree. Furthermore, all of the sequences acquired in this study have been submitted to the public DNA barcoding system for herbal medicine, and this integrated database was used to identify 400 seed TCM samples purchased from medicinal markets, drug stores, and the Internet, enabling the identification of 7.5% of the samples as containing non-declared species. This study provides a brief operating procedure for the identification of seed TCMs found in herbal medicine. In the future, researchers and traditional herbal medicine enterprises can use this system to test their herbal materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjian Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bisheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linchun Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Xiong C, He X, Lu Z, Zhang X, Chen X, Sun W. Using SSR-HRM to Identify Closely Related Species in Herbal Medicine Products: A Case Study on Licorice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:407. [PMID: 29740326 PMCID: PMC5928318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicines have played important roles in the ways of life of people around the world since ancient times. Despite the advanced medical technology of the modern world, herbal medicines are still used as popular alternatives to synthetic drugs. Due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines, plant species identification has become an important tool to prevent substitution and adulteration. Here we propose a method for biological assessment of the quality of prescribed species in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia by use of high resolution melting (HRM) analysis of microsatellite loci. We tested this method on licorice, a traditional herbal medicine with a long history. Results showed that nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers produced distinct melting curve profiles for the five licorice species investigated using HRM analysis. These results were validated by capillary electrophoresis. We applied this protocol to commercially available licorice products, thus enabling the consistent identification of 11 labels with non-declared Glycyrrhiza species. This novel strategy may thus facilitate DNA barcoding as a method of identification of closely related species in herbal medicine products. Based on this study, a brief operating procedure for using the SSR-HRM protocol for herbal authentication is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjian Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia He
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaocen Lu
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beifang University of Nationalities, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|