1
|
Katru SC, Balakrishnan AS, Munirathinam G, Hadadianpour A, Smith SA, Kalyanasundaram R. Identification and characterization of a novel nematode pan allergen (NPA) from Wuchereria bancrofti and their potential role in human filarial tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011972. [PMID: 38354188 PMCID: PMC10898765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a chronic respiratory syndrome associated with Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a tropical parasitic infection of the human, transmitted by mosquitoes. The larval form of LF (microfilariae) are trapped in the lungs of TPE subjects have a major role in initiating the TPE syndrome. To date, there are no reports on the potential allergen that is responsible for generating parasite-specific IgE in TPE. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this project, we screened a cDNA expression library of the microfilarial stages of Wuchereria bancrofti with monoclonal IgE antibodies prepared from subjects with clinical filarial infections. Our studies identified a novel molecule that showed significant sequence similarity to an allergen. A blast analysis showed the presence of similar proteins in a number of nematodes parasites. Thus, we named this molecule as Nematode Pan Allergen (NPA). Subsequent functional analysis showed that NPA is a potent allergen that can cause release of histamine from mast cells, induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from alveolar macrophages and promote accumulation of eosinophils in the tissue, all of which occur in TPE lungs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on our results, we conclude that the NPA protein secreted by the microfilariae of W. bancrofti may play a significant role in the pathology of TPE syndrome in LF infected individuals. Further studies on this molecule can help design an approach to neutralize the NPA in an attempt to reduce the pathology associated with TPE in LF infected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Christopher Katru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States of America
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States of America
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States of America
| | - Azadeh Hadadianpour
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, A2210 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, A2210 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramakrishnan V, Marialouis XA, Sankarasubramanian J, Santhanam A, Balakrishnan AS. Whole Genomic analysis of a clinical isolate of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain of Sequence Type - 101 carrying the drug resistance NDM-7 in IncX3 plasmid. Bioinformation 2021; 17:126-131. [PMID: 34393427 PMCID: PMC8340689 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging NDM-producing Enterobactereciae is a major threat to public health. The association of NDM-7 with sequence type 101 E.coli is identified in very few numbers. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse the whole genome sequence of NDM-producing uropathogenic
E. coli XA31 that was found to carry numerous drug resistance genes of different antibiotic classes. The isolate E. coli belongs to ST-101 carrying blaNDM-7 coexisting with several resistance genes blaOXA-1, blaTEM1-A, blaCTX-M15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, catB3, tetB. Resfinder
predicts this and four other plasmid replicons were identified using the Plasfinder in the CGE platform. The high transferable IncX3 plasmid was found to carry the NDM-7 gene. Thus, we the report the combination of NDM-7-ST101-IncX3 in India. The combination of this
epidemic clone with NDM-7 is highly required to develop an effective infection control strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Xavier Alexander Marialouis
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 168, Manicktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Jagadesan Sankarasubramanian
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amutha Santhanam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.,National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nathan AA, Dixit M, Babu S, Balakrishnan AS. Comparison and functional characterisation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from filarial lymphoedema and endemic normals of a South Indian population. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1414-1427. [PMID: 28869696 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying problem in lymphatic filariasis is irreversible swelling of the limbs (lymphoedema), which is a unique feature of lymphatic insufficiency. It is still unclear whether the natural ability of lymphatics to form functional lymphatic vasculature is achieved or attenuated in the lymphoedemal pathology. Clinical studies have clearly shown that circulating lymphatic progenitors (CLPs), a subset of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs), contribute to post-natal lymph vasculogenesis. CLP-based revascularisation could be a promising strategy to bypass the endothelial disruption and damage incurred by the filarial parasites. Thus our aim was to compare and characterise the functional prowess of PBMCs in physiological and lymphoedemal pathology. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from venous blood sample from drug-naive endemic normals (EN) and drug-deprived filarial lymphoedema (FL) individuals using density gradient centrifugation. Adhesion, transwell migration and in vitro matrigel assays were employed to characterise the lymphvasculogenic potential of PBMCs. CLPs were phenotypically characterised using flow cytometry; expression levels of lymphatic markers and inflammatory cytokines were quantified using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS PBMCs from FL group display poor adherence to fibronectin (P = 0.040), reduced migration towards SDF-1α (P = 0.035), impaired tubular network (P = 0.004) and branching point (P = 0.048) formation. The PBMC mRNA expression of VEGFR3 (P = 0.039) and podoplanin (P = 0.050) was elevated, whereas integrin α9 (P = 0.046) was inhibited in FL individuals; additionally, the surface expression of CD34 (P = 0.048) was significantly reduced in the FL group compared to the EN group. CONCLUSION PBMCs from filarial lymphoedema show defective and dysregulated lymphvasculogenic function compared to endemic normals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Joyti Metha School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-ICER, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Setty Balakrishnan A, Nathan AA, Kumar M, Ramamoorthy S, Ramia Mothilal SK. Withania somnifera targets interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate cancer progression. Prostate Int 2017; 5:75-83. [PMID: 28593171 PMCID: PMC5448731 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is a common noncutaneous malignancy in men. The incidence of PC is increasing at an alarming rate across the globe. Progression of PC is associated with elevated levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in malignant cells. Overexpression of these players is accompanied by chronic inflammation, increased angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and inhibition of apoptosis. Moreover, their elevated circulating levels promote the disease progression from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent state. Thus, inhibiting the expression of IL-8 and COX-2 would be a promising target in the development of PC therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Withania somnifera extract on highly metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line (PC3). Additionally, we compared the real-time expression of IL-8 and COX-2 in prostate tissue samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell viability and cytotoxicity of W. somnifera extract in PC3 cells was quantified colorimetrically by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological examination, trypan blue, and acridine orange dyes to enumerate apoptotic and live cells, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the expression and flow cytometry to study the cell cycle analysis were used. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the cell viability with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10 μg/mL. The expression levels of IL-8 and COX-2 in prostate tissue samples and in PC3 cells were predominantly high; however, the lowest dose of W. somnifera significantly inhibited the enhanced expression of IL-8 and COX-2 in PC3 cells in 24 hours. Furthermore, W. somnifera extract (10 μg/mL) irreversibly arrested the cell cycle in G2/M phase, which was evident from the rapid accumulation of PC3 cells significantly. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that inherent metastatic and selective inhibitory potential of W. somnifera against PC. W. somnifera may be a good therapeutic agent in addition to the existing drugs for PC. Further studies with more prostate tissue samples are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sudhakar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pathology, Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Madurai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jha R, Gangwar M, Chahar D, Setty Balakrishnan A, Negi MPS, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Humans from Wuchereria bancrofti endemic area elicit substantial immune response to proteins of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi and its endosymbiont Wolbachia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:40. [PMID: 28118850 PMCID: PMC5259955 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, immune responses to several Brugia malayi immunodominant antigens have been characterized in filaria-infected populations; however, little is known regarding Wolbachia proteins. We earlier cloned and characterized few B. malayi (trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, Bm-TPP and heavy chain myosin, BmAF-Myo) and Wolbachia (translation initiation factor-1, Wol Tl IF-1 and NAD+-dependent DNA ligase, wBm-LigA) proteins and investigated the immune responses, which they triggered in animal models. The current study emphasizes on immunological characteristics of these proteins in three major categories of filarial endemic zones: endemic normal (EN, asymptomatic, amicrofilaraemic; putatively immune), microfilariae carriers (MF, asymptomatic but microfilaraemic), and chronic filarial patients (CP, symptomatic and mostly amicrofilaraemic). METHODS Immunoblotting and ELISA were carried out to measure IgG and isotype antibodies against these recombinant proteins in various clinical categories. Involvement of serum antibodies in infective larvae killing was assessed by antibody-dependent cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity assay. Cellular immune response was investigated by in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in these cells after stimulation. RESULTS Immune responses of EN and CP displayed almost similar level of IgG to Wol Tl IF-1 while other three proteins had higher serum IgG in EN individuals only. Specific IgA, IgG1, IgG3 and IgM to Bm-TPP were high in EN subjects, while BmAF-Myo additionally showed elevated IgG2. Enhanced IgA and IgG3 were detected in both EN and CP individuals in response to Wol Tl IF-1 antigen, but IgG1 and IgM were high only in EN individuals. wBm-LigA and BmAF-Myo exhibited almost similar pattern of antibody responses. PBMC isolated from EN subjects exhibited higher proliferation and ROS generation when stimulated with all three proteins except for Wol Tl IF-1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings display high immunogenicity of all four proteins in human subjects and revealed that the EN population was exposed to both B. malayi and Wolbachia proteins simultaneously. In addition, immune responses to Wol Tl IF-1 suggest possible role of this factor in Wolbachia-induced pathological responses while immune responses to other three proteins suggest that these can be explored further as vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Jha
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Mamta Gangwar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Dhanvantri Chahar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, TN, 625021, India
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh Negi
- Biometry and Statistics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwon S(S, Gnanasekar M, Balakrishnan AS, Ramaswamy K. Defining the role of BmIL-5 in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (B110). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study describes characterization of a novel pathogen-derived human IL-5 receptor binding molecule designated BmIL-5. This molecule was identified in our laboratory by screening a phage displayed cDNA expression library of the infective larvae of the human lymphatic filarial parasite, Brugia malayi. Soluble human IL-5 receptor (huIL-5R) was used as the bait. This screening procedure yielded a single clone and sequence analyses of the insert from this clone showed a novel protein designated as “Brugia malayi-derived IL-5-like molecule” (BmIL-5). Recombinant BmIL-5 was then expressed and purified. ELISA-based binding assays confirmed binding of rBmIL-5 to huIL-5R. Functional significance of this binding was then evaluated using a human eosinophil cell line, named Hs 454.T. Initial studies showed that BmIL-5 binds to eosinophil surface. To test whether this binding initiates any signaling events, we evaluated STAT1 phosphorylation status in the eosinophil. We also performed a series of experiments to identify the receptor binding region of BmIL-5 by peptide mapping. In these studies, we designed overlapping 20 mer peptides and evaluated the binding pattern of these peptides to huIL-5R. These studies identified peptide 1 and peptide 11 as the domains binding to huIL-5R. An interesting observation was that, both these peptides interfered with the binding of huIL-5 to huIL-5R in vitro. Thus, we believe that BmIL-5 interferes with IL-5 function by preventing IL-5 binding to IL-5R. Our findings demonstrate a novel method of how pathogens potentially manipulate the human immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung (Steve) Kwon
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL, 61107
| | - Munirathinam Gnanasekar
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL, 61107
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL, 61107
| | - Kalyanasundaram Ramaswamy
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL, 61107
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kwon S(S, Munirathinam G, Balakrishnan AS, Kalyanasundaram R. Defining the Role of BmIL-5 in Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia. Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|