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Lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection: A review on their epidemiology, therapeutic, and immune responses. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106117. [PMID: 34464587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection is less commonly observed in individuals around the world, yet it is more common than the single infection. Around 800 million people worldwide are infected with helminths as a result of various diseases. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are chronic, deadly, crippling, and debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to poor hygienic conditions, poverty, and genetic predisposition, those living in endemic areas are more likely to develop both leishmaniasis and filariasis. One of the key challenges in the management of LF/VL coinfection is the development of an effective therapeutic strategy that not only treats the first episode of VL but also prevents LF. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge and data on the relationship between LF and VL coinfection. While reviewing it was apparent that only a few studies relevant to LF/VL coinfections have been reported from southeastern Spain, Sudan, and the Indian subcontinents, highlighting the need for greater research in the most affected areas. We also looked at LF and VL as a single disease and also as a coinfection. Some features of the immune response evolved in mammalian hosts against LF and VL alone or against coinfection are also discussed, including epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, and vaccines. In addition to being potentially useful in clinical research, our findings imply the need for improved diagnostic methodology and therapeutics, which could accelerate the deployment of more specific and effective diagnosis for treatments to lessen the impact of VL/LF coinfections in the population.
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Chauhan N, Khatri V, Banerjee P, Kalyanasundaram R. Evaluating the Vaccine Potential of a Tetravalent Fusion Protein ( rBmHAXT) Vaccine Antigen Against Lymphatic Filariasis in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1520. [PMID: 30013570 PMCID: PMC6036175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a tropical parasitic infection of human transmitted by mosquitoes. Chronic infection results in severe physical disability in the infected patients. Although several potential vaccine antigens were identified by several groups, there are no licensed prophylactic vaccine to date against this infection in the human. Previous attempts from our laboratory to develop a trivalent prophylactic vaccine against LF showed that >90% protection could be achieved in rodent models. However, this trivalent vaccine gave only 35% protection in non-human primates. The major focus of this study was to develop a tetravalent prophylactic vaccine (rBmHAXT) and test the vaccine potential in a mouse model. We evaluated three different adjuvant formulations; alum, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in stable emulsion (GLA/SE) alum (AL019), and mannosylated chitosan (MCA) to determine the optimum adjuvant formulation for rBmHAXT. Results presented in this study show that rBmHAXT + AL019 gave the highest rate of protection (>88%) against challenge infection, compared to rBmHAXT + AL007 (79%), rBmHAXT + MCA (79%) and controls. Analysis of the immune correlates of protection showed that all three adjuvants elicited high titer of antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies. High number of IFN-γ-producing antigen-specific memory cells were generated in the vaccinated animals irrespective of the adjuvants used. Similarly, spleen cells from rBmHAXT-vaccinated animals secreted IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in response to rBmHAXT suggesting the generation of a balanced Th1/Th2 response. There was also an increase in IL-17-secreting cells in rBmHAXT-vaccinated animals. These findings thus suggest that rBmHAXT + AL019 is a better prophylactic formulation for LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Priyankana Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, United States
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Jha R, Gangwar M, Chahar D, Setty Balakrishnan A, Negi MPS, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Humans from Wuchereria bancrofti endemic area elicit substantial immune response to proteins of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi and its endosymbiont Wolbachia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:40. [PMID: 28118850 PMCID: PMC5259955 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, immune responses to several Brugia malayi immunodominant antigens have been characterized in filaria-infected populations; however, little is known regarding Wolbachia proteins. We earlier cloned and characterized few B. malayi (trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, Bm-TPP and heavy chain myosin, BmAF-Myo) and Wolbachia (translation initiation factor-1, Wol Tl IF-1 and NAD+-dependent DNA ligase, wBm-LigA) proteins and investigated the immune responses, which they triggered in animal models. The current study emphasizes on immunological characteristics of these proteins in three major categories of filarial endemic zones: endemic normal (EN, asymptomatic, amicrofilaraemic; putatively immune), microfilariae carriers (MF, asymptomatic but microfilaraemic), and chronic filarial patients (CP, symptomatic and mostly amicrofilaraemic). METHODS Immunoblotting and ELISA were carried out to measure IgG and isotype antibodies against these recombinant proteins in various clinical categories. Involvement of serum antibodies in infective larvae killing was assessed by antibody-dependent cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity assay. Cellular immune response was investigated by in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in these cells after stimulation. RESULTS Immune responses of EN and CP displayed almost similar level of IgG to Wol Tl IF-1 while other three proteins had higher serum IgG in EN individuals only. Specific IgA, IgG1, IgG3 and IgM to Bm-TPP were high in EN subjects, while BmAF-Myo additionally showed elevated IgG2. Enhanced IgA and IgG3 were detected in both EN and CP individuals in response to Wol Tl IF-1 antigen, but IgG1 and IgM were high only in EN individuals. wBm-LigA and BmAF-Myo exhibited almost similar pattern of antibody responses. PBMC isolated from EN subjects exhibited higher proliferation and ROS generation when stimulated with all three proteins except for Wol Tl IF-1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings display high immunogenicity of all four proteins in human subjects and revealed that the EN population was exposed to both B. malayi and Wolbachia proteins simultaneously. In addition, immune responses to Wol Tl IF-1 suggest possible role of this factor in Wolbachia-induced pathological responses while immune responses to other three proteins suggest that these can be explored further as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Jha
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Mamta Gangwar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Dhanvantri Chahar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, TN, 625021, India
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh Negi
- Biometry and Statistics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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