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Wang S, Chen B, Du R, Zhong M, Zhang C, Jin X, Cui X, Zhou Y, Kang Q, Xu H, Li Y, Wu Q, Tong G, Luo L. An herbal formulation "Shugan Xiaozhi decoction" ameliorates methionine/choline deficiency-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through regulating inflammation and apoptosis-related pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118127. [PMID: 38583728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shugan Xiaozhi (SGXZ) decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine used for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It has been used clinically for over 20 years and proved to be effective; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of SGXZ decoction remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY We analyzed the chemical components, core targets, and molecular mechanisms of SGXZ decoction to improve NASH through network pharmacology and in vivo experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical components, core targets, and related signaling pathways of SGXZ decoction intervention in NASH were predicted using network pharmacology. Molecular docking was performed to verify chemical components and their core targets. The results were validated in the NASH model treated with SGXZ decoction. Mouse liver function was assessed by measuring ALT and AST levels. TC and TG levels were determined to evaluate lipid metabolism, and lipid deposition was assessed via oil red O staining. Mouse liver damage was determined via microscopy following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Liver fibrosis was assessed via Masson staining. Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were performed to detect inflammation and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, MCP1, p53, FAS, Caspase-8, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bid, Cytochrome c, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. In addition, WB and IHC were used to assess protein expression associated with the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. RESULTS Quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, naringenin, and nobiletin in SGXZ decoction were effective chemical components in improving NASH, and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were the major core targets. Molecular docking indicated that these chemical components and major core targets might interact. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the pathways affected by SGXZ decoction, primarily including apoptosis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, interfere with NASH. In vivo experiments indicated that SGXZ decoction considerably ameliorated liver damage, fibrosis, and lipid metabolism disorder in MCD-induced NASH mouse models. In addition, WB and IHC verified the underlying molecular mechanisms of SGXZ decoction as predicted via network pharmacology. SGXZ decoction inhibited the activation of apoptosis-related pathways in MCD-induced NASH mice. Moreover, SGXZ decoction suppressed the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in MCD-induced NASH mice. CONCLUSION SGXZ decoction can treat NASH through multiple targets and pathways. These findings provide new insights into the effective treatment of NASH using SGXZ decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Bohao Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Ruili Du
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Luoyang Polytechnic, No. 6 Keji Avenue, Yibin District, Henan, 471099, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ankang, 725000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Qinyang Kang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Guangdong Tong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China.
| | - Lidan Luo
- Department of Hepatology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.15, Yingchun Road, Luohu District, Guangdong, 518033, China.
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Zhang SN, Liu Q, Li XZ. Combination of omics, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and experimental validation to elucidate the hepatoprotective effects, mechanisms, and active compounds of Shandougen. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5887. [PMID: 38751131 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Omics, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and experimental validation were used to elucidate the hepatoprotective effects, mechanisms, and active compounds of Shandougen (SDG) based on the biolabel-led research pattern. Integrated omics were used to explore the biolabels of SDG intervention in liver tissue. Subsequently, bioinformatics and molecular docking were applied to topologically analyze its therapeutic effects, mechanisms, and active compounds based on biolabels. Finally, an animal model was used to verify the biolabel analysis results. Omics, bioinformatics, and molecular docking revealed that SDG may exert therapeutic effects on liver diseases in the multicompound and multitarget synergistic modes, especially liver cirrhosis. In the validation experiment, SDG and its active compounds (betulinic acid and gallic acid) significantly improved the liver histopathological damage in the CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis model. Meanwhile, they also produced significant inhibitory effects on the focal adhesion pathway (integrin alpha-1, myosin regulatory light chain 2, laminin subunit gamma-1, etc.) and alleviated the associated pathological processes: focal adhesion (focal adhesion kinase 1)-extracellular matrix (collagen alpha-1(IV) chain, collagen alpha-1(VI) chain, and collagen alpha-2(VI) chain) dysfunction, carcinogenesis (alpha-fetoprotein, NH3, and acetylcholinesterase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, and IL-10), and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde, and superoxide dismutase). This study provides new evidence and insights for the hepatoprotective effects, mechanisms, and active compounds of SDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Nan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian New Area, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xu-Zhao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian New Area, China
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Zhu Q, Jiang Y, Lin W, Gao M, Chen X, Li X, Wang H, Niu X, Wang J. Naringin as a natural candidate for anti-autoimmune hepatitis: Inhibitory potency and hepatoprotective mechanism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155722. [PMID: 38733905 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primarily mediated by T cells, is characterized by liver inflammation. Despite the advancements in understanding its pathogenesis, effective therapeutic options are limited. Naringin, a flavonoid abundant in citrus fruits, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to protect against various inflammatory diseases, including drug-induced liver injury. However, the exact effects of naringin on AIH and the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. PURPOSE We aim to determine the role of naringin in AIH, exploring its targets and actions in this disease. METHODS Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to predict the HUB targets connecting naringin, T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders, and AIH. Cellular thermal shift assays were used to determine the binding abilities of naringin with the HUB targets. An in vivo experiment confirmed the impact of naringin treatment on AIH development and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Naringin demonstrated therapeutic effects on ConA-induced AIH. There were 455 shared targets between naringin, T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and AIH. Ten HUB genes (AKT1, ALB, IL-6, IL-1β, CTNNB1, TNF, TP53, MAPK3, VEGFA, and JUN) were identified through the PPI network. Gene ontology analysis revealed involvement in gene expression regulation, lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling, and I-kappa kinase/NFκB signaling. Pathway analysis suggested TNF, Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, and Toll-like receptor pathways, with favorable naringin-HUB gene binding. Molecular docking confirmed albumin (ALB), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF as primary targets for naringin. Molecular dynamics simulations showed stable binding in ALB-naringin, TNF-naringin, and IL-1β-naringin complexes. Naringin's hepatoprotective effect on AIH was supported by increased serum ALB and decreased hepatic inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. CONCLUSION Our data underscore the potential of naringin as a preventive or therapeutical agent in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases including AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Yizhuo Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Lin
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Mengju Gao
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute Of Technology, Shanghai 050092, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Haofei Wang
- College of Information Engineering (College of Software), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450044, PR China
| | - Xinli Niu
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, PR China
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, PR China.
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Shao G, Liu Y, Lu L, Wang L, Ji G, Xu H. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of digestive inflammatory cancer transformation: Portulaca oleracea L. as a promising drug. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117999. [PMID: 38447616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat various types of inflammation and tumors of the digestive system. Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), has been used in TCM for thousands of years. The chemical composition of POL is variable and includes flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and organic acids and other classes of natural compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer-transforming effects in the digestive system. AIM OF STUDY In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic role of POL in NASH, gastritis and colitis and their associated cancers, with a focus on the pharmacological properties and potential mechanisms of action of the main natural active compounds in POL. METHODS The information and data on Portulaca oleracea L. and its main active ingredients were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures), Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet. RESULTS Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, EPA, DHA, and melatonin were found to improve NASH and NASH-HCC, while kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin played a therapeutic role in gastritis and gastric cancer. Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, lupeol, vitamin C and melatonin were found to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of colitis and its associated cancers. The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. CONCLUSION The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. However, clinical data describing the mode of action of the naturally active compounds of POL are still lacking. In addition, pharmacokinetic data for POL compounds, such as changes in drug dose and absorption rates, cannot be extrapolated from animal models and need to be measured in patients in clinical trials. On the one hand, a systematic meta-analysis of the existing publications on TCM containing POL still needs to be carried out. On the other hand, studies on the hepatic and renal toxicity of POL are also needed. Additionally, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to validate the therapeutic effects of TCM need to be performed, thus hopefully providing a basis for the validation of the clinical benefits of POL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxuan Shao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
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Zhan D, Li Y, Xu L, Li Y, Song M, Yi W, Huang X. Fuling Guizhi Baizhu Gancao Decoction combined with traditional Chinese medicine and acupoint injection in the treatment of refractory ascites in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. Panminerva Med 2024; 66:207-209. [PMID: 37462675 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.23.04908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwang Zhan
- Department of Liver Disease, Tai'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Emergency ICU, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taian TSCM Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Encephalopathy Division, Tai'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Mingyue Song
- Department of Liver Disease, Tai'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Wanli Yi
- Department of Encephalopathy, Ji'ning Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ji'ning, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Department of Liver Disease, Tai'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tai'an, China -
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Deng JW, Yuan S, Shi LP, Chen X, Liu J, Chen ZW, Tan KY, Yang Q, Cao WF. Integration of network pharmacology and serum medicinal chemistry to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of QiZhuYangGan Decoction in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117730. [PMID: 38190954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qizhuyanggan Decoction (QZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is frequently utilized in clinical practice for managing hepatic fibrosis. However, the specific target and mechanism of action of QZD for hepatic fibrosis treatment remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY By combining network pharmacology, serum medicinal chemistry, and experimental validation methods, our study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of QZD on hepatic fibrosis, the anti-hepatic fibrosis active ingredients, and the possible mechanism of anti-hepatic fibrosis action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of QZD on hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 in SD rats, as well as its mechanism of action. The rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally using 3% pentobarbital and were executed after asphyxiation with high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Several techniques were employed to evaluate the efficacy of QZD, including ELISA, Western blot, HYP reagent assay, and various pathological examinations such as HE, Masson, Sirius Red staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, serum biochemical assays were conducted to assess the effect of QZD on liver injury. Network pharmacology, UPLC, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation were utilized to explore the mechanism of QZD in treating hepatic fibrosis. Finally, experimental validation was performed through ELISA, IHC, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis. RESULT Liver histopathology showed that QZD reduced inflammation and inhibited collagen production, and QZD significantly reduced HA and LN content to treat hepatic fibrosis. Serum biochemical analysis showed that QZD improved liver injury. Network pharmacology combined with UPLC screened six active ingredients and obtained 87 targets for the intersection of active ingredients and diseases. The enrichment analysis results indicated that the PI3K/AKT pathway might be the mechanism of action of QZD in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis, and counteracting the inflammatory response might be one of the pathways of action of QZD. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that the active ingredient had good binding properties with PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins. Western blot, ELISA, PCR, and IHC results indicated that QZD may treat hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and suppressing M1 macrophage polarization, while also promoting M2 macrophage polarization. CONCLUSIONS QZD may be effective in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and M1 macrophage polarization, while promoting M2 macrophage polarization. This provides a strong basis for the clinical application of QZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Su Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China; Department of Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Peng Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China; Department of Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yue Tan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Fu Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, China; Department of Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Tu A, Zhu X, Dastjerdi PZ, Yin Y, Peng M, Zheng D, Peng Z, Wang E, Wang X, Jing W. Evaluate the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese Medicine as the neoadjuvant treatment in reducing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24437. [PMID: 38322894 PMCID: PMC10843996 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at every therapeutic stage, even before tumor formation. However, the efficacy of TCM in reducing the incidence of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related cirrhosis remains unclear. This study aims to address this gap. Methods Publications were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Sino Med, VIP, and Wan Fang Databases. Relative risk (RR) was calculated with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results 10 studies with 2702 patients showed that the combination therapy significantly reduced the incidence of HCC in patients with post-hepatitis B cirrhosis at 1, 3, and 5 years. However, the preventive effects of TCM were in compensated cirrhosis, but not the decompensated cirrhosis. Furthermore, TCM correlated with improved liver function and enhanced virological response. Conclusion Combination therapy with TCM demonstrated the certain potential in reducing the incidence of HCC in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. This is attrinuted to the improvement of liver function and enhancement of the viral response. However, the efficacy of TCM in the field still needs more high-quality RCTs to provide stronger evidence in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tu
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhu
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Yue Yin
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Peng
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ding Zheng
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Peng
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Encheng Wang
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wang Jing
- Hepatobiliary Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Deng Y, Li K, Li A, Hu W, Hu W. Advances in the treatment of hepatogenous diabetes: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36068. [PMID: 37986334 PMCID: PMC10659649 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatogenous diabetes (HD) is a glycogen metabolism disorder that arises as a consequence of chronic liver disease. The condition is frequently detected in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis, which is a result of advanced liver disease. The prognosis for patients with HD is generally poor, and they are at a heightened risk for serious complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, primary peritonitis, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogenous diabetes progression is often associated with cirrhosis progression, which leads to the development of liver cancer and increased patient mortality. Despite the prevalence and severity of HD, no systematic treatment strategy for clinical management of the condition has been proposed by any research or institutions to date. This paper conducts an extensive review of recent advancements in HD treatment in the quest for an effective treatment approach that may improve the overall prognosis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital; Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Keyu Li
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital; Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ang Li
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital; Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - WeiMing Hu
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital; Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital; Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Zhao J, Xu L, Lv L, Wang L, Wang X, Liang C, Wang C, Qiu Y, Pei X. Network pharmacology and in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine the mechanism behind the effects of Jiawei Yanghe decoction via TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB against mastitis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21219. [PMID: 37964842 PMCID: PMC10641157 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Qing dynasty, Yanghe decoction was as a therapeutic soup for effectively treating chronic inflammatory disorders. It was used as a therapeutic soup for effectively treating chronic inflammatory disorders. In the clinical use of Yanghe decoction, the adjustment of the medication for a variety of inflammatory diseases have therapeutic effect, including mastitis. Therefore, Jiawei Yanghe decoction (JWYHD) may be used to treat inflammatory breast diseases. Methods First, LM- and JWYHD-related components were retrieved from the database and analysis platform. Next, protein-protein interaction networks were constructed to screen the key targets, and gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genome enrichment analyses were performed to predict the potential biological functions and mechanisms of JWYHD. Simultaneously, the JWYHD samples were collected and analyzed by UPLC-HRMS. Finally, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to construct animal and cellular inflammation models of mastitis with LPS. Pathological changes in the mammary tissues were detected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting was performed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in the breast tissues to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms of anti-mastitis effects of JWYHD from different aspects. Results In total, 103 compounds were detected in JWYHD by UPLC-HRMS. 691 active ingredients of JWYHD were screened by network pharmacology, and 47 LM-related targets were identified. The PPI network analysis of the targets revealed the 5 core targets. The KEGG enrichment results established the NF-κB signaling pathways as the core. After JWYHD intervention, low inflammatory enrichment and mild inflammatory damage in breast tissues were observed. Furthermore, JWYHD treatment affected mammary gland inflammatory cytokines and the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway by considerably reducing the respective protein levels and gene expression; thus, JWYHD alleviated LM symptoms. Conclusions We hypothesized and demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of JWYHD by cytokine regulation via the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, JWYHD showed its potential in LM treatment and in treating other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liuyan Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lingyan Lv
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liuyi Wang
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Fangshan Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaohua Pei
- Xiamen Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361015, China
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He Y, Xu G, Jiang P, She D, Huang L, Chen C. Antibacterial diarrhea effect and action mechanism of Portulaca oleracea L. water extract based on the regulation of gut microbiota and fecal metabolism. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7260-7272. [PMID: 37357594 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portulaca oleracea has served as food and folk medicine in many parts of the world for thousands of years. Portulaca oleracea extract (POE) was prepared from fresh plants. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial diarrhea effect and explore the possible mechanism. RESULTS POE was effective in reducing diarrhea rate, improving intestinal tissue, and reducing cytokines concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40 and TNF-α in blood. Besides, the result of histological observation showed that the mucus layer thickness and crypt length in the POE-treated group was higher than that in the model group. The POE could significantly upregulate the protein expression of MUC2, occludin and ZO-1. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that Parabacteroides, Clostridium and Muribaculaceae may be the key functional microflora of POE. The non-targeted metabolomics also suggested that the antibacterial diarrheal effects of P. oleracea may be attributed to the regulation of amino acid metabolism and composition of the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION Portulaca oleracea has definite clinical efficacy against bacterial diarrhea and anti-inflammatory effects. Its regulation of gut microbiota and fecal metabolism may account for its antibacterial diarrhea and anti-inflammatory effects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-Agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpei Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong She
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunwu Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of West Anhui University, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
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Rahnama S, Tehrankhah ZM, Mohajerani F, Mohammadi FS, Yeganeh ZY, Najafi F, Babashah S, Sadeghizadeh M. Milk thistle nano-micelle formulation promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulating miR-155-3p /SOCS2 /PHLDA1 signaling axis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:337. [PMID: 37749575 PMCID: PMC10521506 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent form of liver cancer that causes significant mortality in numerous individuals worldwide. This study compared the effects of milk thistle (MT) and nano-milk thistle (N-MT) on the expression of the genes that participate in apoptosis and cell cycle pathways in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. METHODS IC50 values of MT and N-MT were determined using the MTT assay. Huh-7 and HepG2 cell lines (containing mutant and wild-type TP53 gene, respectively) were incubated with MT and N-MT for 24h and 48h and the impact of MT and N-MT on the proliferation of these cell lines was evaluated through a comparative analysis. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry after 24h and 48h treatment in the cell lines mentioned. Real-time PCR was used to analyze miR-155-3p, PHLDA1, SOCS2, TP53, P21, BAX, and BCL-2 expression in the cell lines that were being treated. RESULTS N-MT reduces cancer cell growth in a time and concentration-dependent manner, which is more toxic compared to MT. Huh-7 was observed to have IC50 values of 2.35 and 1.7 μg/ml at 24h and 48h, and HepG2 was observed to have IC50 values of 3.4 and 2.6 μg/ml at 24 and 48h, respectively. N-MT arrested Huh-7 and HepG2 cells in the Sub-G1 phase and induced apoptosis. N-MT led to a marked reduction in the expression of miR-155-3p and BCL-2 after 24h and 48h treatments. Conversely, PHLDA1, SOCS2, BAX, and P21 were upregulated in the treated cells compared to untreated cells, which suggests that milk thistle has the potential to regulate these genes. N-MT reduced the expression of TP53 in Huh-7 cells after mentioned time points, while there was a significant increase in the expression of the TP53 gene in HepG2 cells. No gene expression changes were observed in MT-treated cells after 24h and 48h. CONCLUSION N-MT can regulate cancer cell death by arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. This occurs through the alteration of apoptotic genes expression. A reduction in the expression of miR-155-3p and increase in the expression of SOCS2 and PHLDA1 after N-MT treatment showed the correlation between miR-155-3p and PHLDA1/SOCS2 found in bioinformatics analysis. While N-MT increased TP53 expression in HepG2, reduced it in Huh-7. The findings indicate that N-MT can function intelligently in cancer cells and can be a helpful complement to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Rahnama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moazezi Tehrankhah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajerani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shah Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi Yeganeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ghorani V, Saadat S, Khazdair MR, Gholamnezhad Z, El-Seedi H, Boskabady MH. Phytochemical Characteristics and Anti-Inflammatory, Immunoregulatory, and Antioxidant Effects of Portulaca oleracea L.: A Comprehensive Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:2075444. [PMID: 37693918 PMCID: PMC10484659 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2075444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Portulaca oleracea L. (P. oleracea) or purslane is a plant from the Portulacaceae family, which is used as food and traditional medicine for various diseases. This review article provides comprehensive information on the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties of P. oleracea and its constituents. The literature survey of the different databases until the end of June 2023 was explored based on the keywords including the "P. oleracea, purslane, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties." The plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and some other compounds. The results indicated that P. oleracea and its constituents showed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties through reduction of inflammatory mediators including interferon gama (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide. Improvement in cytokines' serum levels (IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4) and increased IgG and IgM serum levels, as well as reduction of IgE, phospholipase A2, and total protein were demonstrated for P. oleracea. The plant and its constituents also improved oxidative stress by reduction of oxidant and increase of antioxidant markers. P. oleracea could be considered as an effective remedy for various inflammatory and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ghorani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeideh Saadat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesham El-Seedi
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 31100107, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sun YF, Pan HH, Xia ZN, Yu ZM, Li CL, Wang XD, Shen SH. Alisma Shugan Decoction attenuates hepatic fibrosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:422-434. [PMID: 38223644 PMCID: PMC10782321 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Over the years, Alisma Shugan Decoction (ASD), because of its potent anti-inflammation activity, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of many inflammation-associated disorders including those of the heart, blood vessel and brain. Methods Herein, we examined the probable therapeutic effect of ASD in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury and fibrosis mice models. Results Our results demonstrate that ASD dose-dependently reduced the fibrosis-related increased collagen deposition secondary to liver tissue exposure to CCl4. Data from our biochemical analyses showed significantly less liver damage biomarkers including ALT, AST and hydroxyproline in the ASD-treated samples, suggesting hepato-protective effect of ASD. Furthermore, we demonstrated that treatment with ASD significantly reversed CCl4-induced elevation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MP-1. Interestingly, NF-κB signalling, a principal regulator of inflammation was markedly suppressed by ASD treatment. In addition, treatment with ASD deregulated stress signalling pathways by suppressing the expression of markers of unfolded protein response, such as ATF6, IRE and GRP78. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study provides preclinical evidence for the use of ASD as an efficacious therapeutic option in cases of chemical-induced liver damage and/or fibrosis. Further large-cohort validation of these findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Sun
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Hua Pan
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhong-Ni Xia
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhong-Min Yu
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cheng-Le Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
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Lu L, Lu T, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ke X, Yang R. Research on the effectiveness and material basis of Ligusticum chuanxiong in alleviating acute liver injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116643. [PMID: 37220808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As an effective medicinal plant, Ligusticum chuanxiong (L. chuanxiong) is traditionally used in China to treat various kinds of dysesthesia caused by liver qi stagnation, chest paralysis and heart pain caused by liver blood stagnation, and bruises and injuries caused by blood stasis. Recent research has confirmed the efficacy of L. chuanxiong in treating liver injury. AIM OF THE STUDY L. chuanxiong has significant hepatoprotective effects, but its material basis and mechanism of action are still ambiguous. This work was to reveal the potential active ingredients (parts) of L. chuanxiong for liver protection and to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of its liver protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hepatoprotective substance basis and mechanism of L. chuanxiong were investigated using network pharmacology, and the active components of L. chuanxiong extract were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical techniques. Molecular docking was adopted to verify the interaction between the active ingredients in L. chuanxiong and the key targets involved in liver injury. To confirm the hepatoprotective effects of the effective part in L. chuanxiong, a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury model in mice was used. RESULTS As a result, network pharmacological analysis techniques were used to screen out potential active ingredients such as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid, which were concentrated in the organic acid site and acted on 19 key targets related to liver protection. The biological process involved the positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis, and various signaling pathways were implicated, including the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, and others. LC-MS and GC-MS qualitatively analyzed the effective components from L. chuanxiong extract, and 50 active components were identified. The molecular docking of key components with the core targets showed good activity, which validated the predicted results. In the final analysis, a mouse model of acute liver injury induced by CCl4 further verified the greater protective effect of the organic acid fraction of L. chuanxiong on liver injury in mice compared with other parts. CONCLUSION The results reveal that L. chuanxiong may relieve liver damage, and the organic acids were the main active part in it. Its mechanism of alleviating liver injury is related to positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiumei Ke
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Rongping Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Chen X, Shi J, Lai Y, Xue Y, Ung COL, Hu H. Systematic analysis of randomised controlled trials of Chinese herb medicine for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): implications for future drug development and trial design. Chin Med 2023; 18:58. [PMID: 37208742 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease currently lacking an approved therapy, resulting in significant clinical demand. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been commonly used to manage NASH. This study aimed to systematically analyse the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using TCMs for NASH management. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed by following PRISMA guidelines 2020 in six electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from inception until August 2022. RCTs using TCMs for NASH were included in the analysis, irrespective of language or blinding. RESULTS 112 RCTs were included in this review, with 10,573 NASH participants. 108 RCTs were conducted in China, and 4 RCTs were in other countries. Herbal medicine decoction was the major dosage form used for treating NASH (82/112). 11 TCMs products have been approved for NASH treatment (8 in China, 2 in Iran, and 1 in Japan). Classic prescriptions, such as "Huang Lian Jie Du decoction", "Yin Chen Hao decoction", and "Yi Guan Jian" were used in some studies. The TCMs treatment of NASH involved the use of 199 different plants, with the top 5 herbs being Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, Alismatis Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Poria, and Curcumae Radix. "Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma + Bupleuri Radix/Alismatis Rhizoma" were the mostly common drug-pair in the herbs network analysis. Nowadays, "Bupleuri Radix/Alismatis Rhizoma + Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma" are increasingly applied in herbal formulas for NASH. Based on the PICOS principles, the included studies varied in terms of the population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design. However, some studies reported unstandardised results and failed to report diagnostic standards, inclusion or exclusion criteria, or sufficient patient information. CONCLUSION Adopting Chinese classic prescriptions or drug-pair may provide a basis for developing new drugs of NASH management. Further research is needed to refine the clinical trial design and obtain more convincing evidence for using TCMs to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Junnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yunfeng Lai
- School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
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Oh HM, Kim EJ, Bae HR, Cho JH, Son CG, Lee NH. Adjuvant effect of herbal medicine on transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1106827. [PMID: 36845704 PMCID: PMC9948036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, especially in Asian countries. As a practical treatment option, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been well applied; however, its limited efficacy remains challenging. This study analyzed the adjuvant effects of herbal medicine on TACE to determine whether it improves clinical outcomes in patients with HCC. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the adjuvant effects of herbal medicine on TACE versus TACE therapy alone. We searched the literature from eight databases since January 2011. Results Twenty-five studies involving 2,623 participants were selected. The adjuvant therapy of herbal medicine on TACE improved the overall survival at 0.5 years (OR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.21-2.38), 1 year (OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.65-2.46), 2 years (OR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.20-2.80), and 3 years (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.25-2.91). The combination therapy also increased the tumor response rate (OR = 1.84; 95% CI 1.40-2.42). Conclusions Despite the unsatisfactory quality of the included studies, the adjuvant therapy of herbal medicine on TACE may provide survival benefits to patients with HCC. Systematic reviews registration http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier (376691).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Muk Oh
- Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Kim
- East-West Cancer Center, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Bae
- East-West Cancer Center, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Chang-Gue Son, ; Nam-Hun Lee,
| | - Nam-Hun Lee
- East-West Cancer Center, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Chang-Gue Son, ; Nam-Hun Lee,
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17
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Hsouna AB, Sadaka C, Beyrouthy ME, Hfaiedh M, Dhifi W, Brini F, Saad RB, Mnif W. Immunomodulatory effect of Linalool (Lin) against CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:469-477. [PMID: 35748559 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of Linalool (Lin) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced toxicity in mice. Four study groups (n = 8 each) were used: (1) a negative control group and (2) a toxicity control group (single dose of CCl4 administered on day 14 as 1 mL/kg of CCL4 in 1% olive oil). Intraperitoneally (i.p.)), and two experimental groups where mice were treated with either (3) Lin (25 mg/kg b.w., orally, daily for 15 days) or (4) pretreated with Lin (25 mg/kg b.w., orally, daily for 14 days) and intoxicated with CCl4 (1 mL/kg of CCL4 in 1% olive oil. i.p.) on day 14. The levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-1β, and the histopathology of the liver were assessed. According to our findings, IL-10 concentrations were significantly increased in Lin-treated groups, while other cytokine levels were marked by a considerable decrease in the toxicity model group (CCl4 -treated group). Histopathological examinations of liver tissues showed that the Lin-treated groups had an almost normal structure. The current findings showed that Lin could inhibit CCl4 -induced liver injury in mice, which warrants further investigation of Lin as a potential protective and therapeutic agent against hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Sadaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mbarka Hfaiedh
- Research Unit of Active Biomolecules Valorisation, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medicine, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Wissal Dhifi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-GeoRessources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, BiotechPole of Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Faical Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.,ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, University of Manouba, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
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Sodium New Houttuyfonate Inhibits Cancer-Promoting Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246111. [PMID: 36551597 PMCID: PMC9775898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies showed that the common anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is closely associated with a higher risk for carcinogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CRC. However, there is no specific antimicrobial therapy for CRC treatment. Herbal medicine has a long history of treating diseases with remarkable effects and is attracting extensive attention. In this study, we tested six common phytochemicals for their antimicrobial activities against Fn and whether anti-Fn phytochemicals can modulate CRC development associated with Fn. Among these antimicrobials, we found that SNH showed the highest antimicrobial activity and little cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SNH may target membrane-associated FadA, leading to FadA oligomerization, membrane fragmentation and permeabilization. More importantly, SNH blocked the tumor-promoting activity of Fn and Fn-associated cancer-driven inflammation, thus improving the intestinal barrier damaged by Fn. SNH reduced Fn load in the CRC-cells-derived mice xenografts with Fn inoculation and significantly inhibited CRC progression. Our data suggest that SNH could be used for an antimicrobial therapy that inhibits Fn and cancer-driven inflammation of CRC. Our results provide an important foundation for future gut microbiota-targeted clinical treatment of CRC.
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Wu X, Wei Z, Feng H, Chen H, Xie J, Huang Y, Wang M, Yao C, Huang J. Targeting Effect of Betulinic Acid Liposome Modified by Hyaluronic Acid on Hepatoma Cells In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3047-3053. [PMID: 35779664 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid with broad-spectrum anticancer activity, which has great development potential as an anti-cancer drug. In this study, a novel hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified BA liposome (BA-L) was developed for use in targeted liver cancer therapy. The size, polymer dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were measured. Cell viability, cell migration and clonogenicity, cellular uptake, immunohistochemistry of CD44, and protein expression of ROCK1/IP3/RAS were also investigated. BA, BA-L, and HA-BA-L had no inhibitory effect on the activity of LO2 normal hepatocytes, but they inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with HA-BA-L exhibiting the most prominent inhibitory effect. Compared with the BA-L group, the expression of CD44 in HepG2 cells in the HA-BA-L group was decreased. The results of WB showed that BA, BA-L, and HA-BA-L downregulated the expression of ROCK1, IP3, and RAS in HepG2 cells, and the expression level in the HA-BA-L group was significantly decreased. The easily prepared HA-BA-L was demonstrated to be an excellent CD44-mediated intracellular delivery system capable of targeting effects. Further mechanistic research revealed that the inhibition of HA-BA-L on HepG2 cells may be mediated by blocking the ROCK1/IP3/RAS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Zhumei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hui Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jiaxiu Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yupeng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jianchun Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China.
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Yu Q, Chen Z, Liu M, Meng Y, Li X, Li B, Du J. Exploring the potential targets of Sanshimao formula for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment by a method of network pharmacology combined with molecular biology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115531. [PMID: 35840058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Sanshimao (SSM) formula is an effective prescription for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy in the clinical setting. This prescription is made up of four herbals, Maorenshen, Shijianchuan, Shishangbai and Shidachuan, which are used for detoxification and removing blood stasis. However, its mechanism in the treatment of HCC remains ambiguous. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the potential targets of SSM against HCC by network pharmacology analysis and verify the data using molecular biological methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS We screened active components and potential targets by data mining, constructed a network, and performed functional analysis and pathway enrichment to explore the therapeutic targets of SSM for HCC treatment. Then, the effects of SSM on HCC cells were studied to validate the data from network pharmacology analysis. RESULTS Eighty-eight common targets were obtained by mapping 932 HCC-related genes, and 325 targets corresponded to 11 active components of SSM. They were enriched in various biological processes, such as the response to inorganic substances, response to toxic substances and apoptotic signalling pathway, and multi-pathways involved pathways in cancer, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, as evaluated by the analysis of advanced functions and pathways. TP53, JUN, HSP90AA1, EGFR, AR and MAPK1 might be the core targets closely related to the effects of SSM on HCC according to PPI analysis. Treatment with SSM decreased cell viability and migration, promoted apoptosis and inhibited the EGFR/FAK/AKT signalling pathway. CONCLUSION This research preliminarily indicates that SSM treats HCC via multiple components and pathways. EGFR/FAK/AKT are promising therapeutic targets of SSM for HCC treatment. This provides objective evidence for further mechanistic research and the future development and clinical application of SSM in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbin Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Tong Xie Yao Fang in Treating Ulcerative Colitis Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8141443. [PMID: 36204124 PMCID: PMC9532093 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8141443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action of Tong Xie Yao Fang (TXYF) against ulcerative colitis (UC) by employing a network pharmacology approach. Methods. The network pharmacology approach, including screening of the active ingredients and targets, construction of the active ingredient-drug target network, the active ingredient-diseasetarget network, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, enrichment analyses, molecular docking, and targets validation, was used to explore the mechanisms of TXYF against UC. Results. 34 active ingredients and 129 and 772 targets of TXYF and UC, respectively, were identified. The intersection of the active ingredient-drug target network, the active ingredient-disease target network, and the PPI network suggested that kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, wogonin, and naringenin were the core ingredients and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) was the core target. Enrichment analyses showed that regulation of exogenous protein binding and other functions were of great significance. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway were important pathways. Results of molecular docking indicated that the core ingredients and the target molecule had strong binding affinities. We have validated the high levels of expression of PTGS2 in UC by analyzing three additional datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Conclusions. There are multiple ingredients, targets, and pathways involved in TXYF’s effectiveness against UC, and these findings will promote further research and clinical applications.
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22
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Li WQ, Liu WH, Qian D, Liu J, Zhou SQ, Zhang L, Peng W, Su L, Zhang H. Traditional Chinese medicine: An important source for discovering candidate agents against hepatic fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962525. [PMID: 36081936 PMCID: PMC9445813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) refers to the pathophysiological process of connective tissue dysplasia in the liver caused by various pathogenic factors. Nowadays, HF is becoming a severe threat to the health of human being. However, the drugs available for treating HF are limited. Currently, increasing natural agents derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been found to be beneficial for HF. A systemic literature search was conducted from PubMed, GeenMedical, Sci-Hub, CNKI, Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar, with the keywords of “traditional Chinese medicine,” “herbal medicine,” “natural agents,” “liver diseases,” and “hepatic fibrosis.” So far, more than 76 natural monomers have been isolated and identified from the TCMs with inhibitory effect on HF, including alkaloids, flavones, quinones, terpenoids, saponins, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides, etc. The anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of these compounds include hepatoprotection, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis & secretion, regulation of autophagy, and antioxidant & anti-inflammation, etc. Natural compounds and extracts from TCMs are promising agents for the prevention and treatment of HF, and this review would be of great significance to development of novel drugs for treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Die Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Zhou
- Hospital of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Peng, ; Li Su, ; Hong Zhang,
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Peng, ; Li Su, ; Hong Zhang,
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Peng, ; Li Su, ; Hong Zhang,
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Zhang N, Wu Y, Zhong W, Xia G, Xia H, Wang L, Wei X, Li Y, Shang H, He H, Lin S. Multiple anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) efficacies of isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin via farnesoid X receptor activation and TFEB-mediated autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154148. [PMID: 35576742 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can develop into cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma without effective treatment. However, there are currently no drugs for NASH treatment, and the development of new therapeutics has remained a major challenge in NASH research. Advances in traditional Chinese medicine to treat liver disease inspired us to search for new NASH candidates from Chi-Shao, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. PURPOSE In this research, we aimed to clarify the anti-NASH effect and the underlying mechanism of isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin (IA, 1), which was a new lead compound isolated from Chi-Shao. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Isopropylidenyl anemosapogenin (IA, 1) was first discovered by collagen type I α 1 promoter luciferase bioassay-guided isolation and then characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and enriched by semi-synthesis. Using various molecular biology techniques, the multiple anti-NASH efficacies and mechanisms of IA were clarified based on in vitro LX-2 and Huh7 cell models, along with the in vivo choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced mouse model and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced rat model. The UPLC-MS/MS method was used to assess the plasma concentration of IA. RESULTS A new lead compound IA was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Chi-Shao, which showed significant anti-liver fibrosis activity in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells and anti-liver steatosis activity in oleic acid-treated Huh7 cells. Furthermore, IA could significantly ameliorate in vivo CDAHFD-induced liver injury by activating the farnesoid X receptor pathway, including its targets Nr0b2, Abcb11, and Slc10a2. Simultaneously, IA activated the autophagy pathway by activating the TFEB factor, thereby promoting lipid degradation. Its liver-protective and anti-fibrosis activities were verified by the BDL-induced rat model. Finally, with an oral administration of 100 mg/kg, IA achieved the maximum plasma concentration of 1.23 ± 0.18 μg/ml at 2.67 ± 0.58 h. CONCLUSION IA, an unreported lupine-type triterpenoid isolated from Chi-shao, can significantly alleviate liver injury and fibrosis via farnesoid X receptor activation and TFEB-mediated autophagy, which indicates that IA could serve as a novel therapeutic candidate against NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wanchao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongwei He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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Ai G, Wu X, Dou Y, Huang R, Zhong L, Liu Y, Xian Y, Lin Z, Li Y, Su Z, Chen J, Qu C. Oxyberberine, a novel HO-1 agonist, effectively ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in LPS/D-GalN induced acute liver injury mice via coactivating erythrocyte metabolism and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113215. [PMID: 35691465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxyberberine (OBB), a main gut-mediated metabolite of Phellodendron chinense Cortex (PC), exhibits prominent protective property against acute liver injury (ALI). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a vital molecule in attenuating acute and chronic liver injury for its prominent anti-oxidative injury and anti-inflammation properties. The present study was performed to investigate the hepatoprotective role of OBB through HO-1 signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced ALI. Our results indicated that PC treatment improved survival rate and its metabolite OBB evidently improved histopathological deteriorations and liver function. Additionally, OBB dramatically ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Besides, OBB exerted remarkable HO-1 agonistic activity, even be comparable to hemin (a HO-1 inducer), as evidenced by increased HO-1 level, carbon monoxide and bilirubin activities, which are the markers of erythrocyte metabolism. Moreover, OBB modulated the parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress through HO-1 dependent pathway. Beyond this, OBB also notably suppressed the translocation of p65, enhanced antioxidation defense genes expressions, promoted the degradation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, OBB could be the principle active metabolite substance of PC and exert excellent hepatoprotective effects via inducing HO-1 through coactivation of erythrocyte metabolism and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yaoxing Dou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine/Post-Doctoral Research Station, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ronglei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Linjiang Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yanfang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhixiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Yucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Chang Qu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
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Cao M, Fan J, Yang X, Shi M, Lin S, Chi X. Exploration on Molecular Mechanism of Reversal Effect of Compound Danshen Tablets on Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Network Pharmacology. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:7241719. [PMID: 35592869 PMCID: PMC9113907 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7241719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To research the molecular mechanism of compound Danshen tablets in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis through network pharmacology. Methods Traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) and online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) databases were searched for compound Danshen tablets' active ingredients o and hepatic fibrosis-related genes. The network enrichment of the targets of "herb-compound-target" was visualized and analyzed using Cytoscape software. Then, the screened target genes were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network. The DAVID enrichment database (the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery) was adopted for GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway enrichment of vital nodes. Results The results yielded 234 targets of compound Danshen tablets; ten important targets (TNF, IL-10, TGF-β1, EGF, CXCL16, CCL21, SERPINB5, SERPINA1, SOD2, and PPIG) for reversing hepatic fibrosis; and four core targets (TNF, IL-10, TGF-1, and EGF). In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that compound Danshen tablets mainly involved FoxO and MAPK signaling pathways, as the key signaling pathways in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Conclusion TNF, IL-10, TGF-1, and EGF and FOXO and MAPK signaling pathways play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Based on the results of this study, the mechanism of action of compound Danshen tablets in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis may be associated with the regulation of FoxO and MAPK signaling pathways and inhibition of TNF, IL-10, TGF-1, and EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minling Cao
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
| | - Jingyue Fan
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
| | - Meifeng Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
| | - Xiaoling Chi
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510007, China
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Fu K, Zhou H, Wang C, Gong L, Ma C, Zhang Y, Li Y. A review: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrin A. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2375-2393. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
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Mao J, Zhan H, Meng F, Wang G, Huang D, Liao Z, Chen M. Costunolide protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating gut microbiota, oxidative stress and attenuating inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1268-1283. [PMID: 35084790 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Costunolide (cos) derived from the roots of Dolomiaea souliei (Franch.), which belongs to the Dolomiaea genus in the family Compositae, exert the anti-inebriation effect mainly by inhibiting the absorption of alcohol in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the protective effect of cos against alcohol-induced liver injury (ALI) remains obscure. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of cos (silymarin was used as positive control) against ALI and its potential mechanisms. MTT was used to examine the effect of cos on the cell viability of L-02 cells. Plasma was separated from blood that used to test the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12, and LPS while serum separated from blood which used to detect the level of ALT and AST. Liver tissues were obtained for histopathological examination and western blot analysis. Fresh mice feces samples were collected for the detection of bacterial composition. Cos exhibited protective effect against alcoholic-induced liver injury by regulating gut microbiota capacities (higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while lower in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria), adjusting oxidative stress (reduced the activities of MDA and ROS while promoted SOD, GSH and GSH-PX in L-02 cells) and attenuating inflammation (decreased the levels of ALT, AST, LPS, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) via LPS-TLR4-NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, which might be an active therapeutic agent for treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Honghong Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Farshori NN. Hepatoprotective effect of Trigonella foenum graecum against ethanol-induced cell death in human liver cells (HepG2 and Huh7). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2765-2776. [PMID: 35064405 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant Trigonella foenum graecum, also known as fenugreek, has been shown to have anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of fenugreek seed extract (FSE) against ethanol-induced cell death was investigated in human liver cells (HepG2 and Huh7). METHODS AND RESULTS The cytotoxic effect of FSE and ethanol on cells was evaluated by exposing the cells at different concentrations. Following that, the cells were pre-incubated with 5-25 μg/ml FSE, followed by a cytotoxic concentration (0.5 mM) of ethanol. MTT and neutral red uptake assays were performed in treated cells to assess the ability of FSE to protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of ethanol. When compared to controls, ethanol treatment significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 and Huh7 cells and altered the cell morphology, whereas treatment with FSE significantly increased cell viability and reversed ethanol-induced morphological changes. Furthermore, pretreatment with FSE dose-dependently reduced lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) leakage, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, and catalase activities while increasing glutathione (GSH) level induced by ethanol. Pretreatment with FSE also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase enzyme activities, and protein expression of caspase-3 and -9. In HepG2 cells, ethanol-induced apoptosis was observed, whereas FSE treatment reduced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of pro-apoptotic marker genes and upregulating the antiapoptotic gene. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study reports on the mechanistic details of the hepatoprotective potential of FSE. The results also suggest that fenugreek seeds may be useful in preventing liver diseases caused by toxicants such as ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Nayyar Farshori
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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30
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Xiong Y, Hu J, Xuan C, Tian J, Tan K, Chen Z, Luo Y, Du X, Cheng J, Zhang L, Cao W. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of Yiqi Rougan decoction in reducing CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Chin Med 2021; 16:142. [PMID: 34952623 PMCID: PMC8709947 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis develops from various chronic liver diseases, and there is currently a lack of specific treatment strategies. Yiqi Rougan decoction (YQRG) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has shown durative effects in the treatment of liver fibrosis; however, the mechanism associated with YQRG-related improvements in liver fibrosis remains to be experimentally determined. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect of YQRG on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and its molecular mechanism. Methods We used low-, medium-, and high-dose YQRG to treat CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats, followed by assessment of liver injury and fibrosis according to liver appearance, body weight, liver mass index, histopathologic examination, and serum testing. Additionally, we performed transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, including cluster, Gene Ontology (GO), and pathway analyses, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein and gene expression were detected by immunofluorescence (IFC), western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. Results The results showed that YQRG effectively alleviated CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats, including observations of improved liver function, decreased activity of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Moreover, we identified downregulated and upregulated DEGs in the model group relative to the control and YQRG-treated groups, with GO analysis revealing their enrichment in biological processes, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that YQRG treatment downregulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) signalling pathways and upregulated other signalling pathways, including those related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPAR) and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK), with these findings subsequently verified experimentally. Conclusion These findings showed that YQRG improved CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through multiple mechanisms and pathways, offering critical insight into the YQRG-related therapeutic mechanism and promoting further research into its potential application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00552-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jinyuan Hu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chen Xuan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Kaiyue Tan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Kidney Disease, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Xuqin Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junxiong Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenfu Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Department of Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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31
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Xu G, Lv X, Feng Y, Li H, Chen C, Lin H, Li H, Wang C, Chen J, Sun J. Study on the effect of active components of Schisandra chinensis on liver injury and its mechanisms in mice based on network pharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174442. [PMID: 34492285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the active components of Schisandra chinensis on liver injury and its mechanism in mice by network pharmacology. The active components of S. chinensis were found through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and their corresponding targets were predicted. The targets of liver injury were searched through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD), DisGeNET and drugbank databases, and the Venn diagram was constructed to obtain the action targets. The "drug-active component-target" network and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) were constructed by using STRING database and Cytoscape software, and the key targets were further screened by the enrichment analysis of relevant KEGG pathways. Finally, a CCl4-induced mouse liver injury model was established to verify the efficacy and related targets of S. chinensis and clarify its mechanism. Eight active components and 56 related targets of S. chinensis were screened out based on their oral bioavailability (OB) and drug likeness (DL). Five targets of S. chinensis related to liver injury were found by using the Venn diagram. The key targets, namely Ptgs2 and Nos2 genes, were further screened out by constructing a PPI network, and Schisandrol B (SCB) was considered the key component most closely related to the liver injury in S. chinensis. The results indicate that SCB may play a role in the treatment of the CCl4-induced liver injury by down-regulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2, and regulating the expression of NF-κB and IL-17 signaling pathway to inhibit the expression of proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Xi Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Yanbo Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Cong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Hao Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - He Li
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin, 132013, China.
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32
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Islam R, Sun L, Zhang L. Biomedical Applications of Chinese Herb-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Phytonanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2757. [PMID: 34685197 PMCID: PMC8539779 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened up new avenues for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Chinese herbal medicine is a natural gift to humanity, and it has long been used as an antibacterial and anticancer agent. This study will highlight recent developments in the phytonanotechnological synthesis of Chinese herbal medicines to utilize their bioactive components in biomedical and therapeutic applications. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to chemical and physical approaches for various biomedical applications. The comprehensive rationale of combinational or synergistic effects of Chinese herb-based AgNPs synthesis was investigated with superior physicochemical and biological properties, and their biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and anticancer activity and wound healing properties. AgNPs can damage the cell ultrastructure by triggering apoptosis, which includes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA disintegration, protein inactivation, and the regulation of various signaling pathways. However, the anticancer mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine-based AgNPs is more complicated due to the potential toxicity of AgNPs. Further in-depth studies are required to address Chinese herbs' various bioactive components and AgNPs as a synergistic approach to combat antimicrobial resistance, therapeutic efficiency of drug delivery, and control and prevention of newly emerged diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.I.); (L.Z.)
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Zhang Q, Li X, Li J, Hu Y, Liu J, Wang F, Zhang W, Chang F. Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Effects of QingXiaoWuWei Decoction Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and In Vitro Experiments. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:678685. [PMID: 34335250 PMCID: PMC8320847 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.678685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: QingXiaoWuWei Decoction (QXWWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is commonly used in clinical settings to treat inflammatory and bacterial diseases. However, there is still a lot to learn about its molecular mechanism. A network pharmacology approach was applied to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of QXWWD in inflammation treatment. Methods: The basic mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potentials of QXWWD were identified using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The principal components of QXWWD were identified by the HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method. The antibacterial bioactivity of QXWWD was further investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The anti-inflammatory activity of QXWWD was evaluated using mice ear swelling test, RAW264.7 cell culture, and pro-inflammatory cytokines measurement. Skin irritation and HE staining were employed to evaluate the safety of QXWWD topical use and to depict the drug’s potential therapeutic function. The hub genes and signaling pathways associated with inflammatory and bacterial diseases were validated by western blot in addition to biochemical and pathological markers. Results: Our findings revealed that the ethanolic extract of QXWWD had a strong inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Meanwhile, QXWWD was potentially effective in suppressing ear swelling, elevated white blood cell counts, and the TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 levels. According to skin irritation, QXWWD was found to be safe when tested for topical application. The results of HE staining showed that the possible therapeutic role of QXWWD was related to the change in skin microstructure. Also, the network pharmacology, molecular docking as well as Q-Exactive-MS and HPLC analysis suggested that the synergistic effect of quercetin, luteolin and other ingredients could serve as main contributor of QXWWD for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Moreover, the JUN, MAPK1, RELA, NFKBIA, MYC, and AKT1 were the potential identified key targets, and MAPK/PI3K/Akt was among the possibly involved signaling pathways in the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of QXWWD. Conclusions: From a therapeutic standpoint, QXWWD may be a promising antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of bacterial, acute, and chronic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuxia Hu
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fuhou Chang
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,The Center for New Drug Screening Engineering and Research of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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34
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Tong Xie Yao Fang: A Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription with Potential for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5548764. [PMID: 34211567 PMCID: PMC8208878 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5548764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prescription of Tong Xie Yao Fang (TXYF) was derived from the Yuan dynasty “Dan Brook Heart Law,” which was a representative formula for treating liver-spleen disharmony, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The prescription is composed of four herbs for soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen. TXYF is reportedly capable of eliminating discomfort in ulcerative colitis (UC). This classic formula has been widely used for regulating gastrointestinal motor dysfunction and repairing colon mucosa. This review aims to provide current information on the pharmacology and clinical research of TXYF in the treatment of UC, and to critically appraise that information, in order to guide the future clinical use and experimental study of TXYF in the treatment of UC. We searched online databases including PubMed, CNKI, and Google Scholar for research published between 2010 and 2020 on TXYF and its efficacy in the treatment of UC. The findings indicated that TXYF has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, regulates cell signal transduction, brain-gut axis, and intestinal flora in UC, and may promote targeting of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to the colonic mucosa and accelerate healing of the colonic mucosal barrier. In addition, the results of clinical studies showed that TXYF has good efficacy and few adverse reactions in the treatment of UC. Although it has achieved some success, the research is limited by deficiencies; there is a lack of unified standards for the construction of UC animal models and for administration regimen. In addition, the dosage of TXYF is not consistent and lacks pharmacological verification, and clinical trial data are not detailed or sufficiently rigorous. Therefore, a more rigorous, comprehensive, and in-depth study of TXYF in the treatment of UC is needed.
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35
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Li G, Zhou W, Zhao X, Xie Y. In Silico Molecular Docking and Interaction Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211015030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has led to a major pandemic in 2020 and is responsible for more than 2.9 million officially recorded deaths worldwide. As well as synthetic anti-viral drugs, there is also a need to explore natural herbal remedies. The Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) system has been used for thousands of years for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of several chronic diseases. In this paper, we performed an in silico molecular docking and interaction analysis of TCMs against SARS-CoV-2 receptor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We obtained the 5 most effective plant compounds which had a better binding affinity towards the target receptor protein. These compounds areforsythoside A, rutin, ginkgolide C, icariside II, and nolinospiroside E. The top-ranked compound, based on docking score, was nolinospiroside, a glycoside found in Ophiopogon japonicas that has antioxidant properties. Protein-ligand interaction analysis discerned that nolinospiroside formed a strong bond between ARG 349 of the protein receptor and the carboxylate group of the ligand, forming a stable complex. Hence, nolinospiroside could be deployed as a lead compound against SARS-CoV-2 infection that can be further investigated for its potential benefits in curbing the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Function, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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36
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Yan B, Jiang Z, Yuan J, Li M, Zeng J, Tang J, Lu ZK, Ding H, Xia J, Wang Q, Wang J, Xie H, Li W, Zhang N, Li H, Sang X, Wu L, Xiong X, Tang S, Li Y, Tao M, Xie C, Yu S. Effects and safety of herbal medicines among community-dwelling residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A large prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153403. [PMID: 33419674 PMCID: PMC7642754 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, countries are struggling with a shortage of medical capacities. It would be essential if the risk for preventable comorbidities, such as the common cold, can be reduced or prevented, so that the scarce medical resources and facilities can be focused on COVID-19. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of two herbal medicines (Jinhaoartemisia antipyretic granules and Huoxiangzhengqi oral liquids) in reducing the risk of the common cold in community-dwelling residents in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. STUDY DESIGN A prospective open-label, parallel-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT), was conducted in Chengdu, China. METHODS A total of 22,065 participants from 11 communities were recruited during a period of one month. The trial started on 30 January and participants were followed up till 29 February 2020. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a five-day herbal medicine therapy plus a reference manual or a reference manual only if they were allocated to the control group. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of patient-reported common cold symptoms. The secondary endpoint was the time in days from the receipt of herbal drugs/reference manual and the occurrence of the common cold symptoms. RESULTS Use of herbal medicine reduced the risk of the common cold by 89.6% (95% CI, 52.9% to 97.7%) in all community-dwelling residents, and by 94.0% (95% CI, 52.1% to 99.2%) in residents aged between 16 and 59 years old. Sensitivity analyses showed similar results. CONCLUSION This community-based RCT found that the use of a herbal medicine therapy (Jinhaoartemisia antipyretic granules and Huoxiangzhengqi oral liquids) could significantly reduce the risks of the common cold among community-dwelling residents, suggesting that herbal medicine may be a useful approach for public health intervention to minimize preventable morbidity during COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Yan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- BeijingKeyTech Statistical Consulting Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - Minghui Li
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jieping Zeng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Z Kevin Lu
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, South Carolina, United States.
| | - Hong Ding
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jielai Xia
- People's Liberation Army Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoya Sang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomo Xiong
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Shiyun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Tao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuguang Yu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Xu L, Hu J, Liu L, Zhan S, Wang S. Trends and Patterns in Traditional Chinese Medicine Use Among Chinese Population in Late Adulthood: An Eight-Year Repeated Panel Survey. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:269-283. [PMID: 33622208 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), originated from China, is different from Western medicine in theory and practice. This study aimed to document the longitudinal trends and the patterns by demographical characteristics in the prevalence of TCM among the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. This study used nationally representative longitudinal survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), covering approximately 20,000 individuals in each panel survey from 2011 to 2018. The questions regarding medication use in the questionnaire was used to identify the TCM users. The prevalence of using TCM for treating chronic diseases among the patients with chronic diseases stabilized between 2011 and 2018, while the prevalence of TCM use for any purpose among the overall population climbed from 19.03% (95% CI 18.37% to 19.69%) in 2011 to 23.91% (95% CI 23.23% to 24.60%) in 2015. Moreover, the prevalence of TCM use for nonchronic conditions among the overall population increased during the same period as well. The TCM users were more likely to be females and city dwellers. The increasing prevalence of TCM use for any purpose among the overall population reflects the increasing influence and potentials of TCM by year. With the expected rising demand in TCM for the following decades in China, more clinical trials on safety and healthcare policy regarding TCM are merited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.,Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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Yang JY, Li M, Zhang CL, Liu D. Pharmacological properties of baicalin on liver diseases: a narrative review. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1230-1239. [PMID: 33595821 PMCID: PMC8460515 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is the main active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, widely used in traditional Chinese medicine thanks to its various pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, as well as cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal protective effect. Recently, the protective effects of baicalin on liver disease have received much more attention. Several studies showed that baicalin protects against several types of liver diseases including viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, xenobiotic induced liver injury, cholestatic liver injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma, with a variety of pharmacological mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of baicalin can provide a valuable reference for its clinical use, but up to now, no narrative review is available that summarizes the pharmacological effects of baicalin to clarify its potential use in the treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress of baicalin research and the underlying mechanism in the treatment of various liver diseases, to promote further research and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Liang Z, Chen X, Shi J, Hu H, Xue Y, Ung COL. Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicines for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials. Chin Med 2021; 16:9. [PMID: 33430929 PMCID: PMC7802307 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease that may progress into, in the absence of proper treatment, severe liver damage. While the optimal pharmacotherapy for NAFLD remains uncertain and the adherence to lifestyle interventions is challenging, the use of herbal medicines such as traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to manage the condition is common. The evidence about TCMs in the management of NAFLD is continuously developing through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study aims to identify and evaluate the emerging evidence about the efficacy and safety of TCMs for NAFLD. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify RCTs which investigated TCMs in the management of NAFLD published in 6 electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and China National Knowledge Infrastructure since inception to September 2020. RCTs comparing TCMs with no treatment, placebo, non-pharmacological and/or pharmacological interventions were included irrespective of language or blinding. The quality of reporting was evaluated using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement extensions for Chinese herbal medicine Formulas (CONSORT-CHM). Risk-of-bias for each study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS A total of 53 RCTs involving 5997 participants with NAFLD were included in this review. Each included RCT tested a different TCMs giving a total of 53 TCMs identified in this study. Based on the evaluation of the RCT results, TCMs might have various beneficial effects such as improving TCM syndrome score, liver function, and body lipid profile. A range of non-serious, reversible adverse effects associated with the use of TCMs were also reported. However, no conclusion about the efficacy and safety of TCMs in NAFLD can be made. The quality of reporting was generally poor and the risks of bias was mostly uncertain in all trials. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence from RCTs that supported the effectiveness and safety of TCMs for NAFLD. However, no conclusive recommendations can be made due to the questionable quality of the RCTs. Improvement in the RCT protocol, the use of a larger sample size, a setting of multicenter, and a more focused approach in selecting TCMs are recommended for developing high quality evidence about the use of TCMs in managing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuanji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xianwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
| | - Junnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
| | - Yan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao
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Palladini G, Ferrigno A, Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Rizzo V, Perlini S, Vairetti M. Associations between serum trace elements and inflammation in two animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243179. [PMID: 33306695 PMCID: PMC7732075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The comparison of hepatic steatosis animal models has allowed the understanding of mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated the changes in serum levels of trace elements and inflammation markers in fatty livers using two rat models of NAFLD, the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet model and Obese-Zucker rats. Material and methods NAFLD was induced in male Wistar rats by 3-week MCD diet administration, after which, blood samples were collected. 12-week old Obese (fa/fa) and Lean (fa/-) male Zucker rats were also used. Serum levels of hepatic enzymes, Urea, Uric acid, Ca2+, Cl, Fe, K, Na, Mg and Zn were quantified, as well as the inflammation markers TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6. Results In MCD rats, a serum increase in Cl, Mg and Na and a decrease in Ca2+, Zn were detected in comparison with control rats. An increase in only serum Ca2+ was found in Obese-Zucker rats. In MCD rat serum, Zn was inversely correlated with IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, Urea and Uric Acid; Ca2+ was inversely correlated with IL-1beta, IL-6 and Urea; Cl and Mg were directly correlated with Uric Acid and Urea, respectively. In Obese-Zucker rats, Cl and IL-1beta were inversely correlated, whereas Ca2+ and Urea where directly correlated, as well Fe and TNF-alpha. Conclusions The serum concentrations of trace elements change significantly only in MCD rats, which spontaneously progress to NASH. The causes of these changes may be a result of defense strategies of the organism, which is regulated by immunoregulatory cytokines. These results might suggest that the impairment of trace element status should be taken into account when the effectiveness of a pharmacological treatment is under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Clarissa Berardo
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Dept of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Perlini
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Mortazavi Moghaddam SG, Kianmehr M, Khazdair MR. The Possible Therapeutic Effects of Some Medicinal Plants for Chronic Cough in Children. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:2149328. [PMID: 33062002 PMCID: PMC7547355 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2149328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of plants or their isolated bioactive components for the prevention and treatment of various disorders has been developed. Here, we aim to identify effective medicinal plants for relief of cough and respiratory symptoms in children. The data of this review article were obtained from published articles in scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, until December 2019. The keywords, including "Zataria multiflora Boiss." OR "Portulaca oleracea L." OR "Ferula assa-foetida L." OR "Nigella sativa L." AND "respiratory symptoms" OR "airway inflammation" OR "smooth muscle relaxant effects," were searched individually or combined. The mentioned medicinal plants decreased total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, and eosinophils counts of blood and lung lavage in animal model-induced respiratory disorders. These plants also have protective effects on serum immunoglobulin, antibody titer, eosinophil count, and proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence from the studies indicated that the abovementioned medicinal plants have smooth muscle relaxant properties (bronchodilator effects) via stimulation of β-adrenoceptor or inhibition of muscarinic receptors (in vitro) and also improved the pulmonary function test in clinical settings. These medicinal plants are safe and easy to use. Based on the anti-inflammatory, anti-antispasmodic, and immunomodulatory effects, the clinical benefit may be assumed, therefore considering a place for these medicinal plants in relieve of chronic cough and symptoms of children's allergy, asthma, and common cold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Gui HL, Zhao CQ, Wang Y, Gu HT, Wang WJ, Cai W, Guo Q, Bao SS, Xu LM, Xie Q. Histological Outcome of Fuzheng Huayu plus Entecavir Combination Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Significant Liver Fibrosis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:277-284. [PMID: 33083250 PMCID: PMC7562803 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY), a Chinese herbal formula, plus entecavir (ETV) in regression of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with significant fibrosis/cirrhosis. Methods: The current study was a two-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled pilot study. Fifty-two currently untreated chronic hepatitis B patients with Ishak fibrosis score ≥3 points were identified and 1:1 randomized into FZHY plus ETV combination and placebo plus ETV groups. The second liver biopsy was performed after 48-week treatment. Necroinflammatory improvement and regression of fibrosis were assessed. Fine changes in different collagen features in paired liver biopsies were evaluated by dual-photon microscopy for both groups. Results: Forty-nine patients completed the full course of treatment; forty-six of them underwent second liver biopsy (for which twenty-two were in the combination group and twenty-four were in the control group). Compared to those in the control group, patients in the combination group had significantly higher rate of fibrosis regression (82% vs. 54%) (p<0.05). Furthermore, the necroinflammatory improvement was greater in the combination group than in the control group (59% vs. 25%, p<0.05). Among the more than 80 collagen parameters in the dual-photon analysis, 5 decreased significantly in the combination group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant improvement was detected in either biochemical, virologic or serologic responses between these two groups at week 48. Conclusions: The combination therapy of FZHY plus ETV for 48 weeks resulted in a higher rate of necroinflammatory improvement and fibrosis regression than ETV alone in chronic hepatitis B patients with significant fibrosis/cirrhosis. The clinical trial number is ChiCTR-TRC-11001377.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lian Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhao
- Department of Liver Cirrhosis, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Tu Gu
- Department of Liver Cirrhosis, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-San Bao
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine Sciences and Bosch Institute, Charles Perkin Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lie-Ming Xu
- Department of Liver Cirrhosis, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Qing Xie, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Tel/Fax: +86-21-64454930, E-mail: ; Lie-ming Xu, Department of Liver Cirrhosis, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. Tel/Fax: +86-21-20156520, E-mail:
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Qing Xie, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Tel/Fax: +86-21-64454930, E-mail: ; Lie-ming Xu, Department of Liver Cirrhosis, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. Tel/Fax: +86-21-20156520, E-mail:
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Lin TL, Lu CC, Lai WF, Wu TS, Lu JJ, Chen YM, Tzeng CM, Liu HT, Wei H, Lai HC. Role of gut microbiota in identification of novel TCM-derived active metabolites. Protein Cell 2020; 12:394-410. [PMID: 32929698 PMCID: PMC8106560 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been extensively used to ameliorate diseases in Asia for over thousands of years. However, owing to a lack of formal scientific validation, the absence of information regarding the mechanisms underlying TCMs restricts their application. After oral administration, TCM herbal ingredients frequently are not directly absorbed by the host, but rather enter the intestine to be transformed by gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a microbial community living in animal intestines, and functions to maintain host homeostasis and health. Increasing evidences indicate that TCM herbs closely affect gut microbiota composition, which is associated with the conversion of herbal components into active metabolites. These may significantly affect the therapeutic activity of TCMs. Microbiota analyses, in conjunction with modern multiomics platforms, can together identify novel functional metabolites and form the basis of future TCM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, China.,Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, China
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, China
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Park, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200435, China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China. .,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China. .,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan, China.
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Effects of Adjuvant Chinese Patent Medicine Therapy on Prevention of Variceal Rebleeding: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:589-596. [PMID: 32876859 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether adjuvant Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) to standard treatment could reduce recurrent bleeding after variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. METHODS This study retrospectively collected 555 consecutive patients who recovered from variceal bleeding. A population-based cohort study was established depending on if adjuvant CPMs were administered to prevent rebleeding. A total of 139 patients who had taken ⩾28 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) of CPMs were included in the CPMs cohort, and 416 patients who used <28 cDDDs of CPMs were enrolled in the non-CPMs cohort. On evaluation of rebleeding incidence, 1:2 propensity score matched was used to estimate for reducing bias. Patients were followed for at least 12 months. The end-point of this study was clinically significant esophagogastric variceal rebleeding. RESULTS Following multivariate analysis, CPMs therapy was an independent factor for variceal rebleeding [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=0.657; 95% confidence interval=0.497-0.868; P=0.003]. After the 1:2 propensity score matching, a significant reduction (23.5%) in the incidence of variceal rebleeding in patients was observed, from 58.3% in the non-CPMs cohort to 44.6% in the CPMs cohort (modified log-rank test, P=0.002) within a year. The AHRs for rebleeding were 0.928, 0.553, and 0.105, for 28-90 cDDDs, 91-180 cDDDs, and >180 cDDDs of CPMs, respectively. The median rebleeding interval in the CPMs cohort was significantly larger compared with the non-CPMs cohort (113.5 vs. 93.0 days; P=0.008). CONCLUSION Adjuvant CPMs to standard therapy can significantly reduce the incidence of variceal rebleeding and delay the time to rebleeding.
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Sun Y, Pan H, Shen S, Xia Z, Yu Z, Li C, Sun P, Xin C. Alisma Shugan Decoction (ASD) Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity and Associated Liver Dysfunction by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and p65/Nrf2/JunD Signaling Dysregulation In Vivo. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921738. [PMID: 32672153 PMCID: PMC7384331 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis, defined as the aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen in the liver, is a common feature of chronic liver disease, and often culminates in portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. Though therapeutically manageable, fibrosis is not always successfully treated by conventional antifibrotic agents. While the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Alisma Shugan Decoction (ASD) has several health benefits, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and limitation of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, it remains unclear if it has any hepato-protective potential. Material/Methods The present study examined the therapeutic effect of ASD in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury and fibrosis rat models. Results We demonstrated that 50 mg/kg ASD significantly reversed TAA-induced elevation of alanine or aspartate transaminase levels, elicited no dyscrasia, and conferred a 40% (p<0.01) or 20% (p<0.05) survival advantage, compared to rats treated with TAA or TAA+ASD, respectively. Treatment with ASD reversed TAA-induced liver injury and fibrogenesis via repression of α-SMA protein and reduction of the collagen area and fibrosis score. Concurrently, ASD markedly suppressed the mRNA expression of fibrogenic procollagen, ICAM-1, MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13, and production of TIMP-1, ICAM-1, CXCL7, or CD62L cytokine in rat liver injury models. Interestingly, ASD-elicited reduction of liver injury and fibrogenesis was mediated by dysregulated p65/NrF-2/JunD signaling, with a resultant 3.18-fold (p<0.05) increase in GSH/GSSH ratio, and a 3.61-fold (p<0.01) or 1.51-fold (p<0.01) reduction in the 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, respectively, indicating reduced oxidative stress in the ASD-treated rats, and suggesting an hepato-protective role for ASD. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study provides supplementary evidence of the therapeutic benefit of ASD as an efficient treatment option in cases of liver injury and fibrosis. Further large-cohort validation of these findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Honghua Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shenghui Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Department of Cardiology, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongni Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongmin Yu
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - ChengLe Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chuanwei Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Xie Z, Qiang J, Pi X, Wang J, Chen Y, Yu Q, Zhang Q. Favorable outcome of adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy in liver cirrhosis: A large cohort study in Southwest China. Complement Ther Med 2020; 51:102446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Fuzheng Huayu Capsule Attenuates Hepatic Fibrosis by Inhibiting Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3468791. [PMID: 32454856 PMCID: PMC7243025 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3468791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the mechanisms of Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) Capsule in the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV)- associated fibrosis, HBV patients were divided into two groups, 50 cases were in the nucleotide analogues (NAs) group, while additional 50 cases were in the NAs + FZHY group. Methods We assessed the curative effects of antifibrosis through liver function, FibroScan test, and liver biopsy and detected the ratio of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood lymphocyte and CD8+T, CD4+T, and natural killer cell subsets collected from patients were cocultured with LX-2 cells. Activation of LX-2 cells, production of the extracellular matrix, apoptosis, and proliferation of LX-2 cells were determined. Chronic liver injury models were established by ConA treatment. Results It is evident that FZHY treatment significantly increased the percentage of NK cells, the rate of death, and apoptosis of LX-2 cells and decreased the FibroScan liver stiffness measurement value. The expressions of α-SMA and procollagen type I mRNA in LX-2 cells of the FZHY treatment group as downregulated when they were cocultured with lymphocytes compared to those from the NAs group. The proliferation of LX-2 cells in the FZHY treatment group was inhibited compared to that in the NAs group. In a mouse model of hepatic fibrosis, PBLs and IHLs from ConA exposure plus FZHY treatment inhibited the ability of JS-1 cells to express α-SMA. Conclusions FZHY Capsule improved the disordered cellular immunity and postponed liver fibrosis possibly through inhibiting the interaction between lymphocyte and hepatic stellate cells.
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Shi MJ, Yan XL, Dong BS, Yang WN, Su SB, Zhang H. A network pharmacology approach to investigating the mechanism of Tanshinone IIA for the treatment of liver fibrosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112689. [PMID: 32101775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVELVANCE Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), which activates blood circulation and treats chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of TIIA against hepatic fibrosis is still largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of TIIA in liver fibrosis and investigate its underlying mechanism through network pharmacology-based prediction and experimental verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a "TIIA-targets-liver fibrosis" network was constructed by combining the TIIA-specific and hepatic fibrosis-specific targets with protein-protein interactions (PPIS), and network pharmacology was applied to identify the potential targets and mechanisms of TIIA in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. The antifibrotic effect of TIIA was investigated in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats in vivo and in the human HSC line LX2 in vitro. RESULTS We identified 75 potential targets of TIIA and 1382 targets of liver fibrosis. Subsequently, the 29 target proteins that overlapped between the potential TIIA targets and the liver fibrosis targets indicated that TIIA has potential antifibrotic effects through regulating multiple targets, including c-Jun, c-Myc, CCND1, MMP9 and P65. Pathway and functional enrichment analysis of these putative targets showed that TIIA could regulate the MAPK, PI3K/Akt and Wnt signaling pathways. Consistently, in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that TIIA attenuated CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis and inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation and activation; these findings were concomitant with the decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and human α2 (I) collagen (COL1A2). Moreover, TIIA remarkably downregulated the expression of c-Jun, c-Myc, MMP9, PI3K and P38 proteins, which were upregulated in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in vivo. TIIA significantly downregulated the expression of c-Jun, p-c-Jun, c-Myc, CCND1, MMP9, P65, P-P65, PI3K and P38 proteins, which were upregulated during HSC activation in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that TIIA could significantly improve liver function, decrease liver injury, alleviate ECM accumulation, and attenuate HSC proliferation and activation, thus exerting an antifibrotic effect. The possible molecular mechanism involved MAPK, Wnt and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways via inhibiting c-Jun, p-c-Jun, c-Myc, CCND1, MMP9, P65, P-P65, PI3K and P38. Overall, our results suggest that TIIA could alleviate liver fibrosis through multiple targets and multiple signaling pathways and provide deep insight into the pharmacological mechanisms of TIIA in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Juan Shi
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ben-Sheng Dong
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Na Yang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Bing Su
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Wan S, Huang C, Wang A, Zhu X. Ursolic acid improves the bacterial community mapping of the intestinal tract in liver fibrosis mice. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9050. [PMID: 32355580 PMCID: PMC7185030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis often appears in chronic liver disease, with extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition as the main feature. Due to the presence of the liver-gut axis, the destruction of intestinal homeostasis is often accompanied by the development of liver fibrosis. The inconsistent ecological environment of different intestinal sites may lead to differences in the microbiota. The traditional Chinese medicine ursolic acid (UA) has been proven to protect the liver from fibrosis. We investigated the changes in the microbiota of different parts of the intestine during liver fibrosis and the effect of UA on these changes based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Sequencing results suggest that the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota decline and the composition of the microbiota is disordered, the potentially beneficial Firmicutes bacteria are reduced, and the pathways for functional prediction are changed in the ilea and anal faeces of liver fibrosis mice compared with normal mice. However, in UA-treated liver fibrosis mice, these disorders improved. It is worth noting that the bacterial changes in the ilea and anal faeces are not consistent. In conclusion, in liver fibrosis, the microbiota of different parts of the intestines have different degrees of disorder, and UA can improve this disorder. This may be a potential mechanism for UA to achieve anti-fibrosis. This study provides theoretical guidance for the UA targeting of intestinal microbiota for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chenkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Anjiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Protective Effect of a Mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Extract against Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8370698. [PMID: 32256659 PMCID: PMC7106914 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8370698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic and protective effects of ALM16, a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extract in a ratio of 7 : 3, against hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into eight groups and orally administered daily for 6 weeks with a normal diet (ND) or high fat diet alone (HFD), HFD with AM (HFD + 100 mg/kg AM extract), HFD with LE (HFD + 100 mg/kg LE extract), HFD with ALM16 (HFD + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ALM16), or HFD with MT (HFD + 100 mg/kg Milk thistle extract) as a positive control. ALM16 significantly decreased the body and liver weight, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), and serum glucose levels, compared to the HFD group. Moreover, ALM16 significantly ameliorated the HFD-induced increased hepatic injury markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-1. Furthermore, as compared to the mice fed HFD alone, ALM16 increased the levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), thereby upregulating the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1 and downregulating the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS). These results demonstrated that ALM16 markedly inhibited HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in NAFLD mice by modulating AMPK and ACC signaling pathways, and may be more effective than the single extracts of AM or LE.
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