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Zhang B, Qin S, Wu Y, Zhang R, Xu Y, Yang C. Rhamnolipids Regulate Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response, and Gut Microbiota in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:886256. [PMID: 35571898 PMCID: PMC9096903 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.886256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Gut microbes influence lipid metabolism and immune responses that are key features of metabolic disorders. This study examined effects of bacterial rhamnolipids (RLS) on lipid metabolism, immune response, and gut microbiota in rats. Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups and gavage-fed for seven weeks with normal saline (NCO group), 50 mg/kg bw RLS (RLS1 group), and 100 mg/kg bw RLS (RLS2 group). Results Compared with those of the NCO group, the RLS1 and RLS2 groups showed significantly decreased fat weight, relative fat weight, and adipocyte size (P < 0.05). Furthermore, RLS1 and RLS2 significantly decreased concentrations of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids and increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). However, the total cholesterol content among the three groups (P > 0.05) were not significantly different. Serum concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly lower in the RLS2 group than those in the NCO group (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase was significantly decreased, while those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α were significantly increased in the RLS2 group compared with those in the NCO group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Ruminococcus-1, and Parabacteroides were significantly higher in the RLS2 group than those in the NCO group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that RLS reduces fat deposition, inhibits inflammation, regulates intestinal flora, and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songke Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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Poklukar K, Čandek-Potokar M, Batorek Lukač N, Tomažin U, Škrlep M. Lipid Deposition and Metabolism in Local and Modern Pig Breeds: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E424. [PMID: 32138208 PMCID: PMC7142902 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern pig breeds, which have been genetically improved to achieve fast growth and a lean meat deposition, differ from local pig breeds with respect to fat deposition, fat specific metabolic characteristics and various other properties. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences between fatty local and modern lean pig breeds in adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism, taking into consideration morphological, cellular, biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic perspectives. Compared to modern breeds, local pig breeds accumulate larger amounts of fat, which generally contains more monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; they exhibit a higher adipocyte size and higher activity of lipogenic enzymes. Studies using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches highlighted several processes like immune response, fatty-acid turn-over, oxidoreductase activity, mitochondrial function, etc. which differ between local and modern pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče SI-2311, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
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Application of N-carbamylglutamate in Rex rabbits to reduce body fat deposition and its possible mechanism. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:34-42. [PMID: 32122412 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) has been shown to enhance arginine synthesis and improve growth performance in animals. However, the effect of NCG on body fat deposition remains unknown. This study examined the effects of NCG on body fat deposition and evaluated the potential mechanisms involved. Rex rabbits (3 months old) were assigned to one of four dietary groups and supplemented with NCG at the following different concentrations in a feeding trial that lasted 67 d: 0 (control), 0·04, 0·08, and 0·12 %. NCG supplementation increased serum concentrations of arginine and proline by activating intestinal carbamoylphosphate synthase-І at the posttranscriptional level. Final body weights and growth performance were not affected by dietary NCG levels. However, NCG-treated rabbits had lower perirenal and subcutaneous fat percentages, serum TAG content, and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and increased NO synthase activity and serum levels of NO, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). There were significant positive correlations between TAG content and perirenal fat percentage, as well as FAS activity and perirenal fat percentage, but significant negative correlations between TAG and NO levels, and FAS activity and IGF-1 level in rabbits after NCG treatment. NCG supplementation did not affect hepatic health indicators, except for serum ammonia concentrations, which were decreased in NCG-treated rabbits. Our results suggest that NCG can serve as a dietary supplement to reduce unfavourable fat deposition through inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis in animals since it appears to have no negative effects on growth performance or hepatic health.
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Caldas JV, Boonsinchai N, Wang J, England JA, Coon CN. The dynamics of body composition and body energy content in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:866-877. [PMID: 30500913 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition (BC) analysis is important because the modern broiler is one of the most efficient animals in producing protein for human consumption, and a proper nutrition could potentiate this meat production. BC by chemical analysis was analyzed in 151 broilers from 1to 60 d of age. Birds were fed mash feeds ad libitum in four phases (starter 1 to 14d, grower 15 to 28 d, finisher 29 to 42 d, and withdrawal 43 to 60 d). Gompertz 3P model, multiple linear regression, and CRD with ANOVA analysis were used in the experimental design using JMP pro 2015. The growth in terms of body weight, protein, fat, minerals (Ca and P) followed a Gompertz 3P model with similar growth rates of about 4.9% per day and the maximum growth was obtained at about 34 d of age. Body weight ranged from 56 to 4184 g, water from 683 to 751 g/kg, protein from 154 to 182 g/kg, fat from 53 to 101 g/kg, minerals (ash) from 17.9 to 22.5 g/kg (AS IS basis). Broiler protein ranged from 563 to 613 g/kg, fat 197 to 317 g/kg, minerals 65.2 to 86.6 g/kg, calcium 11.7 to 18.9 g/kg, and phosphorus 10.3 to 15.3 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis. The calorific coefficients for protein and fat were determined by multiple regressions and resulted in 5.45 ± 0.09 kcal/g for protein and 8.95 ± 0.16 kcal/g for fat. These two coefficients can be used to predict the body energy content or energy of gain. The protein: fat ratio was the highest at day 1 and decreased gradually until day 60. The BC in terms of water, protein, and fat changes with age, water being reduced and protein and fat increased towards d60. Mineral composition remained constant at the end of growth but some fluctuations occurred during the grower period. The understanding of the dynamics of BC will bring new opportunities to study and change feed strategies and increase the feed efficiency for meat in the modern broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina V Caldas
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.,Cobb -Vantress, 4703 US Hwy 412E, Siloam Springs, Arkansas 72761 US
| | - Nirun Boonsinchai
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.,CP group, 313 Silom Road, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
| | - Jinrong Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Hen University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Judith A England
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Craig N Coon
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Herrick RT, Tavárez MA, Harsh BN, Mellencamp MA, Boler DD, Dilger AC. Effect of immunological castration management strategy on lipid oxidation and sensory characteristics of bacon stored under simulated food service conditions. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3084-92. [PMID: 27482695 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of 1) immunological castration (Improvest, a gonadotropin releasing factor analog-diphtheria toxoid conjugate) management strategy (age at slaughter and time of slaughter after second dose) and 2) sex on lipid oxidation and sensory characteristics of bacon stored under simulated food service conditions. For Objective 1, immunological castration management strategies included 24-wk-old immunologically castrated (IC) barrows 4, 6, 8, or 10 wk after the second Improvest dose (ASD); 26-wk-old IC barrows 6 wk ASD; and 28-wk-old IC barrows 8 wk ASD ( = 63). Objective 2 ( = 97) included IC barrows, physically castrated (PC) barrows, and gilts slaughtered at 24, 26, and 28 wks of age. Bellies from 2 slaughter dates were manufactured into bacon under commercial conditions. Bacon slices were laid out on parchment paper, packaged in oxygen-permeable poly-vinyl-lined boxes, and frozen (-33°C) for 1, 4, 8, or 12 wk to simulate food service conditions. At the end of each storage period, bacon was evaluated for lipid oxidation, moisture and lipid content, and sensory characteristics. Data from both objectives were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with belly as the experimental unit. For both objectives, as storage time increased, lipid oxidation of bacon increased ( < 0.01), regardless of management strategy or sex. Also, there was no sex or management strategy × week of frozen storage interaction for any traits evaluated ( ≥ 0.25). For Objective 1, lipid content of bacon from IC barrows increased as time of slaughter ASD increased ( < 0.05), regardless of age at slaughter. Additionally, there were no differences in sensory attributes of bacon across management strategies. For the evaluation of sex effects in Objective 2, lipid oxidation was greater ( < 0.05) in IC barrows compared with PC barrows but was not different than gilts ( > 0.05). After 12 wk of frozen storage, lipid oxidation values for IC barrows, PC barrows, and gilts were still below 0.5 mg malondialdehyde/kg of meat, the threshold at which trained panelists may deem a food to be rancid. In conclusion, bacon shelf life characteristics were not altered by the immunological castration management strategy and bacon from IC barrows was similar to bacon from gilts. Therefore, bacon from IC barrows would result in shelf life and sensory quality similar to PC barrows and gilts.
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Chen L, Mao X, Han F, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Chen D. The effect of high nutrient on the growth performance, adipose deposition and gene expression of lipid metabolism in the neonatal intrauterine growth-retarded piglets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
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Xu X, Wei X, Yang Y, Niu W, Kou Q, Wang X, Chen Y. PPARγ, FAS, HSL mRNA and protein expression during Tan sheep fat-tail development. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tavárez MA, Puls CL, Schroeder AL, Dilger AC. Effects of immunocastration and time after second Improvest dose on adipose tissue fatty acid profile of finishing barrows. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3736-44. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Tavárez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C. L. Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - A. C. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Tan B, Li X, Wu G, Kong X, Liu Z, Li T, Yin Y. Dynamic changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption in the portal-drained viscera of growing pigs receiving acute administration of l-arginine. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tan B, Yin Y, Liu Z, Tang W, Xu H, Kong X, Li X, Yao K, Gu W, Smith SB, Wu G. Dietary l-arginine supplementation differentially regulates expression of lipid-metabolic genes in porcine adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:441-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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He Q, Ren P, Kong X, Wu Y, Wu G, Li P, Hao F, Tang H, Blachier F, Yin Y. Comparison of serum metabolite compositions between obese and lean growing pigs using an NMR-based metabonomic approach. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:133-9. [PMID: 21429726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has become a prevalent risk to health of children and teenagers. To develop biomarkers in serum for altered lipid metabolism, genetically obese (Ningxiang strain) and lean (Duroc×Landrace×Large Yorkshire strain) growing pigs were used as models to identify potential differences in the serum metabonome between the two strains of pigs after consuming the same diet for 46 days. At the end of the study, pigs were euthanized for analysis of the serum metabonome and determination of body composition. Obese pigs had higher fat mass (42.3±8.8% vs. 21.9±4.5%) and lower muscle mass (35.4±4.5% vs. 58.9±2.5%) than lean pigs (P<.01). Serum concentrations of insulin and glucagon were higher (P<.02) in obese than in lean pigs. With the use of an NMR-based metabonomic technology, orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis showed that serum HDL, VLDL, lipids, unsaturated lipids, glycoprotein, myo-inositol, pyruvate, threonine, tyrosine and creatine were higher in obese than in lean pigs (P<.05), while serum glucose and urea were lower in obese pigs (P<.05). In addition, changes in gut microbiota-related metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide and choline, were observed in sera of obese pigs relatively to lean pigs (P<.05). These novel findings indicate that obese pigs have distinct metabolism, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, energy utilization and partition, protein and amino acid metabolism, and fermentation of gastrointestinal microbes, compared with lean pigs. The obese Ningxiang pig may be a useful model for childhood obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, People's Republic of China
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McKnight JR, Satterfield MC, Jobgen WS, Smith SB, Spencer TE, Meininger CJ, McNeal CJ, Wu G. Beneficial effects of L-arginine on reducing obesity: potential mechanisms and important implications for human health. Amino Acids 2010; 39:349-57. [PMID: 20437186 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, growing interest in the biochemistry, nutrition, and pharmacology of L-arginine has led to extensive studies to explore its nutritional and therapeutic roles in treating and preventing human metabolic disorders. Emerging evidence shows that dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces adiposity in genetically obese rats, diet-induced obese rats, finishing pigs, and obese human subjects with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of L-arginine are likely complex, but ultimately involve altering the balance of energy intake and expenditure in favor of fat loss or reduced growth of white adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate that L-arginine supplementation stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and brown adipose tissue development possibly through the enhanced synthesis of cell-signaling molecules (e.g., nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, polyamines, cGMP, and cAMP) as well as the increased expression of genes that promote whole-body oxidation of energy substrates (e.g., glucose and fatty acids) Thus, L-arginine holds great promise as a safe and cost-effective nutrient to reduce adiposity, increase muscle mass, and improve the metabolic profile in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R McKnight
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Tan B, Yin Y, Liu Z, Li X, Xu H, Kong X, Huang R, Tang W, Shinzato I, Smith SB, Wu G. Dietary l-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino Acids 2008; 37:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight. Animal 2008; 2:73-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173110700095x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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