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Tong YR, Chen K, Jiang ZQ, Tu LC, Luo YF, Zheng H, Zhao YQ, Shen SY, Hu YT, Gao W. Spatiotemporal expression analysis of jasmonic acid and saponin-related genes uncovers a potential biosynthetic regulation in Panax notoginseng. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39118479 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sanqi, the root of Panax notoginseng, has long been recognized for its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases. Saponins, including ginsenosides and notoginsenosides, are the main bioactive components of P. notoginseng. The biosynthesis of saponins is closely related to the defense responses orchestrated by endogenous hormones. RESULTS To provide new insights into the underlying role of phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) in the synthesis and regulation of saponins, we performed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis of different tissues of P. notoginseng aged 2-4 years. Moreover, by combined evaluation of saponin content and transcriptome profiling of each tissue, the spatial and temporal distribution of saponins was analyzed. N notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rd accumulated in the underground tissues, including the root, tuqi, fibril and rhizome. In agreement with this data, the corresponding genes of the endogenous hormone JAs, especially coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) and myelocytomatosis proteins 2 (MYC2), were predominantly expressed in the underground tissues. The tissue- and age-specific distribution of saponins was consistent with the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthetic, metabolic and signaling pathways. CONCLUSION The present study has revealed the temporal and spatial effects of endogenous phtohormones in the synthesis and regulation of notoginsenosides, which will provide a significant impact on improving the ecological planting technology, cultivating new high-quality varieties and protecting the rare resources of medicinal P. notoginseng. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Zhou-Qian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Chan Tu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Feng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Si-Yu Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhao L, Zhang T, Zhang K. Pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on intestinal inflammation and the immune system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353614. [PMID: 38698858 PMCID: PMC11064651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal tumors. As the king of herbs, ginseng has exerted a wide range of pharmacological effects in various diseases. Especially, it has been shown that ginseng and ginsenosides have strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory abilities in intestinal system. In this review, we summarized how ginseng and various extracts influence intestinal inflammation and immune function, including regulating the immune balance, modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, promoting intestinal mucosal wound healing, preventing colitis-associated colorectal cancer, recovering gut microbiota and metabolism imbalance, alleviating antibiotic-induced diarrhea, and relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, the specific experimental methods and key control mechanisms are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Zhao L, Sui M, Zhang T, Zhang K. The interaction between ginseng and gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1301468. [PMID: 38045813 PMCID: PMC10690783 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota to human health is attracting increasing attention. It is also involved in ginseng metabolism, mediating the bioactive metabolites of ginsenosides. In response, ginseng, known as the king of herbs, can regulate intestinal flora, including promoting probiotics and restricting the growth of harmful bacteria. Specifically, the interactions between ginseng or ginsenosides and gastrointestinal microbiota are complex. In this review, we summarized the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the composition of gut microbiota and discussed the gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation of ginsenosides. In particular, their therapeutic potential and clinical application in related diseases were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Chen Z, Dong Y, Yan Q, Li Q, Yu C, Lai Y, Tan J, Fan M, Xu C, Li L, Shen W, Gu J, Cheng H, Sun D. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of a ratio-optimized drug pair of Sophora flavescens Aiton and Coptis chinensis Franch and study on the mechanism of anti-colorectal cancer effect of two alkaloids thereof. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1198467. [PMID: 37404762 PMCID: PMC10316516 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1198467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug pair consisting of Sophora flavescens Aiton (Sophorae flavescentis radix, Kushen) and Coptis chinensis Franch. (Coptidis rhizoma, Huanglian), as described in Prescriptions for Universal Relief (Pujifang), is widely used to treat laxation. Matrine and berberine are the major active components of Kushen and Huanglian, respectively. These agents have shown remarkable anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. A mouse model of colorectal cancer was used to determine the most effective combination of Kushen and Huanglian against anti-colorectal cancer. The results showed that the combination of Kushen and Huanglian at a 1:1 ratio exerted the best anti-colorectal cancer effect versus other ratios. Moreover, the anti-colorectal cancer effect and potential mechanism underlying the effects of matrine and berberine were evaluated by the analysis of combination treatment or monotherapy. In addition, the chemical constituents of Kushen and Huanglian were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 67 chemical components were identified from the Kushen-Huanglian drug pair (water extraction), and the levels of matrine and berberine were 129 and 232 µg/g, respectively. Matrine and berberine reduced the growth of colorectal cancer and relieved the pathological conditions in mice. In addition, the combination of matrine and berberine displayed better anti-colorectal cancer efficacy than monotherapy. Moreover, matrine and berberine reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Campilobacterota at phylum level and that of Helicobacter, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Candidatus_Arthromitus, norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, Rikenella, Odoribacter, Streptococcus, norank_f_Ruminococcaceae, and Anaerotruncus at the genus level. Western blotting results demonstrated that treatment with matrine and berberine decreased the protein expressions of c-MYC and RAS, whereas it increased that of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3). The findings indicated that the combination of matrine and berberine was more effective in inhibiting colorectal cancer than monotherapy. This beneficial effect might depend on the improvement of intestinal microbiota structure and regulation of the RAS/MEK/ERK-c-MYC-Sirt3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuying Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueyang Lai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiani Tan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Minmin Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Changliang Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixing Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfei Gu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Research Center for Theory and Application of Cancer Toxin Pathogenesis, Nanjing, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Hao R, Chen J, Li S, Huang K, Cao H, Farag MA, Battino M, Daglia M, Capanoglu E, Zhang F, Sun Q, Xiao J, Sun Z, Guan X. Health benefits of saponins and its mechanisms: perspectives from absorption, metabolism, and interaction with gut. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37216483 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2212063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, consisting of sapogenins as their aglycones and carbohydrate chains, are widely found in plants and some marine organisms. Due to the complexity of the structure of saponins, involving different types of sapogenins and sugar moieties, investigation of their absorption and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Large molecular weight and complex structures limit the direct absorption of saponins rendering their low bioavailability. As such, their major modes of action may be due to interaction with the gastrointestinal environment, such as enzymes and nutrients, and interaction with the gut microbiota. Many studies have reported the interaction between saponins and gut microbiota, that is, the effects of saponins on changing the composition of gut microbiota, and gut microbiota playing an indispensable role in the biotransformation of saponins into sapogenins. However, the metabolic routes of saponins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of saponins, as well as their interactions with gut microbiota and impacts on gut health, to better understand how saponins exert their health-promoting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruojie Hao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junda Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Daglia
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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6
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Wang X, Hou L, Cui M, Liu J, Wang M, Xie J. The traditional Chinese medicine and non-small cell lung cancer: from a gut microbiome perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1151557. [PMID: 37180438 PMCID: PMC10167031 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1151557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most serious diseases affecting human health today, and current research is focusing on gut flora. There is a correlation between intestinal flora imbalance and lung cancer, but the specific mechanism is not clear. Based on the "lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related" and the "lung-intestinal axis" theory. Here, based on the theoretical comparisons of Chinese and western medicine, we summarized the regulation of intestinal flora in NSCLC by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbal compounds and their intervention effects, which is conducive to providing new strategies and ideas for clinical prevention and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering (School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi an, China
| | - Liming Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi an, China
| | - Meng Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering (School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi an, China
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering (School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi an, China
| | - Mengzhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering (School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi an, China
| | - Jianwu Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering (School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi an, China
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7
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Chemically Induced Colitis-Associated Cancer Models in Rodents for Pharmacological Modulation: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102739. [PMID: 35628865 PMCID: PMC9146029 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CACC) represent an important tool to explore the mechanistic basis of cancer-related inflammation, providing important evidence that several inflammatory mediators play specific roles in the initiation and perpetuation of colitis and CACC. Although several original articles have been published describing the CACC model in rodents, there is no consensus about the induction method. This review aims to identify, summarize, compare, and discuss the chemical methods for the induction of CACC through the PRISMA methodology. METHODS We searched MEDLINE via the Pubmed platform for studies published through March 2021, using a highly sensitive search expression. The inclusion criteria were only original articles, articles where a chemically-induced animal model of CACC is described, preclinical studies in vivo with rodents, and articles published in English. RESULTS Chemically inducible models typically begin with the administration of a carcinogenic compound (as azoxymethane (AOM) or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)), and inflammation is caused by repeated cycles of colitis-inducing agents (such as 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)). The strains mostly used are C57BL/6 and Balb/c with 5-6 weeks. To characterize the preclinical model, the parameters more used include body weight, stool consistency and morbidity, inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, angiogenesis markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), marker of proliferation Ki-67, and caspase 3, the presence of ulcers, thickness or hyperemia in the colon, and histological evaluation of inflammation. CONCLUSION The AOM administration seems to be important to the CACC induction method, since the carcinogenic effect is achieved with just one administration. DSS has been the more used inflammatory agent; however, the TNBS contribution should be more studied, since it allows a reliable, robust, and a highly reproducible animal model of intestinal inflammation.
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8
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Hongzhi D, Xiaoying H, Yujie G, Le C, Yuhuan M, Dahui L, Luqi H. Classic mechanisms and experimental models for the anti‐inflammatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:108-119. [PMID: 35412027 PMCID: PMC9043716 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common disease involved in the pathogenesis, complications, and sequelae of a large number of related diseases, and therefore considerable research has been directed toward developing anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat inflammatory and related diseases since ancient times. According to the review of abundant modern scientific researches, it is suggested that TCM exhibit anti‐inflammatory effects at different levels, and via multiple pathways with various targets, and recently a series of in vitro and in vivo anti‐inflammatory models have been developed for anti‐inflammation research in TCM. Currently, the reported classic mechanisms of TCM and experimental models of its anti‐inflammatory effects provide reference points and guidance for further research and development of TCM. Importantly, the research clearly confirms that TCM is now and will continue to be an effective form of treatment for many types of inflammation and inflammation‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hongzhi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Hou Xiaoying
- Wuhan Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine Jiang Han University Wuhan China
| | - Guo Yujie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Chen Le
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Miao Yuhuan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Liu Dahui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
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9
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Li M, Wang X, Wang Y, Bao S, Chang Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun L. Strategies for Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Active Ingredients of Ginseng-A Promising Approach for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797634. [PMID: 35002732 PMCID: PMC8727883 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting the initiation and progression of tumors, leading to chemoradiotherapy resistance and immunotherapy failure. Targeting of the TME is a novel anti-tumor therapeutic approach and is currently a focus of anti-tumor research. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), an ingredient of well-known traditional Asia medicines, exerts beneficial anti-tumor effects and can regulate the TME. Here, we present a systematic review that describes the current status of research efforts to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of ginseng active components (including ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides) for achieving TME regulation. Ginsenosides have variety effects on TME, such as Rg3, Rd and Rk3 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis; Rg3, Rh2 and M4 can regulate the function of immune cells; Rg3, Rd and Rg5 can restrain the stemness of cancer stem cells. Ginseng polysaccharides (such as red ginseng acidic polysaccharides and polysaccharides extracted from ginseng berry and ginseng leaves) can regulate TME mainly by stimulating immune cells. In addition, we propose a potential mechanistic link between ginseng-associated restoration of gut microbiota and the tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, we describe recent advances for improving ginseng efficacy, including the development of a nano-drug delivery system. Taken together, this review provides novel perspectives on potential applications for ginseng active ingredients as anti-cancer adjuvants that achieve anti-cancer effects by reshaping the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shunchao Bao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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10
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Zhou L, Li ZK, Li CY, Liang YQ, Yang F. Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of ginsenoside compound K: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:286-300. [PMID: 34793617 PMCID: PMC9541358 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides that exhibits anticancer potential in various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer types, mechanisms, and effects of CK in the past decade have been summarized in this review. Briefly, CK exerts anticancer effects via multiple molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and anti‐angiogenesis. Some signaling pathways play a significant role in related processes, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JNK/MAPK pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the effects of CK combined with nanocarriers for anticancer efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, we aimed to review the research progress of CK against cancer in the past decade, which might provide theoretical support and effective reference for further research on the medicinal value of small molecules, such as CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint Surgery, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command Lhasa, Lhasa, China
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11
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Panossian AG, Efferth T, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Kuchta K, Mukherjee PK, Banerjee S, Heinrich M, Wu W, Guo D, Wagner H. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:630-703. [PMID: 33103257 PMCID: PMC7756641 DOI: 10.1002/med.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptogens comprise a category of herbal medicinal and nutritional products promoting adaptability, resilience, and survival of living organisms in stress. The aim of this review was to summarize the growing knowledge about common adaptogenic plants used in various traditional medical systems (TMS) and conventional medicine and to provide a modern rationale for their use in the treatment of stress-induced and aging-related disorders. Adaptogens have pharmacologically pleiotropic effects on the neuroendocrine-immune system, which explain their traditional use for the treatment of a wide range of conditions. They exhibit a biphasic dose-effect response: at low doses they function as mild stress-mimetics, which activate the adaptive stress-response signaling pathways to cope with severe stress. That is in line with their traditional use for preventing premature aging and to maintain good health and vitality. However, the potential of adaptogens remains poorly explored. Treatment of stress and aging-related diseases require novel approaches. Some combinations of adaptogenic plants provide unique effects due to their synergistic interactions in organisms not obtainable by any ingredient independently. Further progress in this field needs to focus on discovering new combinations of adaptogens based on traditional medical concepts. Robust and rigorous approaches including network pharmacology and systems pharmacology could help in analyzing potential synergistic effects and, more broadly, future uses of adaptogens. In conclusion, the evolution of the adaptogenic concept has led back to basics of TMS and a new level of understanding of holistic approach. It provides a rationale for their use in stress-induced and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Alexander N. Shikov
- Department of technology of dosage formsSaint‐Petersburg State Chemical‐Pharmaceutical UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Olga N. Pozharitskaya
- Department of BiotechnologyMurmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI KSC RAS)MurmanskRussia
| | - Kenny Kuchta
- Department of Far Eastern Medicine, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal OncologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Pulok K. Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Subhadip Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmacognosy and PhytotherapyUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - De‐an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hildebert Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Pharma ResearchLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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12
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Lee YC, Wong WT, Li LH, Chu LJ, Menon MP, Ho CL, Chernikov OV, Lee SL, Hua KF. Ginsenoside M1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration of Human Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249704. [PMID: 33352689 PMCID: PMC7766606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 5.8% of all malignancies in Taiwan, and the incidence of OSCC is on the rise. OSCC is also a common malignancy worldwide, and the five-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, new and effective treatments are needed to control OSCC. In the present study, we prepared ginsenoside M1 (20-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), a major deglycosylated metabolite of ginsenoside, through the biotransformation of Panax notoginseng leaves by the fungus SP-LSL-002. We investigated the anti-OSCC activity and associated mechanisms of ginsenoside M1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the viability of human OSCC SAS and OEC-M1 cells. To gain further insight into the mode of action of ginsenoside M1, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 increased the expression levels of Bak, Bad, and p53 and induced apoptotic DNA breaks, G1 phase arrest, PI/Annexin V double-positive staining, and caspase-3/9 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the colony formation and migration ability of SAS and OEC-M1 cells and reduced the expression of metastasis-related protein vimentin. Furthermore, oral administration or subcutaneous injection of ginsenoside M1 significantly reduced tumor growth in SAS xenograft mice. These results indicate that ginsenoside M1 can be translated into a potential therapeutic against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Wei-Ting Wong
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10844, Taiwan;
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Lichieh Julie Chu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mridula P. Menon
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100051, Taiwan;
| | - Oleg V. Chernikov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Sheau-Long Lee
- Wellhead Biological Technology Corporation, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3931-7626
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