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Homolka M, Smith W, Husz T, Paulus-Compart D, Jennings J. Evaluating performance of beef cattle consuming a supplemental probiotic-prebiotic during the first 21 or 42 days after feedlot arrival. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of yeast as a feed additive on beef cattle performance and carcass traits. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune response of weaned beef calves. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1352-1359. [PMID: 34786508 PMCID: PMC8577086 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the potential benefits of active dry yeast (ADY) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of weaned beef calves. Thirty Simmental crossbred male calves (body weight = 86.47 ± 4.41 kg and 70 ± 4 d of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (CON) (fed basal ration) and ADY (fed basal ration and 5 g/d ADY per calf). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 35:65. All the calves were regularly provided rations 3 times a day at 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The average daily gain of ADY group was higher (P = 0.007) than that of the CON group, and the ratio of feed intake to average daily gain in the ADY group was reduced (P = 0.022) as compared to the CON group. The concentration of ruminal ammonia-N was higher (P = 0.023) in the CON group than that in the ADY group, but an opposite trend of microbial protein was found between the 2 groups. Also, the ruminal concentrations of propionate and butyrate were higher (P < 0.05) in the ADY group than those in the CON group. Calves fed ADY exhibited higher (P < 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Supplementation of ADY increased (P < 0.05) the contents of glucose, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and interleukin 10 in the serum of calves, but an opposite trend was observed in malondialdehyde, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha contents between the 2 groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with ADY could improve the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant ability, and immune response of weaned beef calves.
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Ban Y, Guan LL. Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:109. [PMID: 34635155 PMCID: PMC8507308 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals' health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry. Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria, lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups, and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. To date, the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH, promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion. Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants, however, these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade, aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages, and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs. Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis, improve immune response and gut health, increase productivity (growth and milk production), and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens. More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants, and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Direkvandi E, Mohammadabadi T, Salem AZM. Influence of three microbial feed additives of Megasphaera elsdenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus sp. on ruminal methane and carbon dioxide production, and biofermentation kinetics. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:623-633. [PMID: 33411960 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was performed to investigate the effects of Megasphaera elsdenii (Me), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and lactic acid bacteria (FP-Lactobacillus fermentum plus Lactobacillus plantarum) alone or in combination on biogas production and ruminal biofermentation parameter in a heterofermenter system. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight treatments were evaluated; (i) control (without additive; CON); (ii) Me; (iii) SC; (iv) FP; (v) Me plus SC (MSC); (vi) Me plus FP (MFP); (vii) SC plus FP (SCFP) and (viii) Me plus SC plus FP (MSCFP). Doses of FP, Me and SC were 1·5 × 108 (CFU per ml), 1·5 × 108 (CFU per ml) and 1·4 × 107 (CFU 0·002-1 g), respectively. Biogas production in all time increased (P < 0·05) by MSCFP than CON additive. The proportional methane (CH4 ) decreased (P < 0·05) in MSCFP and FP, while carbon dioxide (CO2 ) was decreased (P < 0·05) by SC compared MSCFP and MSC. The proportional CO2 decreased (P < 0·05) by MSCFP and FP additive. The mean concentration of NH3 -N was not affected by treatments. Concentration of total volatile fatty acids and the percent of acetate and propionate was not affected by treatments. The highest (P < 0·05) percent of butyrate and valerate were observed in MSCFP additive. The experiment showed that microbial additives of FP, SCFP and MSCFP reduced proportional CH4 and CO2 . CONCLUSIONS Microbial additives of MFP and MSCFP had a sustainable positive efficiency on pH and volatile fatty acids and mitigate CH4 and CO2 . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of microbial additives control on the ruminal pH (MFP) and improve VFA such as butyrate (MSC, MSCFP) and valerate (MSCFP) and reduce the greenhouse gases production showed a reduced risk of ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Direkvandi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - T Mohammadabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - A Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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Núñez-Benítez V, Barreras A, Estrada-Angulo A, Castro-Pérez B, Urías-Estrada J, Zinn R, Leyva-Morales J, Plascencia A. Evaluation of a standardized mixture of synbiotic-glyconutrients as a feed additive in steers fed a finishing diet: Site and extent of digestion, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Direkvandi E, Mohammadabadi T, Salem AZM. Effect of microbial feed additives on growth performance, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen microbial population in growing lambs. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa203. [PMID: 33364553 PMCID: PMC7749706 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabi lambs (n =28; body weight = 24 ± 3.7 kg; average age = 120 ± 8 days) were used to investigate the effect of microbial additives on growth performance, microbial protein synthesis and rumen microbial population of fattening lamb based on completely randomized design. Four treatments were studied: (1) control (without additive; CON); (2) Lactobacillus fermentum and L. plantarum (FP); (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) plus FP (SCFP); and (4) Megasphaera elsdenii plus SCFP (MSCFP). Lambs were inoculated before morning feeding (daily oral dosed) with a 50 mL microbial suspension as follows: FP, 50 mL bacterial suspension containing 4.5 × 108 colony-forming unit per day (cfu/d) of L. plantarum and L. fermentum (in ratio 50:50); SCFP, 50 mL microbial suspension containing 4.5 × 108 cfu/d FP and 1.4 × 1010 cfu/d SC; MSCFP, 50 mL microbial suspension containing 4.5 × 108 cfu/d Me, 4.5 × 108 cfu/d FP and 1.4 × 1010 cfu/d SC. Feed intake and body weight of lambs were not affected by microbial additives. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were increased on day 0 to 21. The highest concentration of uric acid, total excreted purine derivatives (PD), microbial N, microbial CP, and metabolizable protein were in MSCFP lambs. The ruminal population of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens was higher in MSCFP and SCFP than CON and FP lambs. The highest and the lowest abundance of M. elsdenii and methanogen respectively was observed in lambs fed on microbial additives. The tendency to improve growth performance vs. CON may be due to improvements in microbial protein synthesis and microbial populations, especially fiber-degrading bacteria. The decrease in the population of methanogens as a result of the use of microbial additives is another positive result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Direkvandi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo de México, México
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Direkvandi E, Mohammadabadi T, Salem AZM. Oral administration of lactate producing bacteria alone or combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii on performance of fattening lambs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1773830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Direkvandi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Depto. de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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Monteiro HF, Lelis ALJ, Brandao VLN, Faccenda A, Avila AS, Arce-Cordero J, Silva LG, Dai X, Restelatto R, Carvalho P, Lima LR, Faciola AP. In vitro evaluation of Lactobacillus plantarum as direct-fed microbials in high-producing dairy cows diets. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:214-228. [PMID: 32704981 PMCID: PMC6994042 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare the effects of live yeast (LY), yeast fermentation product (YFP), a mix of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (MLP), and Lactobacillus plantarum included as additives in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation and gas production (GP); and 2) to evaluate the effects of L. plantarum as direct-fed microbials (DFM) in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation, GP, nutrient digestibility, and N metabolism. Three experiments were carried out: Exp. 1 had the objective to compare all additives regarding ruminal fermentation parameters: an Ankom GP system was used in a completely randomized design, consisting of four 48 h incubations, and eight replications per treatment. There were eight treatments: a basal diet without additive (CTRL) or with one of the following additives: LY, YFP, MLP, or L. plantarum at four levels (% of diet Dry Matter (DM)): 0.05% (L1), 0.10% (L2), 0.15% (L3), and 0.20% (L4). In Exp. 2, a batch culture was used to evaluate ruminal fermentation, and CO2 and CH4 production using the same treatments and a similar experimental design, except for having 16 replications per treatment. Based on Exp. 1 and 2 results, Exp. 3 aimed at evaluating the effects of the L. plantarum on ruminal true nutrient digestibility and N utilization in order to evaluate the use of L. plantarum as DFM. The treatments CTRL, MLP, L1, and L2 were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Data were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression; treatment means were compared through contrasts, and L treatments in Exp. 1 and 2 were tested for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects. In Exp. 1, all treatments containing additives tended to reduce OM digestibility as well as reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and total GP. The YFP had greater OM digestibility than LY, and MLP treatment had greater total VFA concentration compared to L. plantarum treatments. In Exp. 2, additives reduced CO2 production, and there were no major differences in CH4. In Exp. 3, all additives reduced NH3-N concentration. In conclusion, pH and lactate concentration were not affected in all three experiments regardless of additive tested, suggesting that these additives may not improve ruminal fermentation by pH modulation; and L. plantarum may improve ruminal N metabolism when used as DFM in high-producing dairy cows’ diets, mainly by reducing NH3-N concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ana Laura J Lelis
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Faccenda
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Andre S Avila
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, Marechal Candido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Jose Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lorrayny G Silva
- Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia, Sertaozinho, SP, Brazil
| | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rasiel Restelatto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Perivaldo Carvalho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil
| | - Leni R Lima
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Jiao P, Wei C, Sun Y, Xie X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Hu G, AlZahal O, Yang W. Screening of live yeast and yeast derivatives for their impact of strain and dose on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial profiles with varying media pH levels in high-forage beef cattle diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6751-6760. [PMID: 31353469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast products showed beneficial effects with respect to stabilizing ruminal pH, stimulating ruminal fermentation and improving production efficiency. Batch cultures were conducted to evaluate the effects of yeast products on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics of high-forage substrate. The study was a two media pH (5.8 and 6.5) × five yeasts (three live yeasts, LY: LY1, LY2, LY3; two yeast derivatives, YD: YD4, YD5) × four dosages factorial arrangement, with monensin (Mon) assigned as a positive control. RESULTS Greater (P < 0.01) GP, DMD, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) and copy numbers of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were observed at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.8. The GP kinetics, DMD, VFA concentration, A:P and NH3 -N concentration differed (P < 0.05) among yeasts but varied with media pH or yeast dosages. Increasing doses of LY3 linearly increased DMD (P < 0.04) and VFA concentration (P < 0.001) at media pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P < 0.02) increased with increased addition of YD4 (pH 6.5) and YD5 (pH 5.8) and the ratio of A:P linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with the addition of YD4 or YD5 at pH 5.8. Overall greater (P < 0.05) GP, A:P (pH 5.8) and DMD (pH 6.5) were observed with yeast products than with Mon. CONCLUSION LY3 appeared to be an interesting candidate for improving rumen digestibility and fermentation efficiency, particularly at low media pH. YD4 or YD5 improved fermentation efficiency and can be potentially fed as an alternative to Mon. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chuanzi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Youran Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolai Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sutian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Wenzhu Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Kayser WC, Carstens GE, Parsons IL, Welsh TH, Washburn KE, Lawhon SD, Pinchak WE, Richeson JT, Chevaux E, Skidmore AL. Effects of Mannheimia haemolytica challenge with or without supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii strain CNCM I-1079 on immune upregulation and behavior in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:596-609. [PMID: 30496421 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives of this experiment were to examine the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation on immunological, physiological, and behavioral responses in steers experimentally challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). Thirty-six crossbred Angus steers (BW = 352 ± 23 kg) seronegative for MH were allocated within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: Factor 1 = roughage-based diet with LY (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079, 25 g·per steer daily) or negative control (CON). Factor 2 = bronchoselective endoscopic inoculation with MH or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Steers were fed their respective diets for 28 d prior to MH challenge on day 0. Reticulo-rumen temperature (RUT; ThermoBolus, Medria) was measured continuously at 5-min intervals and rectal temperature on days -4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to MH inoculation. Compared with PBS-treated steers, the steers inoculated with MH had increased (P < 0.05) RUT from 2 to 24 h, reaching a zenith (>41 °C) 9 to 11 h post-MH challenge, whereas rectal temperature was increased (P < 0.04) in MH-inoculated steers on day 1 post-MH challenge. Supplementation with LY increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperature on days 0, 7, and 10, relative to CON steers. There were inoculation x day interactions (P < 0.01) for lymphocyte, neutrophil, leukocyte, and haptoglobin concentrations. Steers challenged with MH had increased (P < 0.05) neutrophil concentration from days 1 to 3, leukocyte concentration on days 1 and 2 and haptoglobin concentration on days 1 to 5 post-MH challenge compared with PBS-treated steers. Steers supplemented with LY exhibited increased (P < 0.02) cortisol throughout the study compared with the CON treatment. Following inoculation, MH-challenged steers exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) DMI, eating rate, frequency, and duration of bunk visit (BV) events compared with PBS-treated steers. Results from this study demonstrate that the experimental challenge model effectively stimulated acute-immune responses and behavioral changes that are synonymous with naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD). However, supplementation with LY minimally altered the impact of the MH challenge on physiological and behavioral responses in this study. Continuously measured RUT was more sensitive at detecting febrile responses to MH challenge than rectal temperature. These results serve to guide future research on behavioral and physiological alterations exhibited during a BRD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ira Loyd Parsons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
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JABRI JIHENE, ABID KHALIL, YAICH HELA, MALEK ATEF, REKHIS JAMEL, KAMOUN MOHAMED. Effect of combining exogenous fibrolytics enzymes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Eucalyptus essential oil on the in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of wheat straw. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytics enzymes (EFE) to create a synergy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) or essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) (EO) to promote the in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of wheat straw (WS). The EFE was a mixture (1:1, v/v) of β-1, 3-1, 4-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase produced by the Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The WS was supplemented with EFE (EFE1=1, EFE2=2 μl/g DM), SC (SC1=0.5, SC2=1 mg/g DM), EO (EO1=30, EO2=60 μl/g DM) and the combinations EFE1+EO1, EFE1+EO2, EFE2+EO1, EFE2+EO2 and EFE1+SC1, EFE1+SC2, EFE2+SC1, EFE2+SC2. Compared to the control, both EFE and SC alone or in combination, improved the rate and the extent of WS fermentation. The potential GP improved only with EFE2, SC1, and EFE2+SC2 by 31.7, 24.9, 37.4% and the rate Rmax by 36, 59.2 and 55.2%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility and the energetic use of WS improved with the highest doses EFE2 and EFE2+SC2. While the EO alone or combined with the EFE had a depressive effect on all fermentation and digestibility parameters. The EFE seems to be more beneficial for the fermentation and digestibility of WS than when it was combined with SC or EO. Therefore, there is no synergetic effect between EFE and SC or EO with the used doses on fibrous by-product like wheat straw.
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Shen Y, Wang H, Ran T, Yoon I, Saleem AM, Yang W. Influence of yeast culture and feed antibiotics on ruminal fermentation and site and extent of digestion in beef heifers fed high grain rations1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3916-3927. [PMID: 30060086 PMCID: PMC6127774 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate the effects of site of delivering Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics, and the site and extent of feed digestion in the digestive tract of beef heifers fed high-grain diets. Examining the ruminal and postruminal effects of SCFP is important for understanding the potential use of SCFP as an alternative for current industry-standard antibiotics used in beef cattle rations. Five beef heifers (initial BW = 561 ± 11.7 kg) equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with 28-d periods, including 21 d for adaption and 7 d for data collection. Five treatments were as follows: 1) control diet that contained 10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate mix (DM basis); 2) control diet supplemented with antibiotics (ANT; 330-mg monensin/d and 110-mg tylosin/d per head); 3) ruminal (top dress) delivery of SCFP (rSCFP; NaturSafe, Diamond V, 18-g SCFP/d); 4) duodenal delivery of SCFP (dSCFP; 18-g SCFP/d, via duodenal cannula); and 5) a combination of rSCFP and dSCFP (rdSCFP; 18-g rSCFP and 18-g dSCFP). Intake of DM tended (P < 0.10) to be greater by heifers fed rdSCFP than those fed control, ANT and rSCFP diets. Minimum ruminal pH was greater (P < 0.05) with rSCFP than control and rdSCFP treatments. The duration of ruminal pH < 5.6 tended (P < 0.10) to be less with rSCFP than control and ANT. Heifers fed the rSCFP diet had greater (P < 0.03) protozoa counts and proportion of acetate than the other treatments. Nutrient flows to the duodenum did not differ (P > 0.19), whereas the amount of truly fermented OM was greater (P < 0.03) with rdSCFP than the other treatments. Ruminal OM digestibility was highest with rSCFP and rdSCFP, intermediate with dSCFP and ANT, and lowest with control (P < 0.03). Intestinal digestibility was similar among treatments. As a result, total tract digestibility of OM (P < 0.07) and NDF (P < 0.01) was greater with rSCFP and rdSCFP than control and ANT. Fecal IgA concentration was highest with ANT, intermediate with dSCFP and rdSCFP, and lowest with control and rSCFP (P < 0.03). These results demonstrate that feeding SCFP improved stability of ruminal pH and digestibility of OM and NDF. Delivery of SCFP to the duodenum appeared to have little effect on nutrient digestibility but improved intestinal immune response. Feeding SCFP performed better or at least equal to antibiotics currently used in beef cattle rations and could be a natural alternative for beef cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Shen
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Hongrong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Ran
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Atef Mohamed Saleem
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Jiao P, He Z, Ding S, Walker N, Cong Y, Liu F, Beauchemin K, Yang W. Impact of strain and dose of live yeast and yeast derivatives on in vitro ruminal fermentation of a high-grain diet at two pH levels. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of live yeast (LY) or yeast derivatives (YD) on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in batch culture. The study was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement: 2 media pH × 5 yeasts × 4 dosages. An additional treatment of monensin (Mon) was added as a positive control for each pH level. Media pH was low (5.8) and high (6.5); the yeasts were three LY (LY1-3) and two YD (YD4-5); and doses were 0, 4 × 106, 8 × 106, and 1.6 × 107 cfu mL−1 for LY and 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg bottle−1 for YD. Substrate consisted of 10% silage and 90% concentrate (DM basis) and samples were incubated for 24 h. Media pH of 6.5 vs. 5.8, increased (P < 0.01) GP, DMD, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations but decreased (P < 0.01) NH3-N concentration and copy numbers of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Selenomonas ruminantium. Increasing dose of LY2 linearly (P < 0.05) increased DMD. Total VFA concentration was greater with LY2 (P < 0.01) than LY3 and YD5 at pH 6.5. Overall, adding yeast products improved (P < 0.05) DMD at pH 5.8, and increased VFA concentration compared with Mon. These results indicate that in vitro GP and DMD of a high-grain diet varied with source and dose of yeast supplementation. Some yeast products have the potential to improve fermentation of feedlot diets when supplemented at appropriate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.X. Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, People’s Republic of China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z.X. He
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - S. Ding
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - N.D. Walker
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - Y.Y. Cong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, People’s Republic of China
| | - F.Z. Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - K.A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - W.Z. Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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15
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Impact of strain and dose of lactic acid bacteria on in vitro ruminal fermentation with varying media pH levels and feed substrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Wang Z, He Z, Beauchemin KA, Tang S, Zhou C, Han X, Wang M, Kang J, Odongo NE, Tan Z. Comparison of two liveBacillusspecies as feed additives for improvingin vitrofermentation of cereal straws. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:27-36. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Karen A. Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
| | - Xuefeng Han
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
| | - Jinhe Kang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
| | - Nicholas E. Odongo
- Animal Production and Health Section; Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture; International Atomic Energy Agency; Vienna Austria
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences; South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha China
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17
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Sánchez-Mendoza B, Montelongo-Terriquez A, Plascencia A, Torrentera N, Ware R, Zinn R. Influence of feeding chromium-enriched enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics in feedlot cattle under conditions of high ambient temperature. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Lean IJ, Golder HM, Hall MB. Feeding, evaluating, and controlling rumen function. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:539-75. [PMID: 25249402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving optimal rumen function requires an understanding of feeds and systems of nutritional evaluation. Key influences on optimal function include achieving good dry matter intake. The function of feeds in the rumen depends on other factors including chemical composition, rate of passage, degradation rate of the feed, availability of other substrates and cofactors, and individual animal variation. This article discusses carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in the rumen, and provides practical means of evaluation of rations in the field. Conditions under which rumen function is suboptimal (ie, acidosis and bloat) are discussed, and methods for control examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Lean
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia; Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Loop Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - Helen M Golder
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia; Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Loop Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Mary Beth Hall
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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19
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Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:427-42. [PMID: 24363327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ruminants to convert plant biomass unsuitable for human consumption into meat and milk is of great societal and agricultural importance. However, the efficiency of this process is largely dependent on the digestibility of plant cell walls. Supplementing ruminant diets with exogenous enzymes has the potential to improve plant cell wall digestibility and thus the efficiency of feed utilization. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nature of its interactions with plant cell walls is the key to using exogenous enzymes to improve feed utilization in ruminants. The variability currently observed in production responses can be attributed to the array of enzyme formulations available, their variable activities, the level of supplementation, mode of delivery, and the diet to which they are applied as well as the productivity level of the host. Although progress on enzyme technologies for ruminants has been made, considerable research is still required if successful formulations are to be developed. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have provided novel insight into the structure and function of rumen microbial populations. Knowledge of the rumen microbial ecosystem and its associated carbohydrases could enhance the likelihood of achieving positive responses to enzyme supplementation. The ability to sequence microbial genomes represents a valuable source of information in terms of the physiology and function of both culturable and unculturable rumen microbial species. The advent of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and proteomic techniques will further enhance our understanding of the enzymatic machinery involved in cell wall degradation and provide a holistic view of the microbial community and the complexities of plant cell wall digestion. These technologies should provide new insight into the identification of exogenous enzymes that act synergistically with the rumen microbial populations that ultimately dictate the efficiency of feed digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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20
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McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Alazzeh AY, Baah J, Teather RM, Stanford K. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
McAllister, T. A., Beauchemin, K. A., Alazzeh, A. Y., Baah, J., Teather, R. M. and Stanford, K. 2011. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 193–211. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been employed in ruminant production for over 30 yr. Originally, DFM were used primarily in young ruminants to accelerate establishment of the intestinal microflora involved in feed digestion and to promote gut health. Further advancements led to more sophisticated mixtures of DFM that are targeted at improving fiber digestion and preventing ruminal acidosis in mature cattle. Through these outcomes on fiber digestion/rumen health, second-generation DFM have also resulted in improvements in milk yield, growth and feed efficiency of cattle, but results have been inconsistent. More recently, there has been an emphasis on the development of DFM that exhibit activity in cattle against potentially zoonotic pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Regulatory requirements have limited the microbial species within DFM products to organisms that are generally recognized as safe, such as lactic acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp.), fungi (e.g., Aspergillus oryzae), or yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Direct-fed microbials of rumen origin, involving lactate-utilizing species (e.g., Megasphaera elsdenii, Selenomonas ruminantium, Propionibacterium spp.) and plant cell wall-degrading isolates of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have also been explored, but have not been commercially used. Development of DFM that are efficacious over a wide range of ruminant production systems remains challenging because[0] comprehensive knowledge of microbial ecology is lacking. Few studies have employed molecular techniques to study in detail the interaction of DFM with native microbial communities or the ruminant host. Advancements in the metagenomics of microbial communities and the genomics of microbial–host interactions may enable DFM to be formulated to improve production and promote health, responses that are presently often achieved through the use of antimicrobials in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - A. Y. Alazzeh
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - J. Baah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - R. M. Teather
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4V6 (e-mail: )
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21
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Hristov AN, Varga G, Cassidy T, Long M, Heyler K, Karnati SKR, Corl B, Hovde CJ, Yoon I. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:682-92. [PMID: 20105539 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this experiment was to investigate the effect of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and ammonia and methane emission from manure in dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were allocated to 2 dietary treatments in a crossover design. Treatments were control (no yeast culture) and XP (yeast culture, fed at 56 g/head per day; XP, Diamond V Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA). Dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and body weight were similar between treatments. Milk urea nitrogen concentration was also not affected by treatment. Rumen pH was similar between the control and XP treatments, but rumen ammonia concentration tended to be lower with XP than with the control. Treatment had no effect on concentrations of total or individual volatile fatty acids, protozoal counts, polysaccharide-degrading activities (except amylase activity that tended to be increased by XP), or methane production in the rumen. Urinary N losses did not differ significantly between treatments, but allantoin and total purine derivative excretions and the estimated microbial N outflow from the rumen tended to be increased by XP compared with the control treatment. Total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients was not affected by XP. Milk fatty acid composition was also not altered by XP supplementation. Cumulative (253 h) ammonia and methane emissions from manure, measured in a steady-state gas emission system, were slightly decreased by XP. Overall, the yeast culture tested had little effect on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, or N losses, but tended to reduce rumen ammonia concentration and increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, and decreased ammonia and methane emissions from manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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22
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Lehloenya K, Krehbiel C, Mertz K, Rehberger T, Spicer L. Effects of Propionibacteria and Yeast Culture Fed to Steers on Nutrient Intake and Site and Extent of Digestion. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:653-62. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Duff GC, Galyean ML. Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:823-40. [PMID: 17085724 PMCID: PMC7109667 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and associated losses in performance and carcass merit continue to plague the beef cattle industry. Several viral/bacterial agents are responsible for BRD, and interactions occur among the agents. Viral agents often predispose animals to bacterial infections, and Mannheimia haemolytica is the most frequently isolated organism in cattle with BRD. Laboratory tests are available to characterize organisms causing BRD using easily obtained nasal swab samples. Testing for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus can be done by a 2-stage technique using PCR and immunohistochemistry. Preconditioning programs that include preweaning viral vaccination programs along with castration could have a significant influence on decreasing BRD in the cattle feeding industry. Metaphylactic antibiotic programs continue to be effective; however, antibiotic resistance is a public concern, and additional management options (e.g., direct-fed microbials or other compounds with antimicrobial properties) deserve attention. Diets with an increased energy concentration achieved by decreasing the dietary roughage concentration may slightly increase the rate of BRD morbidity; however, these diets also increase ADG, DMI, and G:F compared with lower-energy, greater-roughage diets. The extent to which performance and BRD morbidity are affected by dietary protein concentration needs further study, but low and high protein concentrations should probably be avoided. Several trace minerals (e.g., Cu, Se, and Zn) affect immune function, but the effects of supplementation on performance and immune function in model challenge systems and in field studies are equivocal. Adding vitamin E to receiving diets at pharmacological levels (e.g., >1,000 IU x animal(-1) x day(-1)) seems beneficial for decreasing BRD morbidity, but it has little effect on performance. Given the limited ability to consistently modify immune function and BRD morbidity through dietary manipulations, we recommend that the diets for newly received cattle be formulated to adjust nutrient concentrations for low feed intake and to provide optimal performance during the receiving period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Duff
- Department of Animal Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
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