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Onyekwere A, Rey O, Nwanchor M, Alo M, Angora E, Allienne J, Boissier J. Prevalence and risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00255. [PMID: 35832869 PMCID: PMC9272031 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic to Nigeria and one which continues to pose a public health problem especially among school-age children in rural communities. This study was carried out in remote areas where most people depend on natural water bodies and rainwater for their daily water needs. The present research investigates the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and the significant risk factors associated with the infection among primary school children in Nigeria. From August 2019 to December 2019, a total of 5514 primary school-age children from twelve sites were diagnosed with the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in their urine. Socio-demographic, sociocultural, and socioeconomic indices and data on behaviors (e.g contact frequency with freshwater bodies) were also collected for each diagnosed individual through the use of a questionnaire. Associations between each of these variables and disease infection were tested using a multivariate logistic regression. A total of 392 of the 5514-urine samples were positive for the infection, the overall prevalence reached 7.1% and ranged from 4.6% (East Nigeria) to 15,9% (West Nigeria). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the significant risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection are frequent contact with freshwater bodies (rivers/steams), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4.92; 3.34–7.24, washing/swimming, AOR: 46.49; 27.64–78.19, and fishing, AOR: 11.57; 8.74–15.32. For socioeconomic factors, primary education of fathers which resulted in an AOR of 1.63; 1.01–2.45 was significantly associated with the infection. The socio-demographic factor for the 12–14 year age group had an AOR of 1.68; 1.21–2.33, and was also significantly associated with the disease. Nigeria remains endemic for urogenital schistosomiasis as indicated by the data obtained from all the studied sites, and it is clear that efforts need to be intensified in order to control and eradicate the disease throughout the country.
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Urinary Schistosomosis in Patients of Rural Medical Health Centers in Kwale County, Kenya. Helminthologia 2020; 57:19-27. [PMID: 32063736 PMCID: PMC6996258 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary schistosomosis is a serious public health problem prevalent in low-income rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including coastal part of Kenya. Praziquantel administration to school-aged children is the prevailing tool of schistosomosis control in these regions. The aim of our study was to find out if this control strategy can lead to interruption of parasite trasmission and disease elimination. During February and March 2018, the occurrence of urinary schistosomosis in volunteers of primary health care facilities in Kwale County, Kenya was examined and the occurrence of infected intermediate hosts Bulinus globosus in local water resources was monitored. Participants completed a questionnaire concerning source of water for household purposes, type of housing and health status and were asked to provide urine samples. Diagnosis of urinary schistosomosis was established by detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine specimens microscopically, using filtration method. Infected B. globosus snails were detected using cercaria shedding tests. From the hemolymph of snails, prepatent period of infection was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of urinary schistosomosis was detected in 15.07 % (69 out of 451) of study participants. Cercaria shedding test was positive in 2 particular sites of river Pengo and Tsanganyiko. Genetic material (haemolymph) of 68 B. globosus snails tested by DraI PCR revealed 7 Schistosoma spp. positive samples. Six of seven DraI positive snails were infected by S. haematobium, as it was detected by Sh110/SmS1 PCR. The study revealed, that the disease was still present in the region studied and the transmission was not interrupted. The rate of infection was significantly influenced by the water supplies used for household purposes and the type of housing.
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Kaiglová A, Beňo P, Changoma MJS. Detection of schistosomiasis applicable for primary health care facilities in endemic regions of Africa. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bocanegra García C, Pintar Z, Serres X, Mendioroz J, Moreno M, Gallego S, López T, Soriano-Arandes A, Aznar ML, Sikaleta N, Gil E, Salvador F, Molina I. Ultrasound findings and associated factors to morbidity in Schistosoma haematobium infection in a highly endemic setting. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 23:221-228. [PMID: 29205689 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of the WHO classification of ultrasound pathological changes and to establish risk factors for morbidity in a highly endemic setting. METHODS One hundred and fifty-seven ultrasounds were performed on school-aged children previously diagnosed with urinary schistosomiasis in Cubal, Angola. The findings were analysed according to the WHO guidelines. Factors for morbidity were studied. RESULTS Mean age of the children was 8.7 (SD 3.2) years. Pathological changes were found in 85.3% (84.7% in the bladder, 34.4% the ureter and 6.3% kidney lesions). The global score according to the WHO classification was 5.74. Male gender [OR 2.61 (1.04-6.58); P 0.043] and older age [OR 2.96 (1.17-7.46); P 0.023] were associated with a higher risk of developing any kind of urinary abnormality. Proteinuria was present in 61.7% of the children. Macroscopic haematuria [OR 2.48 (1.11-5.58); P = 0.02)] and a high level of proteinuria > 300 mg/dl [OR 5.70 (2.17-14.94); P 300 mg/dl)] were associated with abnormalities of the upper urinary tract and showed good positive and negative predictive values for the detection of pathology in the upper urinary tract (65.5% and 71.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Severe urinary tract pathology was found in a high percentage of the children in our setting. Microhaematuria and proteinuria were good markers of morbidity, proteinuria being more precise for severe alterations of the upper urinary tract. We suggest initial and evolutive ultrasound in children diagnosed with schistosomiasis, and close monitoring including periodic controls. As schistosomiasis control efforts are currently focused on reducing morbidity, tests that detect the presence or degree of morbidity are essential for targeting treatment and tracking the progress of control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bocanegra García
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS Barcelona. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | | | - Xavier Serres
- Radiology Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Mendioroz
- Support Research Unit, Territorial Health Management of Central Catalonia, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Paediatrics Department, Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit, Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Eva Gil
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Paz, Cubal, Angola
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Sheele JM, Baddorf S, Kihara JH. Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with increased urine foam. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:1243-1245. [PMID: 27882738 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We compared urine microscopy and dipstick results for urine foam from 59 children in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area in a blinded manner. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for diagnosing S. haematobium compared with microscopy was: 74% and 72% for the shake test; 61% and 97% for microscopic hematuria; and 43% and 83% for proteinuria. When >17 eggs/10 mL urine was detected on microscopy, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were: 100% and 72% for the shake test; 90% and 97% for microscopic hematuria; and 80% and 83% for proteinuria. Urine foam height >34 mL was significantly more likely to have S. haematobium eggs detected on microscopy (P = 0.001) than urine foam ≤34 mL, indicating that S. haematobium-infected urine is associated with increased urine foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Sheele
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Ochodo EA, Gopalakrishna G, Spek B, Reitsma JB, van Lieshout L, Polman K, Lamberton P, Bossuyt PMM, Leeflang MMG. Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD009579. [PMID: 25758180 PMCID: PMC4455231 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009579.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care (POC) tests for diagnosing schistosomiasis include tests based on circulating antigen detection and urine reagent strip tests. If they had sufficient diagnostic accuracy they could replace conventional microscopy as they provide a quicker answer and are easier to use. OBJECTIVES To summarise the diagnostic accuracy of: a) urine reagent strip tests in detecting active Schistosoma haematobium infection, with microscopy as the reference standard; and b) circulating antigen tests for detecting active Schistosoma infection in geographical regions endemic for Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium or both, with microscopy as the reference standard. SEARCH METHODS We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, MEDION, and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) without language restriction up to 30 June 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that used microscopy as the reference standard: for S. haematobium, microscopy of urine prepared by filtration, centrifugation, or sedimentation methods; and for S. mansoni, microscopy of stool by Kato-Katz thick smear. We included studies on participants residing in endemic areas only. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data, assessed quality of the data using QUADAS-2, and performed meta-analysis where appropriate. Using the variability of test thresholds, we used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model for all eligible tests (except the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) POC for S. mansoni, where the bivariate random-effects model was more appropriate). We investigated heterogeneity, and carried out indirect comparisons where data were sufficient. Results for sensitivity and specificity are presented as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 90 studies; 88 from field settings in Africa. The median S. haematobium infection prevalence was 41% (range 1% to 89%) and 36% for S. mansoni (range 8% to 95%). Study design and conduct were poorly reported against current standards. Tests for S. haematobium Urine reagent test strips versus microscopyCompared to microscopy, the detection of microhaematuria on test strips had the highest sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 75%, 95% CI 71% to 79%; specificity 87%, 95% CI 84% to 90%; 74 studies, 102,447 participants). For proteinuria, sensitivity was 61% and specificity was 82% (82,113 participants); and for leukocyturia, sensitivity was 58% and specificity 61% (1532 participants). However, the difference in overall test accuracy between the urine reagent strips for microhaematuria and proteinuria was not found to be different when we compared separate populations (P = 0.25), or when direct comparisons within the same individuals were performed (paired studies; P = 0.21).When tests were evaluated against the higher quality reference standard (when multiple samples were analysed), sensitivity was marginally lower for microhaematuria (71% vs 75%) and for proteinuria (49% vs 61%). The specificity of these tests was comparable. Antigen assayCompared to microscopy, the CCA test showed considerable heterogeneity; meta-analytic sensitivity estimate was 39%, 95% CI 6% to 73%; specificity 78%, 95% CI 55% to 100% (four studies, 901 participants). Tests for S. mansoni Compared to microscopy, the CCA test meta-analytic estimates for detecting S. mansoni at a single threshold of trace positive were: sensitivity 89% (95% CI 86% to 92%); and specificity 55% (95% CI 46% to 65%; 15 studies, 6091 participants) Against a higher quality reference standard, the sensitivity results were comparable (89% vs 88%) but specificity was higher (66% vs 55%). For the CAA test, sensitivity ranged from 47% to 94%, and specificity from 8% to 100% (4 studies, 1583 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Among the evaluated tests for S. haematobium infection, microhaematuria correctly detected the largest proportions of infections and non-infections identified by microscopy.The CCA POC test for S. mansoni detects a very large proportion of infections identified by microscopy, but it misclassifies a large proportion of microscopy negatives as positives in endemic areas with a moderate to high prevalence of infection, possibly because the test is potentially more sensitive than microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Ochodo
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsAmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Gowri Gopalakrishna
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsAmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
| | - Bea Spek
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsAmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
- Hanze University GroningenDepartment of Speech and Language PathologyEyssoniuspleinGroningenNetherlands
| | - Johannes B Reitsma
- University Medical Center UtrechtJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CarePO Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 GA Utrecht
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Leiden University Medical CenterDepartment of ParasitologyPO Box 9600LeidenNetherlands2300 RC
| | - Katja Polman
- Institute of Tropical MedicineDepartment of Biomedical SciencesNationalestraat 155AntwerpBelgium2000
| | - Poppy Lamberton
- Imperial College LondonDepartment of Infectious Disease EpidemiologySt. Mary's Campus, Norfolk PlaceLondonUKW2 1PG
| | - Patrick MM Bossuyt
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsAmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
| | - Mariska MG Leeflang
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsAmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
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Circulating cathodic antigen cassette test versus haematuria strip test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. J Parasit Dis 2015; 40:1193-1198. [PMID: 27876913 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium constitutes a major public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study was conducted to evaluate circulating cathodic antigen cassette test and haematuria strip test for detection of S. haematobium in urine samples and to evaluate their screening performance among the study population. Microscopy was used as a gold standard. A total of 600 urine samples were examined by microscopy for detection of S. haematobium eggs, screened for microhaematuria using Self-Stik reagent strips and screened for circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) using the urine-CCA cassette test. The specificity of CCA, microhaematuria and macrohaematuria was 96.4, 40.6 and 31.2 % respectively while the sensitivity was 88.2, 99.3 and 100 % respectively which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that using of urine-CCA cassette test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis is highly specific (96.4 %) compared with the highly sensitive haematuria strip test (100 %). The degree of agreement between microscopic examination and CCA detection was 99.3 % with highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The combination of two techniques could potentially use for screening and mapping of S. haematobium infection.
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Ojurongbe O, Sina-Agbaje OR, Busari A, Okorie PN, Ojurongbe TA, Akindele AA. Efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-age children in rural communities of Abeokuta, Nigeria. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:30. [PMID: 25215186 PMCID: PMC4161270 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy with praziquantel (PZQ) has been the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control over the last two decades. Being the only available drug for the treatment of over 200 million people worldwide, continuous monitoring of PZQ efficacy under the pressure of widespread use is therefore advocated. Methods The efficacy of taking two doses of oral PZQ for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium was examined among school children in Nigeria. Urine specimens were collected from 350 school children and examined using the filtration technique. Blood was collected for packed cell volume (PCV) estimation, and the weight and height of each child were estimated. S. haematobium egg positive pupils were treated with two oral doses of PZQ at 40 mg/kg with a four-week interval in between. Drug efficacy was determined based on the egg reduction rate (ERR). Results Among 350 school children, 245 (70.0%) – of which 132 were males and 113 were females, with an age range of 4 to 15 years – were diagnosed with S. haematobium. All the 245 infected children received a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg PZQ twice with a four-week interval in between and were followed up for 12 weeks. At four, eight and twelve weeks post treatment, the ERR was 57.1%, 77.6% and 100%, respectively. The ERR was significantly higher among the children with a light infection compared to those with a heavy infection. One hundred and twenty-one children were egg negative at four weeks post treatment, among which 1 (6.3) and 120 (52.4%) had heavy and light infections, respectively. Following the second round of treatment, the cure rate at eight weeks and twelve weeks was 85.3% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrated the efficacy of taking two doses of oral PZQ for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Abass Busari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Olikoye Ransome-Kuti Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Nkem Okorie
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Akeem Abiodun Akindele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Yapi RB, Hürlimann E, Houngbedji CA, Ndri PB, Silué KD, Soro G, Kouamé FN, Vounatsou P, Fürst T, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, Raso G. Infection and co-infection with helminths and Plasmodium among school children in Côte d'Ivoire: results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2913. [PMID: 24901333 PMCID: PMC4046940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infection and malaria remain major causes of ill-health in the tropics and subtropics. There are several shared risk factors (e.g., poverty), and hence, helminth infection and malaria overlap geographically and temporally. However, the extent and consequences of helminth-Plasmodium co-infection at different spatial scales are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted in 92 schools across Côte d'Ivoire during the dry season, from November 2011 to February 2012. School children provided blood samples for detection of Plasmodium infection, stool samples for diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and Schistosoma mansoni infections, and urine samples for appraisal of Schistosoma haematobium infection. A questionnaire was administered to obtain demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data. Multinomial regression models were utilized to determine risk factors for STH-Plasmodium and Schistosoma-Plasmodium co-infection. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Complete parasitological and questionnaire data were available for 5,104 children aged 5-16 years. 26.2% of the children were infected with any helminth species, whilst the prevalence of Plasmodium infection was 63.3%. STH-Plasmodium co-infection was detected in 13.5% and Schistosoma-Plasmodium in 5.6% of the children. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that boys, children aged 10 years and above, and activities involving close contact to water were significantly and positively associated with STH-Plasmodium co-infection. Boys, wells as source of drinking water, and water contact were significantly and positively associated with Schistosoma-Plasmodium co-infection. Access to latrines, deworming, higher socioeconomic status, and living in urban settings were negatively associated with STH-Plasmodium co-infection; whilst use of deworming drugs and access to modern latrines were negatively associated with Schistosoma-Plasmodium co-infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE More than 60% of the school children surveyed were infected with Plasmodium across Côte d'Ivoire, and about one out of six had a helminth-Plasmodium co-infection. Our findings provide a rationale to combine control interventions that simultaneously aim at helminthiases and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Yapi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clarisse A. Houngbedji
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Prisca B. Ndri
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Kigbafori D. Silué
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Gotianwa Soro
- Programme National de Santé Scolaire et Universitaire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ferdinand N. Kouamé
- Programme National de Santé Scolaire et Universitaire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fürst
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Health Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Département Environnement et Santé, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Nausch N, Dawson EM, Midzi N, Mduluza T, Mutapi F, Doenhoff MJ. Field evaluation of a new antibody-based diagnostic for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni at the point-of-care in northeast Zimbabwe. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:165. [PMID: 24666689 PMCID: PMC4021455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for use at the point-of-care (POC) are likely to become increasingly useful as large-scale control programmes for schistosomiasis get underway. Given the low sensitivity of the reference standard egg count methods in detecting light infections, more sensitive tests will be required to monitor efforts aimed at eliminating schistosomiasis as advocated by the World Health Assembly Resolution 65.21 passed in 2012. METHODS A recently developed RDT incorporating Schistosoma mansoni cercarial transformation fluid (SmCTF) for detection of anti-schistosome antibodies in human blood was here evaluated in children (mean age: 7.65 years; age range: 1-12 years) carrying light S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in a schistosome-endemic area of Zimbabwe by comparison to standard parasitological techniques (i.e. the Kato-Katz faecal smear and urine filtration). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) incorporating S. haematobium antigen preparations were also employed for additional comparison. RESULTS The sensitivity of the SmCTF-RDT compared to standard parasitological methods was 100% while the specificity was 39.5%. It was found that the sera from RDT "false-positive" children showed significantly higher antibody titres in IgM-cercarial antigen preparation (CAP) and IgM-soluble egg antigen (SEA) ELISA assays than children identified by parasitology as "true-negatives". CONCLUSIONS Although further evaluations are necessary using more accurate reference standard tests, these results indicate that the RDT could be a useful tool for the rapid prevalence-mapping of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium in schistosome-endemic areas. It is affordable, user-friendly and allows for diagnosis of both schistosome species at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Nausch
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Current Address: Pediatric Pneumology and Infectious Diseases Group, Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Emily M Dawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nicholas Midzi
- National Institutes of Health Research, Box CY 573 Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Current Address: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 167Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Michael J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Okeke OC, Ubachukwu PO. Performance of three rapid screening methods in the detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school-age children in Southeastern Nigeria. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:111-7. [PMID: 24593687 DOI: 10.1179/2047773214y.0000000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cross-sectional study of primary school children was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of some rapid screening methods in the detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Nigeria Cement Factory (NigerCem) and Nike Lake areas of Southeastern Nigeria. METHODS Urine samples of school children were examined for macro-haematuria and tested for micro-haematuria and proteinuria using reagent strips followed by egg microscopy. Self-reported haematuria was assessed using simple questionnaire. The performances of these rapid diagnoses singly and in combination were calculated using egg microscopy as gold standard. RESULTS The prevalence of the infection was 26·6% in NigerCem and 5·1% in Nike Lake area, classifying these areas as moderate- and low-prevalence areas (MPA and LPA); while in the subsample used for self-reported haematuria, the prevalence was 27·2 and 4·2% in MPA and LPA, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of micro-haematuria was comparable in MPA (55·26%) and LPA (57·89%). Overall PPV of macro-haematuria was 87·50% in MPA and 66·70% in LPA while in the detection of heavy infection; PPV was higher in LPA (75%) than in MPA (66·67%). In LPA and MPA, combination of micro-haematuria and proteinuria, and concomitant presence of macro-haematuria, micro-haematuria, and proteinuria had PPV of 83·33 and 63·16%, and 100 versus 66·67%, respectively. Generally, the rapid screening tests had lower negative predictive values (NPVs) in MPA than in LPA. The use of simple questionnaire increased the PPV of heavy infection in MPA (77·78%). This was further increased to 80% when self-reported haematuria was combined with micro-haematuria. CONCLUSION The result suggests that in MPA with chronic infections, combination of self-reported haematuria and micro-haematuria may reduce the chance of missing those who should be treated.
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12
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Sheele JM, Kihara JH, Baddorf S, Byrne J, Ravi B. Evaluation of a novel rapid diagnostic test forSchistosoma haematobiumbased on the detection of human immunoglobulins bound to filteredSchistosoma haematobiumeggs. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:477-84. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M. Sheele
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk; VA; USA
| | | | - Sarah Baddorf
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk; VA; USA
| | - Jonathan Byrne
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk; VA; USA
| | - Bhaskara Ravi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Old Dominion University; Norfolk; VA; USA
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