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Cormontagne D, Rigourd V, Vidic J, Rizzotto F, Bille E, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:123. [PMID: 33562185 PMCID: PMC7915446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is a source of essential nutrients for infants and is particularly recommended for preterm neonates when their own mother's milk is not available. It provides protection against infections and decreases necrotizing enterocolitis and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, HBM spoilage can occur due to contamination by pathogens, and the risk of a shortage of HBM is very often present. B. cereus is the most frequent ubiquitous bacteria responsible for HBM being discarded. It can contaminate HBM at all stages, from its collect point to the storage and delivery. B. cereus can induce severe infection in newborns with very low birth weight, with sometimes fatal outcomes. Although the source of contamination is rarely identified, in some cases, HBM was suspected as a potential source. Even if the risk is low, as infection due to B. cereus in preterm infants should not be overlooked, human milk banks follow strict procedures to avoid contamination, to accurately identify remaining bacteria following pasteurization and to discard non-compliant milk samples. In this review, we present a literature overview of B. cereus infections reported in neonates and the suspected sources of contamination. We highlight the procedures followed by the human milk banks from the collection of the milk to its microbiological characterization in Europe. We also present improved detection and decontamination methods that might help to decrease the risk and to preserve the public's confidence in this vital biological product for infants whose mothers cannot breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Cormontagne
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.C.); (J.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Virginie Rigourd
- Région Île-de-France Human Milk Bank, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.C.); (J.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Rizzotto
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.C.); (J.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Emmanuelle Bille
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France;
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nalini Ramarao
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.C.); (J.V.); (F.R.)
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Glasset B, Herbin S, Granier SA, Cavalié L, Lafeuille E, Guérin C, Ruimy R, Casagrande-Magne F, Levast M, Chautemps N, Decousser JW, Belotti L, Pelloux I, Robert J, Brisabois A, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus, a serious cause of nosocomial infections: Epidemiologic and genetic survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194346. [PMID: 29791442 PMCID: PMC5966241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is the 2nd most frequent bacterial agent responsible for food-borne outbreaks in France and the 3rd in Europe. In addition, local and systemic infections have been reported, mainly describing individual cases or single hospital setting. The real incidence of such infection is unknown and information on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the incriminated strains is generally scarce. We performed an extensive study of B. cereus strains isolated from patients and hospital environments from nine hospitals during a 5-year study, giving an overview of the consequences, sources and pathogenic patterns of B. cereus clinical infections. We demonstrated the occurrence of several hospital-cross-contaminations. Identical B. cereus strains were recovered from different patients and hospital environments for up to 2 years. We also clearly revealed the occurrence of inter hospital contaminations by the same strain. These cases represent the first documented events of nosocomial epidemy by B. cereus responsible for intra and inter hospitals contaminations. Indeed, contamination of different patients with the same strain of B. cereus was so far never shown. In addition, we propose a scheme for the characterization of B. cereus based on biochemical properties and genetic identification and highlight that main genetic signatures may carry a high pathogenic potential. Moreover, the characterization of antibiotic resistance shows an acquired resistance phenotype for rifampicin. This may provide indication to adjust the antibiotic treatment and care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Glasset
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Herbin
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Cavalié
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Lafeuille
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cyprien Guérin
- MaiAGE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raymond Ruimy
- CHU Nice, Laboratoire de bactériologie, Nice, France
| | | | - Marion Levast
- Hôpital de Chambéry, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Chambéry, France
| | | | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud Antoine Béclère, Laboratoire Hygiène, Clamart, France
| | - Laure Belotti
- CHU Strasbourg, Laboratoire d’hygiène hospitalière, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jerôme Robert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nalini Ramarao
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Tran SL, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus immune escape: a journey within macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 347:1-6. [PMID: 23827020 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial infection, professional phagocytes are attracted to the site of infection, where they constitute a first line of host cell defense. Their function is to engulf and destroy the pathogens. Thus, bacteria must withstand the bactericidal activity of professional phagocytes, including macrophages to counteract the host immune system. Bacillus cereus infections are characterized by bacteremia despite the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of infection. This implies that the bacteria have developed means of resisting the host immune system. Bacillus cereus spores survive, germinate, and multiply in contact with macrophages, eventually producing toxins that kill these cells. However, the exact mechanism by which B. cereus evades immune attack remains unclear. This review addresses the interaction between B. cereus and macrophages, highlighting, in particular, the ways in which the bacteria escape the microbicidal activities of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- INRA, Unité MICALIS, AgroParisTech, UMR-1319, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
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