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Hungwe FTT, Laycock KM, Ntereke TD, Mabaka R, Paganotti GM. A historical perspective on arboviruses of public health interest in Southern Africa. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:131-159. [PMID: 38082563 PMCID: PMC11141323 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2290375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are an existing and expanding threat globally, with the potential for causing devastating health and socioeconomic impacts. Mitigating this threat necessitates a One Health approach that integrates vector surveillance, rapid disease detection, and innovative prevention and control measures. In Southern Africa, limited data on the epidemiology of arboviruses, their vectors, and their hosts prevent an effective response. We reviewed the current knowledge on arboviruses in Southern Africa and identified opportunities for further research. A literature search was conducted to identify studies published on arboviruses in 10 tropical and temperate countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) from 1900 onward. We identified 280 studies, half (51.1%) originating from South Africa, that described 31 arboviral species, their vectors, and their clinical effects on hosts reported in the region. Arboviral research flourished in the SADC in the mid-20th century but then declined, before reemerging in the last two decades. Recent research consists largely of case reports describing outbreaks. Historical vector surveillance and serosurveys from the mid-20th century suggest that arboviruses are plentiful across Southern Africa, but large gaps remain in the current understanding of arboviral distribution, transmission dynamics, and public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith T. T. Hungwe
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine M. Laycock
- The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Rorisang Mabaka
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Giacomo M. Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Velu RM, Kwenda G, Bosomprah S, Chisola MN, Simunyandi M, Chisenga CC, Bumbangi FN, Sande NC, Simubali L, Mburu MM, Tembo J, Bates M, Simuunza MC, Chilengi R, Orba Y, Sawa H, Simulundu E. Ecological Niche Modeling of Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes: A Risk Map for Chikungunya and West Nile Viruses in Zambia. Viruses 2023; 15:1900. [PMID: 37766306 PMCID: PMC10535978 DOI: 10.3390/v15091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation of both West Nile Virus (WNV) and Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) in humans and animals, coupled with a favorable tropical climate for mosquito proliferation in Zambia, call for the need for a better understanding of the ecological and epidemiological factors that govern their transmission dynamics in this region. This study aimed to examine the contribution of climatic variables to the distribution of Culex and Aedes mosquito species, which are potential vectors of CHIKV, WNV, and other arboviruses of public-health concern. Mosquitoes collected from Lusaka as well as from the Central and Southern provinces of Zambia were sorted by species within the Culex and Aedes genera, both of which have the potential to transmit viruses. The MaxEnt software was utilized to predict areas at risk of WNV and CHIKV based on the occurrence data on mosquitoes and environmental covariates. The model predictions show three distinct spatial hotspots, ranging from the high-probability regions to the medium- and low-probability regions. Regions along Lake Kariba, the Kafue River, and the Luangwa Rivers, as well as along the Mumbwa, Chibombo, Kapiri Mposhi, and Mpika districts were predicted to be suitable habitats for both species. The rainfall and temperature extremes were the most contributing variables in the predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Milomba Velu
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (S.B.); (M.S.); (C.C.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (M.C.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia;
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (S.B.); (M.S.); (C.C.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana
| | - Moses Ngongo Chisola
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | - Michelo Simunyandi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (S.B.); (M.S.); (C.C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (S.B.); (M.S.); (C.C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia;
| | - Nicholus Chintu Sande
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds, Lusaka P.O. Box 32509, Zambia;
| | - Limonty Simubali
- Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia; (L.S.); (M.M.M.)
| | | | - John Tembo
- HerpeZ, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthew Bates
- HerpeZ, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Martin Chitolongo Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (M.C.S.); (H.S.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (S.B.); (M.S.); (C.C.C.); (R.C.)
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 51925, Zambia
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (M.C.S.); (H.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (M.C.S.); (H.S.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia; (L.S.); (M.M.M.)
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Velu RM, Kwenda G, Libonda L, Chisenga CC, Flavien BN, Chilyabanyama ON, Simunyandi M, Bosomprah S, Sande NC, Changula K, Muleya W, Mburu MM, Mubemba B, Chitanga S, Tembo J, Bates M, Kapata N, Orba Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Sawa H, Chilengi R, Simulundu E. Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081007. [PMID: 34451471 PMCID: PMC8401848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Milomba Velu
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia; (G.K.); (S.C.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Liyali Libonda
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia; (L.L.); (B.N.F.)
| | - Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Bumbangi Nsoni Flavien
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia; (L.L.); (B.N.F.)
| | | | - Michelo Simunyandi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana
| | - Nicholus Chintu Sande
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | | | - Benjamin Mubemba
- Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe P.O. Box 21692, Zambia;
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia; (G.K.); (S.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - John Tembo
- HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthew Bates
- HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia; (J.T.); (M.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, Zambia;
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia; (C.C.C.); (O.N.C.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (N.C.S.); (A.T.); (E.S.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia;
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Cross DE, Thomas C, McKeown N, Siaziyu V, Healey A, Willis T, Singini D, Liywalii F, Silumesii A, Sakala J, Smith M, Macklin M, Hardy AJ, Shaw PW. Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:91. [PMID: 33522944 PMCID: PMC7849156 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Barotse floodplains of the upper Zambezi River and its tributaries are a highly dynamic environment, with seasonal flooding and transhumance presenting a shifting mosaic of potential larval habitat and human and livestock blood meals for malaria vector mosquitoes. However, limited entomological surveillance has been undertaken to characterize the vector community in these floodplains and their environs. Such information is necessary as, despite substantial deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) against Anopheles vectors, malaria transmission persists across Barotseland in Zambia’s Western Province. Methods Geographically extensive larval surveys were undertaken in two health districts along 102 km of transects, at fine spatial resolution, during a dry season and following the peak of the successive wet season. Larvae were sampled within typical Anopheles flight range of human settlements and identified through genetic sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase I and internal transcribed spacer two regions of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. This facilitated detailed comparison of taxon-specific abundance patterns between ecological zones differentiated by hydrological controls. Results An unexpected paucity of primary vectors was revealed, with An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus representing < 2% of 995 sequenced anophelines. Potential secondary vectors predominated in the vector community, primarily An. coustani group species and An. squamosus. While the distribution of An. gambiae s.l. in the study area was highly clustered, secondary vector species were ubiquitous across the landscape in both dry and wet seasons, with some taxon-specific relationships between abundance and ecological zones by season. Conclusions The diversity of candidate vector species and their high relative abundance observed across diverse hydro-ecosystems indicate a highly adaptable transmission system, resilient to environmental variation and, potentially, interventions that target only part of the vector community. Larval survey results imply that residual transmission of malaria in Barotseland is being mediated predominantly by secondary vector species, whose known tendencies for crepuscular and outdoor biting renders them largely insensitive to prevalent vector control methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dónall Eoin Cross
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Chris Thomas
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK.
| | - Niall McKeown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Vincent Siaziyu
- Limulunga District Health Office, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Amy Healey
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK
| | - Tom Willis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Douglas Singini
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia.,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Francis Liywalii
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | | | - Jacob Sakala
- Provincial Health Office, Western Province, P.O. Box 910022, Mongu, Zambia
| | - Mark Smith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Macklin
- Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health, School of Geography, College of Science, Think Tank, University of Lincoln, Ruston Way, Lincoln, LN6 7DW, UK
| | - Andy J Hardy
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - Paul W Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK.,Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Aïkpon R, Affoukou C, Hounpkatin B, Eclou DD, Cyaka Y, Egwu E, Agbessi N, Tokponnon F, Salifou S, Salami L, Hounto AO. Digitalized mass distribution campaign of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in the particular context of Covid-19 pandemic in Benin: challenges and lessons learned. Malar J 2020; 19:431. [PMID: 33239004 PMCID: PMC7686833 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2020, Benin has implemented a digitalized mass distribution campaign of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in the particular context of COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes the implementation process as well as the challenges and lessons learned from this campaign. Methods A descriptive design was used for reporting the planning and implementation process of ITNs campaign. Moreover, the changes and adaptations related to COVID-19 pandemic are described. Results A total of 3,175,773 households were registered corresponding to a total of 14,423,998 persons (13.55% more from projection). Moreover, 94.16% (13,581,637 people) of enumerated population were protected. A total of 7,652,166 ITNs were distributed countrywide. Conclusions High political commitment, engagement and support add to the financial and technical supports from partners were the essential factors that make 2020 ITNs mass campaign success in Benin despite the particular context of COVID-19 pandemic. It is essential to maintain the prevention activities for malaria and this could substantially reduce the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic for the populations at malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rock Aïkpon
- Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme (PNLP), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Cyriaque Affoukou
- Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme (PNLP), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | | | - Yves Cyaka
- Alliance for Malaria Prevention, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Narcisse Agbessi
- Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme (PNLP), Cotonou, Benin
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Chisenga CC, Bosomprah S, Musukuma K, Mubanga C, Chilyabanyama ON, Velu RM, Kim YC, Reyes-Sandoval A, Chilengi R. Sero-prevalence of arthropod-borne viral infections among Lukanga swamp residents in Zambia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235322. [PMID: 32609784 PMCID: PMC7329080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The re-emergence of vector borne diseases affecting millions of people in recent years has drawn attention to arboviruses globally. Here, we report on the sero-prevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), mayaro virus (MAYV) and zika virus (ZIKV) in a swamp community in Zambia. METHODS We collected blood and saliva samples from residents of Lukanga swamps in 2016 during a mass-cholera vaccination campaign. Over 10,000 residents were vaccinated with two doses of Shanchol™ during this period. The biological samples were collected prior to vaccination (baseline) and at specified time points after vaccination. We tested a total of 214 baseline stored serum samples for IgG antibodies against NS1 of DENV and ZIKV and E2 of CHIKV and MAYV on ELISA. We defined sero-prevalence as the proportion of participants with optical density (OD) values above a defined cut-off value, determined using a finite mixture model. RESULTS Of the 214 participants, 79 (36.9%; 95% CI 30.5-43.8) were sero-positive for Chikungunya; 23 (10.8%; 95% CI 6.9-15.7) for Zika, 36 (16.8%; 95% CI 12.1-22.5) for Dengue and 42 (19.6%; 95% CI 14.5-25.6) for Mayaro. Older participants were more likely to have Zika virus whilst those involved with fishing activities were at greater risk of contracting Chikungunya virus. Among all the antigens tested, we also found that Chikungunya saliva antibody titres correlated with baseline serum titres (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.222; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Arbovirus transmission is occurring in Zambia. This requires proper screening tools as well as surveillance data to accurately report on disease burden in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra
| | - Kalo Musukuma
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Cynthia Mubanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Rachel M. Velu
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Young Chan Kim
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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7
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Orba Y, Hang'ombe BM, Mweene AS, Wada Y, Anindita PD, Phongphaew W, Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Mori-Kajihara A, Eto Y, Sasaki M, Hall WW, Eshita Y, Sawa H. First isolation of West Nile virus in Zambia from mosquitoes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:933-938. [PMID: 29722174 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito surveillance studies to identify mosquito-borne flaviviruses have identified West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in Zambia. The Zambian WNV isolate from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the Western Province was closely related genetically to WNV lineage 2 South African strains which have been previously shown to be highly neuroinvasive. These data provide the first evidence of the circulation of WNV in Zambia and suggest there should be an increased awareness of possible associated human and animal diseases in that country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - B M Hang'ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A S Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Y Wada
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - P D Anindita
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - W Phongphaew
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Eto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - W W Hall
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Y Eshita
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - H Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Masaninga F, Mukumbuta N, Ndhlovu K, Hamainza B, Wamulume P, Chanda E, Banda J, Mwanza-Ingwe M, Miller JM, Ameneshewa B, Mnzava A, Kawesha-Chizema E. Insecticide-treated nets mass distribution campaign: benefits and lessons in Zambia. Malar J 2018; 17:173. [PMID: 29690873 PMCID: PMC5916719 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zambia was an early adopter of insecticide-treated nets strategy in 2001, and policy for mass distribution with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 2005. Since then, the country has implemented mass distribution supplemented with routine delivery through antenatal care and under five clinics in health facilities. The national targets of universal (100%) coverage and 80% utilization of LLINs have not been attained. Free mass LLIN distribution campaign in Zambia offers important lessons to inform future campaigns in the African region. METHODS This study reviewed LLIN free mass distribution campaign information derived from Zambia's national and World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme annual reports and strategic plans published between 2001 and 2016. RESULTS In 2014, a nationwide mass distribution campaign in Zambia delivered all the 6.0 million LLINs in 6 out of 10 provinces in 4 months between June and September before the onset of the rainy season. Compared with 235,800 LLINs and 2.9 million LLINs distributed on a rolling basis in 2008 and 2013, respectively, the 2014 mass campaign, which distributed 6 million LLINs represented the largest one-time-nationwide LLIN distribution in Zambia. The province (Luapula) with highest malaria transmission, mostly with rural settings recorded 98-100% sleeping spaces in homes covered with LLINs. The percentage of households owning at least 1 LLIN increased from 50.9% in 2006 to 77.7% in 2015. The 2014 mass campaign involved a coordinated response with substantial investments into macro (central) and micro (district) level planning, capacity building, tracking and logistics management supported by a new non-health sector partnership landscape. Coordination of LLIN distribution and logistics benefited from the mobile phone technology to transmit "real time" data on commodity tracking that facilitated timely delivery to districts. CONCLUSION Free mass distribution of LLINs policy was adopted in 2005 in Zambia. Consistently implemented, has not only contributed to increased coverage of LLINs, but has also produced the added value and lessons of strengthening joint planning, strategic coordination, partnerships with non-health sector institutions and community engagement with traditional leaders at community. Furthermore, the mass distribution, through improving coverage has indirect added (spin-off) value or impact on other arthropod-borne diseases, in addition to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nawa Mukumbuta
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ketty Ndhlovu
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Pauline Wamulume
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Chanda
- World Health Organization, Africa Regional Office, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Banda
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - John M Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination and Partnership in Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Abraham Mnzava
- African Leaders Alliance (ALMA), P. O Box 1973, Arusha, Tanzania
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9
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Gudo ES, Falk KI, Ali S, Muianga AF, Monteiro V, Cliff J. A Historic Report of Zika in Mozambique: Implications for Assessing Current Risk. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005052. [PMID: 27930650 PMCID: PMC5145135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Samo Gudo
- Virus Isolation Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
- * E-mail:
| | - Kerstin I. Falk
- Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sadia Ali
- Virus Isolation Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Vanessa Monteiro
- Virus Isolation Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Julie Cliff
- Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
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