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Tang YW, Jiang MY, Cao JW, Wan F. Triptolide decreases podocytes permeability by regulating TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10051. [PMID: 38881848 PMCID: PMC11176508 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury or dysfunction can lead to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) is a tight junction protein which connects slit diaphragm (SD) proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Previous studies have shown that the expression of ZO-1 is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, elucidation of the regulation mechanism of ZO-1 has considerable clinical importance. Triptolide (TP) has been reported to exert a strong antiproteinuric effect by inhibiting podocyte epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We found that TP upregulates ZO-1 expression and increases the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced podocyte injury model. Permeablity assay showed TP decreases podocyte permeability in PAN-treated podocyte. TP also upregulates the DNA demethylase TET2. Our results showed that treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) and RG108 significantly increased ZO-1 expression in PAN-treated podocytes. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) results showed that TP regulates the methylation status of the ZO-1 promoter. Knockdown of TET2 decreased ZO-1 expression and increased methylation of its promoter, resulting in the increase of podocyte permeability. Altogether, these results indicate that TP upregulates the expression of ZO-1 and decreases podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated 5 mC demethylation. These findings suggest that TP may alleviate podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wen Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ya Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang L, Li C, Fu L, Yu Z, Xu G, Zhou J, Shen M, Feng Z, Zhu H, Xie T, Zhou L, Zhou X. Protection of catalpol against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12759. [PMID: 35036109 PMCID: PMC8742543 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalpol significantly reduces triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity, which is closely related to autophagy. The aim of this study was to explore the unclear protective mechanism of catalpol against triptolide. The detoxification effect of catalpol on triptolide was investigated in HepaRG cell line. The detoxification effects were assessed by measuring cell viability, autophagy, and apoptosis, as well as the endoplasmic reticulum stress protein and mRNA expression levels. We found that 5-20 µg/L triptolide treatments increased the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the expression of autophagy proteins including LC3 and Beclin1. The expression of P62 was downregulated and the production of autophagosomes was increased, as determined by transmission electron microscope and monodansylcadaverine staining. In contrast, 40 µg/L catalpol reversed these triptolide-induced changes in the liver function index, autophagy level, and apoptotic protein expression, including Cleaved-caspase3 and Cleaved-caspase9 by inhibiting excessive autophagy. Simultaneously, catalpol reversed endoplasmic reticulum stress, including the expression of PERK, which regulates autophagy. Moreover, we used the PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 to prove that the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of the unfolded protein response is an important pathway that could induce autophagy. Catalpol inhibited excessive autophagy by suppressing the PERK pathway. Altogether, catalpol protects against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway. The results of this study are beneficial to clarify the detoxification mechanism of catalpol against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity and to promote the application of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linluo Zhang
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China,Department of Second Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gengrui Xu
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiyu Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Department of First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China
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