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Rasmussen M, Jin JP. Mechanoregulation and function of calponin and transgelin. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:011302. [PMID: 38515654 PMCID: PMC10954348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that chemical energy can be converted to mechanical force in biological systems by motor proteins such as myosin ATPase. It is also broadly observed that constant/static mechanical signals potently induce cellular responses. However, the mechanisms that cells sense and convert the mechanical force into biochemical signals are not well understood. Calponin and transgelin are a family of homologous proteins that participate in the regulation of actin-activated myosin motor activity. An isoform of calponin, calponin 2, has been shown to regulate cytoskeleton-based cell motility functions under mechanical signaling. The expression of the calponin 2 gene and the turnover of calponin 2 protein are both under mechanoregulation. The regulation and function of calponin 2 has physiological and pathological significance, as shown in platelet adhesion, inflammatory arthritis, arterial atherosclerosis, calcific aortic valve disease, post-surgical fibrotic peritoneal adhesion, chronic proteinuria, ovarian insufficiency, and tumor metastasis. The levels of calponin 2 vary in different cell types, reflecting adaptations to specific tissue environments and functional states. The present review focuses on the mechanoregulation of calponin and transgelin family proteins to explore how cells sense steady tension and convert the force signal to biochemical activities. Our objective is to present a current knowledge basis for further investigations to establish the function and mechanisms of calponin and transgelin in cellular mechanoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rasmussen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | - J.-P. Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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2
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Yada RC, Desa DE, Gillette AA, Bartels E, Harari PM, Skala MC, Beebe DJ, Kerr SC. Microphysiological head and neck cancer model identifies novel role of lymphatically secreted monocyte migration inhibitory factor in cancer cell migration and metabolism. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122136. [PMID: 37178589 PMCID: PMC10205684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Regional metastasis of head and neck cancer (HNC) is prevalent (approximately 50% of patients at diagnosis), yet the underlying drivers and mechanisms of lymphatic spread remain unclear. The complex tumor microenvironment (TME) of HNC plays a crucial role in disease maintenance and progression; however, the contribution of the lymphatics remains underexplored. We created a primary patient cell derived microphysiological system that incorporates cancer-associated-fibroblasts from patients with HNC alongside a HNC tumor spheroid and a lymphatic microvessel to create an in vitro TME platform to investigate metastasis. Screening of soluble factor signaling identified novel secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by lymphatic endothelial cells conditioned in the TME. Importantly, we also observed patient-to-patient heterogeneity in cancer cell migration similar to the heterogeneity observed in clinical disease. Optical metabolic imaging at the single cell level identified a distinct metabolic profile of migratory versus non-migratory HNC cells in a microenvironment dependent manner. Additionally, we report a unique role of MIF in increasing HNC reliance on glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. This multicellular, microfluidic platform expands the tools available to explore HNC biology in vitro through multiple orthogonal outputs and establishes a system with enough resolution to visualize and quantify patient-to-patient heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chandra Yada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Danielle E Desa
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amani A Gillette
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emmett Bartels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Paltsev MA, Markelova AY, Mironova ES, Novak-Bobarykina UA, Zubareva TS, Khop DN, Kvetnoy IM. [Caldesmon and tumor growth: prospects for optimizing diagnosis and targeted therapy]. Arkh Patol 2023; 85:53-59. [PMID: 37053355 DOI: 10.17116/patol20238502153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor invasion plays a key role in the progression of tumors. This process is regulated by the interactions of cells and tissues, in which physical, cellular and molecular determinants undergo changes throughout the entire period of progression of tumor growth. Tumor invasion is triggered and maintained by specialized signal cascades that control the dynamic state of the cytoskeleton in tumor cells, the processes of rearrangement of cell-matrix and intercellular connections, followed by cell migration to neighboring tissues. Studying the mechanisms of regulation of cell motor activity and determining its main regulators is an important task for understanding the pathophysiology of tumor growth. Caldesmon is an actin, myosin and calmodulin binding protein. It is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting actin and myosin binding, in the formation of actin stress fibers, and in the transport of intracellular granules. Currently, caldesmon is considered as a potential biomarker of tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. The study of signaling molecules involved in tumor progression, such as caldesmon, is necessary to predict response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review highlights the main functions of caldesmon and analyzes its role in oncological pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Paltsev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Markelova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Mironova
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - T S Zubareva
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D N Khop
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - I M Kvetnoy
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Kokate SB, Ciuba K, Tran VD, Kumari R, Tojkander S, Engel U, Kogan K, Kumar S, Lappalainen P. Caldesmon controls stress fiber force-balance through dynamic cross-linking of myosin II and actin-tropomyosin filaments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6032. [PMID: 36229430 PMCID: PMC9561149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin bundles are key force-producing and mechanosensing elements in muscle and non-muscle tissues. Whereas the organization of muscle myofibrils and mechanism regulating their contractility are relatively well-established, the principles by which myosin-II activity and force-balance are regulated in non-muscle cells have remained elusive. We show that Caldesmon, an important component of smooth muscle and non-muscle cell actomyosin bundles, is an elongated protein that functions as a dynamic cross-linker between myosin-II and tropomyosin-actin filaments. Depletion of Caldesmon results in aberrant lateral movement of myosin-II filaments along actin bundles, leading to irregular myosin distribution within stress fibers. This manifests as defects in stress fiber network organization and contractility, and accompanied problems in cell morphogenesis, migration, invasion, and mechanosensing. These results identify Caldesmon as critical factor that ensures regular myosin-II spacing within non-muscle cell actomyosin bundles, and reveal how stress fiber networks are controlled through dynamic cross-linking of tropomyosin-actin and myosin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant B Kokate
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Ciuba
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Vivien D Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Reena Kumari
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kauppi Campus, Arvo Building, E318, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center at Heidelberg University and Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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AHSA1 Promotes Proliferation and EMT by Regulating ERK/CALD1 Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194600. [PMID: 36230524 PMCID: PMC9562867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Activator of HSP90 ATPase activity 1(AHSA1) was reported to be involved in regulating the maturation, stability, and degradation of related cancer-promoting proteins. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanism of AHSA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma were unclearly. In this study, we found AHSA1 was upregulated and associated with poor clinical characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Moreover, AHSA1 promoted proliferation, metastasis, epithelium-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo by recruiting ERK1/2 and promoting the phosphorylation and inactivation of CALD1. Taken together, our findings provided a mechanistic insight into the role of AHSA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and implied AHSA1 may be a biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. AHSA1 as a chaperone of HSP90 promotes the maturation, stability, and degradation of related cancer-promoting proteins. However, the regulatory mechanism and biological function of AHSA1 in HCC are largely unknown. Actually, we found that AHSA1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines and was notably correlated with the poor clinical characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients in this study. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo, gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that AHSA1 promoted the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC. Moreover, the mechanistic study indicated that AHSA1 recruited ERK1/2 and promoted the phosphorylation and inactivation of CALD1, while ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor SCH772984 reversed the role of AHSA1 in the proliferation and EMT of HCC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the knockdown of CALD1 reversed the inhibition of proliferation and EMT by knocking AHSA1 in HCC. We also illustrated a new molecular mechanism associated with AHSA1 in HCC that was independent of HSP90 and MEK1/2. In summary, AHSA1 may play an oncogenic role in HCC by regulating ERK/CALD1 axis and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
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Proteomic analysis identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104944118. [PMID: 34135125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104944118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling is a conserved pathway that regulates morphogenetic processes during vertebrate development [R. T. Moon et al, Development 119, 97-111 (1993); I. Oishi et al, Genes Cells 8, 645-654 (2003)], but its downstream signaling events remain poorly understood. Through a large-scale proteomic screen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Upon pathway activation, Pdzrn3 is degraded in a β-catenin-independent, ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent manner. We developed a flow cytometry-based reporter to monitor Pdzrn3 abundance and delineated a signaling cascade involving Frizzled, Dishevelled, Casein kinase 1, and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 that regulates Pdzrn3 stability. Epistatically, Pdzrn3 is regulated independently of Kif26b, another Wnt5a-Ror effector. Wnt5a-dependent degradation of Pdzrn3 requires phosphorylation of three conserved amino acids within its C-terminal LNX3H domain [M. Flynn, O. Saha, P. Young, BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 235 (2011)], which acts as a bona fide Wnt5a-responsive element. Importantly, this phospho-dependent degradation is essential for Wnt5a-Ror modulation of cell migration. Collectively, this work establishes a Wnt5a-Ror cell morphogenetic cascade involving Pdzrn3 phosphorylation and degradation.
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Pütz S, Barthel LS, Frohn M, Metzler D, Barham M, Pryymachuk G, Trunschke O, Lubomirov LT, Hescheler J, Chalovich JM, Neiss WF, Koch M, Schroeter MM, Pfitzer G. Caldesmon ablation in mice causes umbilical herniation and alters contractility of fetal urinary bladder smooth muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212279. [PMID: 34115104 PMCID: PMC8203487 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-, myosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein caldesmon (CaD) is expressed in two splice isoforms: h-CaD, which is an integral part of the actomyosin domain of smooth muscle cells, and l-CaD, which is widely expressed and is involved in many cellular functions. Despite extensive research for many years, CaD's in vivo function has remained elusive. To explore the role of CaD in smooth muscle contraction in vivo, we generated a mutant allele that ablates both isoforms. Heterozygous animals were viable and had a normal life span, but homozygous mutants died perinatally, likely because of a persistent umbilical hernia. The herniation was associated with hypoplastic and dysmorphic abdominal wall muscles. We assessed mechanical parameters in isometrically mounted longitudinal strips of E18.5 urinary bladders and in ring preparations from abdominal aorta using wire myography. Ca2+ sensitivity was higher and relaxation rate was slower in Cald1−/− compared with Cald1+/+ skinned bladder strips. However, we observed no change in the content and phosphorylation of regulatory proteins of the contractile apparatus and myosin isoforms known to affect these contractile parameters. Intact fibers showed no difference in actin and myosin content, regardless of genotype, although KCl-induced force tended to be lower in homozygous and higher in heterozygous mutants than in WTs. Conversely, in skinned fibers, myosin content and maximal force were significantly lower in Cald1−/− than in WTs. In KO abdominal aortas, resting and U46619 elicited force were lower than in WTs. Our results are consistent with the notion that CaD impacts smooth muscle function dually by (1) acting as a molecular brake on contraction and (2) maintaining the structural integrity of the contractile machinery. Most importantly, CaD is essential for resolution of the physiological umbilical hernia and ventral body wall closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pütz
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Sophie Barthel
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Frohn
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Metzler
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Barham
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Galyna Pryymachuk
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Trunschke
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lubomir T Lubomirov
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph M Chalovich
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Wolfram F Neiss
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mechthild M Schroeter
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yao YB, Xiao CF, Lu JG, Wang C. Caldesmon: Biochemical and Clinical Implications in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634759. [PMID: 33681215 PMCID: PMC7930484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldesmon, an actin-binding protein, can inhibit myosin binding to actin and regulate smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. However, caldesmon has recently attracted attention due to its importance in cancer. The upregulation of caldesmon in several solid cancer tissues has been reported. Caldesmon, as well as its two isoforms, is considered as a biomarker for cancer and a potent suppressor of cancer cell invasion by regulating podosome/invadopodium formation. Therefore, caldesmon may be a promising therapeutic target for diseases such as cancer. Here, we review new studies on the gene transcription, isoform structure, expression, and phosphorylation regulation of caldesmon and discuss its clinical implications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Yao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Fang Xiao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Gen Lu
- Longhua Hospital, Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Villalobo A, Berchtold MW. The Role of Calmodulin in Tumor Cell Migration, Invasiveness, and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030765. [PMID: 31991573 PMCID: PMC7037201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is the principal Ca2+ sensor protein in all eukaryotic cells, that upon binding to target proteins transduces signals encoded by global or subcellular-specific changes of Ca2+ concentration within the cell. The Ca2+/CaM complex as well as Ca2+-free CaM modulate the activity of a vast number of enzymes, channels, signaling, adaptor and structural proteins, and hence the functionality of implicated signaling pathways, which control multiple cellular functions. A basic and important cellular function controlled by CaM in various ways is cell motility. Here we discuss the role of CaM-dependent systems involved in cell migration, tumor cell invasiveness, and metastasis development. Emphasis is given to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events catalyzed by myosin light-chain kinase, CaM-dependent kinase-II, as well as other CaM-dependent kinases, and the CaM-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. In addition, the role of the CaM-regulated small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 (cell division cycle protein 42) as well as CaM-binding adaptor/scaffold proteins such as Grb7 (growth factor receptor bound protein 7), IQGAP (IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein) and AKAP12 (A kinase anchoring protein 12) will be reviewed. CaM-regulated mechanisms in cancer cells responsible for their greater migratory capacity compared to non-malignant cells, invasion of adjacent normal tissues and their systemic dissemination will be discussed, including closely linked processes such as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the activation of metalloproteases. This review covers as well the role of CaM in establishing metastatic foci in distant organs. Finally, the use of CaM antagonists and other blocking techniques to downregulate CaM-dependent systems aimed at preventing cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis development will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Area—Oto-Neurosurgery Research Group, University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, E-28046 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Martin W. Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.W.B.)
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Nalluri SM, O'Connor JW, Virgi GA, Stewart SE, Ye D, Gomez EW. TGFβ1-induced expression of caldesmon mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:201-212. [PMID: 29466836 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process that mediates organ development and wound healing, and in pathological contexts, it can contribute to the progression of fibrosis and cancer. During EMT, cells exhibit marked changes in cytoskeletal organization and increased expression of a variety of actin associated proteins. Here, we sought to determine the role of caldesmon in mediating EMT in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. We find that the expression level and phosphorylation state of caldesmon increase as a function of time following induction of EMT by TGFβ1 and these changes in caldesmon correlate with increased focal adhesion number and size and increased cell contractility. Knockdown and forced expression of caldesmon in epithelial cells reveals that caldesmon expression plays an important role in regulating the expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin. Results from these studies provide insight into the role of cytoskeletal associated proteins in the regulation of EMT and may suggest ways to target the cell cytoskeleton for regulating EMT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep M Nalluri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Joseph W O'Connor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Gage A Virgi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samantha E Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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11
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The contribution of 7q33 copy number variations for intellectual disability. Neurogenetics 2017; 19:27-40. [PMID: 29260337 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) at the 7q33 cytoband are very rarely described in the literature, and almost all of the cases comprise large deletions affecting more than just the q33 segment. We report seven patients (two families with two siblings and their affected mother and one unrelated patient) with neurodevelopmental delay associated with CNVs in 7q33 alone. All the patients presented mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID), dysmorphic features, and a behavioral phenotype characterized by aggressiveness and disinhibition. One family presents a small duplication in cis affecting CALD1 and AGBL3 genes, while the other four patients carry two larger deletions encompassing EXOC4, CALD1, AGBL3, and CNOT4. This work helps to refine the phenotype and narrow the minimal critical region involved in 7q33 CNVs. Comparison with similar cases and functional studies should help us clarify the relevance of the deleted genes for ID and behavioral alterations.
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12
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Zhang LY, Ge XL, Li Z, Tang YJ, Xiong YY, Li XJ, Liu JF, Wanggou SY, Li CT, Yang K, Chen X, Hu ZL, Liu YS, Liu ZX. Fibroblasts play a potential role in bone destruction via osteopontin related caldesmon expression and polymerization in human non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17523. [PMID: 29235490 PMCID: PMC5727473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most frequent pituitary tumors. The elucidation of the mechanisms of aggressive NFPAs in bone destruction is required in order to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of NFPAs. In the present study, we investigated the differential proteomics of fibroblasts isolated from clinical specimens of NFPAs with or without bone destruction. Proteomic analysis revealed a group of molecules associated with cytoskeleton organization, including caldesmon, were differentially expressed between fibroblasts isolated from bone destruction NFPAs (BD-NFPAs) and fibroblasts isolated from non-bone destruction NFPAs (NBD-NFPAs). The secreted proteins analysis found that osteopontin was significantly upregulated in BD-NFPAs fibroblasts. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the NFPAs clinical samples showed that the expression of caldesmon in stromal cells and the expression of osteopontin in both tumor cells and stroma were significantly increased in BD-NFPAs. Taken together, our results indicate a possible way that osteopontin secreted from both NFPA cells and surrounding fibroblasts modify caldesmon expression and polymerization in fibroblasts, which may contribute to bone destruction in NFPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; 975NE, 10th ST, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
| | - Xiao-Lu Ge
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Advanced Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of Advanced Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yi Wanggou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P.R. China.
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13
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Zappulo A, van den Bruck D, Ciolli Mattioli C, Franke V, Imami K, McShane E, Moreno-Estelles M, Calviello L, Filipchyk A, Peguero-Sanchez E, Müller T, Woehler A, Birchmeier C, Merino E, Rajewsky N, Ohler U, Mazzoni EO, Selbach M, Akalin A, Chekulaeva M. RNA localization is a key determinant of neurite-enriched proteome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:583. [PMID: 28928394 PMCID: PMC5605627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein subcellular localization is fundamental to the establishment of the body axis, cell migration, synaptic plasticity, and a vast range of other biological processes. Protein localization occurs through three mechanisms: protein transport, mRNA localization, and local translation. However, the relative contribution of each process to neuronal polarity remains unknown. Using neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells, we analyze protein and RNA expression and translation rates in isolated cell bodies and neurites genome-wide. We quantify 7323 proteins and the entire transcriptome, and identify hundreds of neurite-localized proteins and locally translated mRNAs. Our results demonstrate that mRNA localization is the primary mechanism for protein localization in neurites that may account for half of the neurite-localized proteome. Moreover, we identify multiple neurite-targeted non-coding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins with potential regulatory roles. These results provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the establishment of neuronal polarity. Subcellular localization of RNAs and proteins is important for polarized cells such as neurons. Here the authors differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells into neurons, and analyze the local transcriptome, proteome, and translated transcriptome in their cell bodies and neurites, providing a unique resource for future studies on neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zappulo
- Non-coding RNAs and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Gene Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - David van den Bruck
- Non-coding RNAs and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Gene Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Camilla Ciolli Mattioli
- Non-coding RNAs and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Gene Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Franke
- BIMSB Bioinformatics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koshi Imami
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik McShane
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lorenzo Calviello
- Computational Regulatory Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei Filipchyk
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esteban Peguero-Sanchez
- Non-coding RNAs and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Gene Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62210, Mexico
| | - Thomas Müller
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Woehler
- BIMSB Light Microscopy Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrique Merino
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62210, Mexico
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Ohler
- Computational Regulatory Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esteban O Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003-6688, USA
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Altuna Akalin
- BIMSB Bioinformatics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Chekulaeva
- Non-coding RNAs and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Gene Regulation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Prayitnaningsih S, Sujuti H, Effendi M, Abdullah A, Anandita NW, Yohana F, Permatasari N, Widodo MA. Neuropathy optic glaucomatosa induced by systemic hypertension through activation endothelin-1 signaling pathway in central retinal artery in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1568-1577. [PMID: 27990358 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis, intraocular pressure (IOP), and the activation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling pathway in central retinal artery (CRA) in rats. METHODS The experimental study was performed on 20 male Sprague Dawley rats that were divided into control group, and hypertension groups. The hypertension was induced by subcutaneous deoxycorticoacetate (DOCA) 10 mg/kg twice a week and administered 0.9% NaCl solution daily for 2, 6, and 10wk. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using animal BP analyzer. IOP was measured by handheld tonometry. Retinal tissue preparations by paraffin blocks were made after enucleation. The expression of ET-1, eNOS, ET-1 receptor A (ETRA), ET-1 receptor B (ETRB), and phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and caldesmon (CaD) in CRA and RGC apoptosis were evaluated through immunofluorescent staining method then observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS BP significantly increased in all of the hypertension groups compared to control (P=0.001). Peak IOP elevation (7.78±4.14 mm Hg) and RGC apoptosis (576.15±33.28 Au) occurred on 2wk of hypertension. ET-1 expression (1238.6±55.1 Au) and eNOS expression (2814.2±70.7 Au) were found highest in 2wk of hypertension, although the ratio of ET-1/eNOS decreased since 2wk. ETRA reached peak expression in 10wk of hypertension (1219.4±6.3 Au), while ETRB significantly increased only in 2 weeks group (1069.2±9.6 Au). The highest MLCK expression (1190.09±58.32 Au), CaD (1670.28±18.36 Au) were also found in 2wk of hypertension. CONCLUSION Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidayat Sujuti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Maksum Effendi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aulia Abdullah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Nanda Wahyu Anandita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Febriani Yohana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Nur Permatasari
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Aris Widodo
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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15
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Dierks S, von Hardenberg S, Schmidt T, Bremmer F, Burfeind P, Kaulfuß S. Leupaxin stimulates adhesion and migration of prostate cancer cells through modulation of the phosphorylation status of the actin-binding protein caldesmon. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13591-606. [PMID: 26079947 PMCID: PMC4537036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein leupaxin (LPXN) is overexpressed in a subset of prostate cancers (PCa) and is involved in the progression of PCa. In the present study, we analyzed the LPXN-mediated adhesive and cytoskeletal changes during PCa progression. We identified an interaction between the actin-binding protein caldesmon (CaD) and LPXN and this interaction is increased during PCa cell migration. Furthermore, knockdown of LPXN did not affect CaD expression but reduced CaD phosphorylation. This is known to destabilize the affinity of CaD to F-actin, leading to dynamic cell structures that enable cell motility. Thus, downregulation of CaD increased migration and invasion of PCa cells. To identify the kinase responsible for the LPXN-mediated phosphorylation of CaD, we used data from an antibody array, which showed decreased expression of TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) after LPXN knockdown in PC-3 PCa cells. Subsequent analyses of the downstream kinases revealed the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as an interaction partner of LPXN that facilitates CaD phosphorylation during LPXN-mediated PCa cell migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LPXN directly influences cytoskeletal dynamics via interaction with the actin-binding protein CaD and regulates CaD phosphorylation by recruiting ERK to highly dynamic structures within PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dierks
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra von Hardenberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Burfeind
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
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16
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van der Kooij MA, Masana M, Rust MB, Müller MB. The stressed cytoskeleton: How actin dynamics can shape stress-related consequences on synaptic plasticity and complex behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 62:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Comparative Microarray Analysis of Proliferating and Differentiating Murine ENS Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9695827. [PMID: 26697082 PMCID: PMC4677255 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9695827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal neural progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system are a potential source for future cell replacement therapies of developmental dysplasia like Hirschsprung's disease. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving the homeostasis and differentiation of this cell pool. In this work, we conducted Affymetrix GeneChip experiments to identify differences in gene regulation between proliferation and early differentiation of enteric neural progenitors from neonatal mice. We detected a total of 1333 regulated genes that were linked to different groups of cellular mechanisms involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, neural proliferation, and differentiation. As expected, we found an augmented inhibition in the gene expression of cell cycle progression as well as an enhanced mRNA expression of neuronal and glial differentiation markers. We further found a marked inactivation of the canonical Wnt pathway after the induction of cellular differentiation. Taken together, these data demonstrate the various molecular mechanisms taking place during the proliferation and early differentiation of enteric neural progenitor cells.
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18
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Zaidel-Bar R, Zhenhuan G, Luxenburg C. The contractome – a systems view of actomyosin contractility in non-muscle cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2209-17. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Actomyosin contractility is a highly regulated process that affects many fundamental biological processes in each and every cell in our body. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we mined the literature and databases to map the contractome of non-muscle cells. Actomyosin contractility is involved in at least 49 distinct cellular functions that range from providing cell architecture to signal transduction and nuclear activity. Containing over 100 scaffolding and regulatory proteins, the contractome forms a highly complex network with more than 230 direct interactions between its components, 86 of them involving phosphorylation. Mapping these interactions, we identify the key regulatory pathways involved in the assembly of actomyosin structures and in activating myosin to produce contractile forces within non-muscle cells at the exact time and place necessary for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab building #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Guo Zhenhuan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab building #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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19
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García-Ponce A, Citalán-Madrid AF, Velázquez-Avila M, Vargas-Robles H, Schnoor M. The role of actin-binding proteins in the control of endothelial barrier integrity. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:20-36. [PMID: 25183310 DOI: 10.1160/th14-04-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial barrier of the vasculature is of utmost importance for separating the blood stream from underlying tissues. This barrier is formed by tight and adherens junctions (TJ and AJ) that form intercellular endothelial contacts. TJ and AJ are integral membrane structures that are connected to the actin cytoskeleton via various adaptor molecules. Consequently, the actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in regulating the stability of endothelial cell contacts and vascular permeability. While a circumferential cortical actin ring stabilises junctions, the formation of contractile stress fibres, e. g. under inflammatory conditions, can contribute to junction destabilisation. However, the role of actin-binding proteins (ABP) in the control of vascular permeability has long been underestimated. Naturally, ABP regulate permeability via regulation of actin remodelling but some actin-binding molecules can also act independently of actin and control vascular permeability via various signalling mechanisms such as activation of small GTPases. Several studies have recently been published highlighting the importance of actin-binding molecules such as cortactin, ezrin/radixin/moesin, Arp2/3, VASP or WASP for the control of vascular permeability by various mechanisms. These proteins have been described to regulate vascular permeability under various pathophysiological conditions and are thus of clinical relevance as targets for the development of treatment strategies for disorders that are characterised by vascular hyperpermeability such as sepsis. This review highlights recent advances in determining the role of ABP in the control of endothelial cell contacts and vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Schnoor
- Dr. Michael Schnoor, CINVESTAV del IPN, Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico, Tel.: +52 55 5747 3321, Fax: +52 55 5747 3938, E-mail:
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20
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O’Connor JW, Gomez EW. Cell adhesion and shape regulate TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-myofibroblast transition via MRTF-A signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83188. [PMID: 24340092 PMCID: PMC3858353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts, specialized cells that play important roles in wound healing and fibrosis, can develop from epithelial cells through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, epithelial cells detach from neighboring cells and acquire an elongated, mesenchymal-like morphology. These phenotypic changes are accompanied by changes in gene expression patterns including upregulation of a variety of cytoskeletal associated proteins which contribute to the ability of myofibroblasts to exert large contractile forces. Here, the relationship between cell shape and cytoskeletal tension and the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT is determined. We find that culturing cells in conditions which permit cell spreading and increased contractility promotes the increased expression of myofibroblast markers and cytoskeletal associated proteins. In contrast, blocking cell spreading prevents transdifferentiation to the myofibroblast phenotype. Furthermore, we find that cell shape regulates the expression of cytoskeletal proteins by controlling the subcellular localization of myocardin related transcription factor (MRTF)-A. Pharmacological inhibition of cytoskeletal tension or MRTF-A signaling blocks the acquisition of a myofibroblast phenotype in spread cells while overexpression of MRTF-A promotes the expression of cytoskeletal proteins for all cell shapes. These data suggest that cell shape is a critical determinant of myofibroblast development from epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. O’Connor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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An integrative framework identifies alternative splicing events in colorectal cancer development. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:129-41. [PMID: 24189147 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a common mechanism which creates diverse RNA isoforms from a single gene, potentially increasing protein variety. Growing evidence suggests that this mechanism is closely related to cancer progression. In this study, whole transcriptome analysis was performed with GeneChip Human exon 1.0 ST Array from 80 samples comprising 23 normal colon mucosa, 30 primary colorectal cancer and 27 liver metastatic specimens from 46 patients, to identify AS events in colorectal cancer progression. Differentially expressed genes and exons were estimated and AS events were reconstructed by combining exon-level analyses with AltAnalyze algorithms and transcript-level estimations (MMBGX probabilistic method). The number of AS genes in the transition from normal colon mucosa to primary tumor was the most abundant, but fell considerably in the next transition to liver metastasis. 206 genes with probable AS events in colon cancer development and progression were identified, that are involved in processes and pathways relevant to tumor biology, as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Several AS events in VCL, CALD1, B3GNT6 and CTHRC1 genes, differentially expressed during tumor development were validated, at RNA and at protein level. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cancer-specific AS is common in early phases of colorectal cancer natural history.
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22
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Zhang Y, Cardell LO, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. MAPK/NF-κB-dependent upregulation of kinin receptors mediates airway hyperreactivity: a new perspective for the treatment. Pharmacol Res 2013; 71:9-18. [PMID: 23428345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) is a major feature of asthmatic and inflammatory airways. Cigarette smoke exposure, and bacterial and viral infections are well-known environmental risk factors for AHR, but knowledge about the underlying molecular mechanisms on how these risk factors lead to the development of AHR is limited. Activation of intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and their related signal pathways including protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways may result in airway kinin receptor upregulation, which is suggested to play an important role in the development of AHR. Environmental risk factors trigger the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (ILs) that activate intracellular MAPK- and NF-κB-dependent inflammatory pathways, which subsequently lead to AHR via kinin receptor upregulation. Blockage of intracellular MAPK/NF-κB signaling prevents kinin B₁ and B₂ receptor expression in the airways, resulting in a decrease in the response to bradykinin (kinin B₂ receptor agonist) and des-Arg⁹-bradykinin (kinin B₁ receptor agonist). This suggests that MAPK- and NF-κB-dependent kinin receptor upregulation can provide a novel option for treatment of AHR in asthmatic as well as in other inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
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23
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Basha ME, Chang S, Burrows LJ, Lassmann J, Wein AJ, Moreland RS, Chacko S. Effect of estrogen on molecular and functional characteristics of the rodent vaginal muscularis. J Sex Med 2013; 10:1219-30. [PMID: 23438289 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaginal atrophy is a consequence of menopause; however, little is known concerning the effect of a decrease in systemic estrogen on vaginal smooth muscle structure and function. As the incidence of pelvic floor disorders increases with age, it is important to determine if estrogen regulates the molecular composition and contractility of the vaginal muscularis. AIM The goal of this study was to determine the effect of estrogen on molecular and functional characteristics of the vaginal muscularis utilizing a rodent model of surgical menopause. METHODS Three- to 4-month old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham laparotomy (Sham, N = 18) or ovariectomy (Ovx, N = 39). Two weeks following surgery, animals received a subcutaneous osmotic pump containing vehicle (Sham, Ovx) or 17β-estradiol (Ovx). Animals were euthanized 1 week later, and the proximal vagina was collected for analysis of contractile protein expression and in vitro studies of contractility. Measurements were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis (α = 0.05). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Protein and mRNA transcript expression levels of contractile proteins, in vitro measurements of vaginal contractility. RESULTS Ovariectomy decreased the expression of carboxyl-terminal myosin heavy chain isoform (SM1) and h-caldesmon and reduced the amplitude of contraction of the vaginal muscularis in response to KCl. Estradiol replacement reversed these changes. No differences were detected in the % vaginal muscularis, mRNA transcript expression of amino-terminal MHC isoforms, l-caldesmon expression, and maximal velocity of shortening. CONCLUSION Systemic estrogen replacement restores functional and molecular characteristics of the vaginal muscularis of ovariectomized rats. Our results indicate that menopause is associated with changes in the vaginal muscularis, which may contribute to the increased incidence of pelvic floor disorders with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E Basha
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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24
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Schwappacher R, Rangaswami H, Su-Yuo J, Hassad A, Spitler R, Casteel DE. cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion via interaction with the actin/myosin-associated protein caldesmon. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1626-36. [PMID: 23418348 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The two isoforms of type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGIα and PKGIβ) differ in their first ∼100 amino acids, giving each isoform unique dimerization and autoinhibitory domains. The dimerization domains form coiled-coil structures and serve as platforms for isoform-specific protein-protein interactions. Using the PKGIβ dimerization domain as an affinity probe in a proteomic screen, we identified the actin/myosin-associated protein caldesmon (CaD) as a PKGIβ-specific binding protein. PKGIβ phosphorylated human CaD on serine 12 in vitro and in intact cells. Phosphorylation on serine 12 or mutation of serine 12 to glutamic acid (S12E) reduced the interaction between CaD and myosin IIA. Because CaD inhibits myosin ATPase activity and regulates cell motility, we examined the effects of PKGIβ and CaD on cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway reduced migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells, whereas PKG activation enhanced their motility and invasion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous CaD had pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects in human breast cancer cells. Reconstituting cells with wild-type CaD slowed migration and invasion; however, CaD containing a phospho-mimetic S12E mutation failed to reverse the pro-migratory and pro-invasive activity of CaD depletion. Our data suggest that PKGIβ enhances breast cancer cell motility and invasive capacity, at least in part, by phosphorylating CaD. These findings identify a pro-migratory and pro-invasive function for PKGIβ in human breast cancer cells, suggesting that PKGIβ is a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Schwappacher
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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25
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Hou Q, Tan HT, Lim KH, Lim TK, Khoo A, Tan IBH, Yeoh KG, Chung MCM. Identification and functional validation of caldesmon as a potential gastric cancer metastasis-associated protein. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:980-90. [PMID: 23265641 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to identify biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis using a quantitative proteomics approach. The proteins extracted from a panel of 4 gastric cancer cell lines, two derived from primary cancer (AGS, FU97) and two from lymph node metastasis (AZ521, MKN7), were labeled with iTRAQ (8-plex) reagents and analyzed by 2D-LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. In total, 641 proteins were identified with at least a 95% confidence. Using cutoff values of >1.5 and <0.67, 19 proteins were found to be up-regulated and 34 were down-regulated in the metastatic versus primary gastric cancer cell lines respectively. Several of these dysregulated proteins, including caldesmon, were verified using Western blotting. It was found that caldesmon expression was decreased in the two metastasis-derived cell lines, and this was confirmed by further analysis of 7 gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of 9 pairs of primary gastric cancer and the matched lymph node metastasis tissue also corroborated this observation. Finally, knockdown of caldesmon using siRNA in AGS and FU97 gastric cancer cells resulted in an increase in cell migration and invasion, while the overexpression of caldesmon in AZ521 cells led to a decrease in cell migration and invasion. This study has thus established the potential role of caldesmon in gastric cancer metastasis, and further functional studies are underway to delineate the underlying mechanism of action of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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Fowler VM. The human erythrocyte plasma membrane: a Rosetta Stone for decoding membrane-cytoskeleton structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:39-88. [PMID: 24210427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian erythrocyte, or red blood cell (RBC), is a unique experiment of nature: a cell with no intracellular organelles, nucleus or transcellular cytoskeleton, and a plasma membrane with uniform structure across its entire surface. By virtue of these specialized properties, the RBC membrane has provided a template for discovery of the fundamental actin filament network machine of the membrane skeleton, now known to confer mechanical resilience, anchor membrane proteins, and organize membrane domains in all cells. This chapter provides a historical perspective and critical analysis of the biochemistry, structure, and physiological functions of this actin filament network in RBCs. The core units of this network are nodes of ~35-37 nm-long actin filaments, interconnected by long strands of (α1β1)₂-spectrin tetramers, forming a 2D isotropic lattice with quasi-hexagonal symmetry. Actin filament length and stability is critical for network formation, relying upon filament capping at both ends: tropomodulin-1 at pointed ends and αβ-adducin at barbed ends. Tropomodulin-1 capping is essential for precise filament lengths, and is enhanced by tropomyosin, which binds along the short actin filaments. αβ-adducin capping recruits spectrins to sites near barbed ends, promoting network formation. Accessory proteins, 4.1R and dematin, also promote spectrin binding to actin and, with αβ-adducin, link to membrane proteins, targeting actin nodes to the membrane. Dissection of the molecular organization within the RBC membrane skeleton is one of the paramount achievements of cell biological research in the past century. Future studies will reveal the structure and dynamics of actin filament capping, mechanisms of precise length regulation, and spectrin-actin lattice symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia M Fowler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Jensen MH, Morris EJ, Huang R, Rebowski G, Dominguez R, Weitz DA, Moore JR, Wang CLA. The conformational state of actin filaments regulates branching by actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31447-53. [PMID: 22791711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic cells that plays a crucial role in cell mechanics and motility. Cell motility is driven by assembling actin as polymerizing actin drives cell protrusions in a process closely involving a host of other actin-binding proteins, notably the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which nucleates actin and forms branched filamentous structures. The Arp2/3 complex preferentially binds specific actin networks at the cell leading edge and forms branched filamentous structures, which drive cell protrusions, but the exact regulatory mechanism behind this process is not well understood. Here we show using in vitro imaging and binding assays that a fragment of the actin-binding protein caldesmon added to polymerizing actin increases the Arp2/3-mediated branching activity, whereas it has no effect on branch formation when binding to aged actin filaments. Because this caldesmon effect is shown to be independent of nucleotide hydrolysis and phosphate release from actin, our results suggest a mechanism by which caldesmon maintains newly polymerized actin in a distinct state that has a higher affinity for the Arp2/3 complex. Our data show that this new state does not affect the level of cooperativity of binding by Arp2/3 complex or its distribution on actin. This presents a novel regulatory mechanism by which caldesmon, and potentially other actin-binding proteins, regulates the interactions of actin with its binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Herholdt Jensen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Chan KYY, Zhou L, Xiang P, Li K, Ng PC, Wang CC, Li M, Pong NH, Tu L, Deng H, Kong CKL, Sung RYT. Thrombopoietin improved ventricular function and regulated remodeling genes in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:2546-54. [PMID: 22770769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombopoietin (TPO) protects against heart damages by doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in animal models. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of TPO for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model and explored the mechanisms in terms of the genome-wide transcriptional profile, TPO downstream protein signals, and bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: Sham-operated, MI (permanent ligation of the left coronary artery) and MI+TPO. Three doses of TPO were administered weekly for 2 weeks, and outcomes were assessed at 4 or 8 weeks post-injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS TPO treatment significantly improved left ventricular function, hemodynamic parameters, myocardium morphology, neovascularization and infarct size. MI damage upregulated a large cohort of gene expressions in the infarct border zone, including those functioned in cytoskeleton organization, vascular and matrix remodeling, muscle development, cell cycling and ion transport. TPO treatment significantly reversed these modulations. While phosphorylation of janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and protein kinase B (AKT) was modified in MI animals, TPO treatment regulated phosphorylation of STAT3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) protein level. TPO also increased EPC colonies in the bone marrow of MI animals. Our data showed that TPO alleviated damages of heart tissues from MI insults, possibly mediated by multi-factorial mechanisms including suppression of over-reacted ventricular remodeling, regulation of TPO downstream signals and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. TPO could be developed for treatment of cardiac damages.
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Walther S, Strittmatter F, Roosen A, Heinzer F, Rutz B, Stief CG, Gratzke C, Hennenberg M. Expression and Alpha1-adrenoceptor Regulation of Caldesmon in Human Prostate Smooth Muscle. Urology 2012; 79:745.e5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nie S, Kee Y, Bronner-Fraser M. Caldesmon regulates actin dynamics to influence cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3355-65. [PMID: 21795398 PMCID: PMC3172261 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A nonmuscle caldesmon (CaD) is highly expressed in premigratory and migrating Xenopus cranial neural crest cells. A loss-of-function approach shows that CaD is critical for neural crest migration. The results further suggest that CaD influences cell morphology and motility by modulating actin dynamics in neural crest cells. Caldesmon (CaD) is an important actin modulator that associates with actin filaments to regulate cell morphology and motility. Although extensively studied in cultured cells, there is little functional information regarding the role of CaD in migrating cells in vivo. Here we show that nonmuscle CaD is highly expressed in both premigratory and migrating cranial neural crest cells of Xenopus embryos. Depletion of CaD with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides causes cranial neural crest cells to migrate a significantly shorter distance, prevents their segregation into distinct migratory streams, and later results in severe defects in cartilage formation. Demonstrating specificity, these effects are rescued by adding back exogenous CaD. Interestingly, CaD proteins with mutations in the Ca2+-calmodulin–binding sites or ErK/Cdk1 phosphorylation sites fail to rescue the knockdown phenotypes, whereas mutation of the PAK phosphorylation site is able to rescue them. Analysis of neural crest explants reveals that CaD is required for the dynamic arrangements of actin and, thus, for cell shape changes and process formation. Taken together, these results suggest that the actin-modulating activity of CaD may underlie its critical function and is regulated by distinct signaling pathways during normal neural crest migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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A systematic analysis of the skeletal muscle miRNA transcriptome of chicken varieties with divergent skeletal muscle growth identifies novel miRNAs and differentially expressed miRNAs. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:186. [PMID: 21486491 PMCID: PMC3107184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play critical roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes including development and disease pathogenesis. To investigate the functional roles that miRNAs play during chicken skeletal muscle development, the miRNA transcriptomes of skeletal muscles from broiler and layer chickens were profiled using Solexa deep sequencing. RESULTS Some miRNAs have multiple isoforms and several miRNAs* are present at higher levels than their corresponding miRNAs. Thirty three novel and 189 known chicken miRNAs were identified using computational approaches. Subsequent miRNA transcriptome comparisons and real-time PCR validation experiments revealed 17 miRNAs that were differentially expressed between broilers and layers, and a number of targets of these miRNAs have been implicated in myogenesis regulation. Using integrative miRNA target-prediction and network-analysis approaches an interaction network of differentially expressed and muscle-related miRNAs and their putative targets was constructed, and miRNAs that could contribute to the divergent muscle growth of broiler and layer chickens by targeting the ACVR2B gene were identified, which can causes dramatic increases in muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first transcriptome profiling-based evaluation of miRNA function during skeletal muscle development in chicken. Systematic predictions aided the identification of potential miRNAs and their targets, which could contribute to divergent muscle growth in broiler and layer chickens. Furthermore, these predictions generated information that can be utilized in further research investigating the involvement of interaction networks, containing miRNAs and their targets, in the regulation of muscle development.
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Mak AS. p53 regulation of podosome formation and cellular invasion in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:144-9. [PMID: 21164280 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.2.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor, discovered in 1979 ( 1;2) , is well known as a potent suppressor of tumor development by inhibiting cell cycle progression, and promoting senescence or apoptosis, when the genome is compromised or under oncogenic stress ( 3) . Accumulating evidence has pointed to an alternative role of p53 in the curtailment of tumor progression and colonization of secondary sites by negatively regulating tumor cell metastasis ( 4;5) . Recently, we have found that p53 suppresses Src-induced formation of podosomes and associated invasive phenotypes in fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) ( 6;7) . In this review, I will focus on some recent studies that have identified p53 as a suppressor of cell migration and invasion in general, and VSMC podosome formation and ECM degradation in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Mak
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Jóźwiak J, Rzhepetskyy Y, Sobczak M, Kocik E, Skórzewski R, Kłopocka W, Rędowicz MJ. C-terminal fragment of amebin promotes actin filament bundling, inhibits acto-myosin ATPase activity and is essential for amoeba migration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 506:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mizuno N, Niitani M, Shiba H, Iwata T, Hayashi I, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Proteome analysis of proteins related to aggressive periodontitis combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:310-7. [PMID: 21226751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Some patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis (Ag-P) also display neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. In this study, we attempted to identify the proteins involved in Ag-P associated with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction using proteome analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis system was used to detect differences in protein expression between neutrophils from four patients suffering from Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction and those from four controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the proteins identified by the above method were examined in neutrophils from four types of subjects using the real-time polymerase chain reaction: twenty patients suffering from Ag-P with or without the dysfunction, 15 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 15 controls. RESULTS Four proteins, lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat shock protein 70, and stac, displayed a higher protein expression level in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction than in those from the control group. The caldesmon mRNA levels in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction were high compared with those in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from the other two types of periodontitis and those from the control group. CONCLUSION Caldesmon may be a marker of Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Research Facility, Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Leung WKC, Ching AKK, Wong N. Phosphorylation of Caldesmon by PFTAIRE1 kinase promotes actin binding and formation of stress fibers. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 350:201-6. [PMID: 21184254 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Caldesmon (CaD) is an actin-binding protein that is capable of stabilizing actin filaments. Phosphorylation of CaD is widely accepted in the actin cytoskeletal modeling and promotion of cell migration. In this study, we show that CaD is a downstream phosphorylation substrate of PFTK1, a novel Cdc-2-related ser/thr protein kinase. Our study stemmed from an earlier investigation where we demonstrated that PFTK1 kinase conferred cell migratory advantages in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Here, we showed that PFTK1-knockdown cells exhibited much reduced CaD phosphorylation and consequently caused dissociation of CaD from the F-actin fibers. The cellular localization of CaD was also altered in the absence of PFTK1. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PFTK1-abrogated cells exhibited a diffused and blurred appearance of CaD localization, whereas intact co-localization with F-actins was apparent in PFTK1-expressing cells. Without the binding of CaD to actin, disappearance of actin stress fibers was also evident in PFTK1-abrogated cells. In addition, we found that CaD is also commonly up-regulated in HCC tumors when compared to adjacent non-malignant liver (P = 0.022). Taken together, our results highlight a novel biological cascade that involved the phosphorylation activation of CaD by PFTK1 kinase in promoting formation of actin stress fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson K C Leung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T, Hong Kong, China
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Logan PC, Ponnampalam AP, Rahnama F, Lobie PE, Mitchell MD. The effect of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine on human endometrial stromal cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2859-69. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Pitts TM, Tan AC, Kulikowski GN, Tentler JJ, Brown AM, Flanigan SA, Leong S, Coldren CD, Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Korch C, Eckhardt SG. Development of an integrated genomic classifier for a novel agent in colorectal cancer: approach to individualized therapy in early development. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3193-204. [PMID: 20530704 PMCID: PMC2889230 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plethora of agents is in early stages of development for colorectal cancer (CRC), including those that target the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) pathway. In the current environment of numerous cancer targets, it is imperative that patient selection strategies be developed with the intent of preliminary testing in the latter stages of phase I trials. The goal of this study was to develop and characterize predictive biomarkers for an IGFIR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, OSI-906, that could be applied in CRC-specific studies of this agent. METHODS Twenty-seven CRC cell lines were exposed to OSI-906 and classified according to IC(50) value as sensitive (5 micromol/L). Cell lines were subjected to immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for effector proteins, IGFIR copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization, KRAS/BRAF/phosphoinositide 3-kinase mutation status, and baseline gene array analysis. The most sensitive and resistant cell lines were used for gene array and pathway analyses, along with shRNA knockdown of highly ranked genes. The resulting integrated genomic classifier was then tested against eight human CRC explants in vivo. RESULTS Baseline gene array data from cell lines and xenografts were used to develop a k-top scoring pair (k-TSP) classifier, which, in combination with IGFIR fluorescence in situ hybridization and KRAS mutational status, was able to predict with 100% accuracy a test set of patient-derived CRC xenografts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an integrated approach to the development of individualized therapy is feasible and should be applied early in the development of novel agents, ideally in conjunction with late-stage phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gillian N. Kulikowski
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John J. Tentler
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy M. Brown
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sara A. Flanigan
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen Leong
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher D. Coldren
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher Korch
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology. University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Jiang Q, Huang R, Cai S, Wang CLA. Caldesmon regulates the motility of vascular smooth muscle cells by modulating the actin cytoskeleton stability. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:6. [PMID: 20128924 PMCID: PMC2846900 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the media to intima constitutes a critical step in the development of proliferative vascular diseases. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of vacular SMC motility, the roles of caldesmon (CaD) and its phosphorylation were investigated. Methods We have performed Transwell migration assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, traction microscopy and cell rounding assays using A7r5 cells transfected with EGFP (control), EGFP-wtCaD or phosphomimetic CaD mutants, including EGFP-A1A2 (the two PAK sites Ser452 and Ser482 converted to Ala), EGFP-A3A4 (the two Erk sites Ser497 and Ser527 converted to Ala), EGFP-A1234 (both PAK- and Erk-sites converted to Ala) and EGFP-D1234 (both PAK- and Erk-sites converted to Asp). Results We found that cells transfected with wtCaD, A1A2 or A3A4 mutants of CaD migrated at a rate approximately 50% more slowly than those EGFP-transfected cells. The migration activity for A1234 cells was only about 13% of control cells. Thus it seems both MAPK and PAK contribute to the motility of A7r5 cells and the effects are comparable and additive. The A1234 mutant also gave rise to highest strain energy and lowest rate of cell rounding. The migratory and contractile properties of these cells are consistent with stabilized actin cytoskeletal structures. Indeed, the A1234 mutant cells exhibited most robust stress fibers, whereas cells transfected with wtCaD or A3A4 (and A1A2) had moderately reinforced actin cytoskeleton. The control cells (transfected with EGFP alone) exhibited actin cytoskeleton that was similar to that in untransfected cells, and also migrated at about the same speed as the untransfected cells. Conclusions These results suggest that both the expression level and the level of MAPK- and/or PAK-mediated phosphorylation of CaD play key roles in regulating the cell motility by modulating the actin cytoskeleton stability in dedifferentiated vascular SMCs such as A7r5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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The Shape and Flexibility of Tropomyosin Coiled Coils: Implications for Actin Filament Assembly and Regulation. J Mol Biol 2010; 395:327-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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