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Chen X, Zhang T, He YQ, Miao TW, Yin J, Ding Q, Yang M, Chen FY, Zeng HP, Liu J, Zhu Q. NGEF is a potential prognostic biomarker and could serve as an indicator for immunotherapy and chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:248. [PMID: 38764064 PMCID: PMC11102621 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal guanine nucleotide exchange factor (NGEF) plays a key role in several cancers; however, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NGEF as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for LUAD. METHODS NGEF expression data for multiple cancers and LUAD were downloaded from multiple databases. The high- and low-NGEF expression groups were constructed based on median NGEF expression in LUAD samples, and then performed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the two NGEF expression groups were screened and applied to construct a protein-protein interaction network. The primary pathways were obtained using gene set enrichment analysis. The associations between NGEF expression and clinical characteristics, immune infiltration, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), sensitivity to chemotherapy, and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were investigated using R. Levels of NGEF expression in the lung tissue was validated using single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemical staining, and western blot analysis. RESULTS The expression of NGEF mRNA was upregulated in multiple cancers. mRNA and protein expression levels of NGEF were higher in patients with LUAD than in controls, as validated using qPCR and western blot. High NGEF expression was an independent prognostic factor for LUAD and was associated with advanced tumor stage, large tumor size, more lymph node metastasis, and worse overall survival (OS). A total of 182 overlapping DEGs were screened between The Cancer Genome Atlas and GSE31210, among which the top 20 hub genes were identified. NGEF expression was mainly enriched in the pathways of apoptosis, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Moreover, elevated NGEF expression were associated with a high fraction of activated memory CD4+ T cells and M0 macrophages; elevated expression levels of the ICIs: programmed cell death 1 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression; higher TMB; and better sensitivity to bortezomib, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and parthenolide, but less sensitivity to axitinib and metformin. CONCLUSION NGEF expression is upregulated in LUAD and is significantly associated with tumor stages, OS probability, immune infiltration, immunotherapy response, and chemotherapy response. NGEF may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Qiu He
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Ti-Wei Miao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Automation & Information Engineering, Sichuan university of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Fang-Ying Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zeng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
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Zhang Z, Guo J, Gong C, Wu S, Sun Y. KIAA1429-mediated RXFP1 attenuates non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis via N6-methyladenosine modification. Cancer Biomark 2024:CBM230188. [PMID: 38427468 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the functions of Vir-like m6A methyltransferase-associated (KIAA1429) and relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) in NSCLC. METHODS A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the mRNA levels of KIAA1429 and RXFP1 in NSCLC. After silencing KIAA1429 or RXFP1 in NSCLC cells, changes in the malignant phenotypes of NSCLC cells were assessed using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, and transwell assays. Finally, the m6A modification of RXFP1 mediated by KIAA1429 was confirmed using luciferase, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, and western blot assays. RESULTS KIAA1429 and RXFP1 were upregulated and downregulated in NSCLC, respectively. Silencing of KIAA1429 attenuated the viability, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells, whereas silencing of RXFP1 showed the opposite function in NSCLC cells. Moreover, RXFP1 expression was inhibited by KIAA1429 via m6A-modification. Therefore, silencing RXFP1 reversed the inhibitory effect of KIAA1429 knockdown in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings confirmed that the KIAA1429/RXFP1 axis promotes NSCLC tumorigenesis. This is the first study to reveal the inhibitory function of RXFP1 in NSCLC via KIAA1429-mediated m6A-modification. These findings may help identify new biomarkers for targeted NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jipeng Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chongwen Gong
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanlei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Chen X, He YQ, Miao TW, Yin J, Liu J, Zeng HP, Zhu Q. IER5L is a Prognostic Biomarker in Pan-Cancer Analysis and Correlates with Immune Infiltration and Immune Molecules in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5889-5908. [PMID: 38106972 PMCID: PMC10725786 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s439190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer cases. Immediate early response 5 like (IER5L) plays crucial roles in progression and prognosis for several tumors, but its role in NSCLC remains unclear. Patients and Methods Gene expression and mutation profiles, DNA methylation data, and clinical information for cancers were downloaded from multiple databases. Relative expression, prognostic value, and correlation with disease progression of IER5L were analyzed in multiple cancers, including NSCLC. Upstream mechanisms were explored using a transcriptional network. Functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and gene set enrichment analysis were applied to study downstream mechanisms. Correlations of IER5L with immune infiltration, immune molecules, methylation status, and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were analyzed using R language. Finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) analysis were performed to validate IER5L expression in NSCLC. Results Pan-cancer analysis displayed that IER5L expression was upregulated in multiple cancers and was associated with disease prognosis and progression, including NSCLC, which was validated using qPCR. scRNA seq analysis showed that multiple cells had increased IER5L expression. An EGR1-hsa-miR-8075-IER5L network was constructed for NSCLC. A total of 191 DEGs were identified between the two IER5L groups, which were significantly enriched in biological process of action potential, sodium ion transport, and regulation of membrane potential. Increased IER5L expression was primarily enriched in cell cycle, NOTCH signaling pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and was correlated with increased regulatory T cells and neutrophils, elevated levels of immune molecules, and higher TMB. Conclusion Our findings show that increased IER5L expression was correlated with progression and prognosis in multiple cancers as well as with immune infiltration and immune molecules in NSCLC. Thus, IER5L is a prognostic biomarker in multiple cancers and may correlate with immunotherapeutic response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qiu He
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ti-Wei Miao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Automation & Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ping Zeng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, People’s Republic of China
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Lai LT, Ren YH, Huai YJ, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang SS, Mei JH. Identification and validation of novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Genet 2023; 14:1139994. [PMID: 37007961 PMCID: PMC10060803 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the significant survival benefits of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the most common tumors and major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets for this refractory disease.Methods: In this study, microarray datasets GSE27262, GSE75037, GSE102287, and GSE21933 were integrated by Venn diagram. We performed functional clustering and pathway enrichment analyses using R. Through the STRING database and Cytoscape, we conducted protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and identified the key genes, which were verified by the GEPIA2 and UALCAN portal. Validation of actin-binding protein anillin (ANLN) was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier methods were used to compute the survival analyses.Results: In total, 126 differentially expressed genes were identified, which were enriched in mitotic nuclear division, mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition, vasculogenesis, spindle, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. 12 central node genes were identified in the PPI network complex. The survival analysis revealed that high transcriptional levels were associated with inferior survival in NSCLC patients. The clinical implication of ANLN was further explored; its protein expression showed a gradually increasing trend from grade I to III.Conclusion: These Key genes may be involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of NSCLC, which may serve as useful targets for NSCLC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Lai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Jun Huai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Wang, ; Jin-Hong Mei,
| | - Jin-Hong Mei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Wang, ; Jin-Hong Mei,
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Li S, Liu L, Qu Y, Yuan L, Zhang X, Ma Z, Bai H, Wang J. Comprehensive Analyses and Immunophenotyping of LIM Domain Family Genes in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054524. [PMID: 36901953 PMCID: PMC10003053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The LIM domain family genes play a crucial role in various tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunotherapy is one of the most significant treatments for NSCLC, and its effectiveness largely depends on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, the potential roles of LIM domain family genes in the TME of NSCLC remain elusive. We comprehensively evaluated the expression and mutation patterns of 47 LIM domain family genes in 1089 NSCLC samples. Using unsupervised clustering analysis, we classified patients with NSCLC into two distinct gene clusters, i.e., the LIM-high group and the LIM-low group. We further investigated the prognosis, TME cell infiltration characteristics, and immunotherapy in the two groups. The LIM-high and LIM-low groups had different biological processes and prognoses. Moreover, there were significant differences in TME characteristics between the LIM-high and LIM-low groups. Specifically, enhanced survival, immune cell activation, and high tumor purity were demonstrated in patients of the LIM-low group, implying an immune-inflamed phenotype. Moreover, the LIM-low group had higher immune cell proportion scores than the LIM-high group and was more responsive to immunotherapy than the LIM-low group. Additionally, we screened out LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domain 1 (LIMS1) as a hub gene of the LIM domain family via five different algorithms of plug-in cytoHubba and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Subsequently, proliferation, migration, and invasion assays demonstrated that LIMS1 acts as a pro-tumor gene that promotes the invasion and progression of NSCLC cell lines. This is the first study to reveal a novel LIM domain family gene-related molecular pattern associated with the TME phenotype, which would increase our understanding of the heterogeneity and plasticity of the TME in NSCLC. LIMS1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Qu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Li Yuan
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zixiao Ma
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hua Bai
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (J.W.)
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In silico analysis revealed the potential circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulative network of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106315. [PMID: 36495751 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary source of death in the world is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, NSCLCs pathophysiology is still not completely understood. The current work sought to study the differential expression of mRNAs involved in NSCLC and their interactions with miRNAs and circRNAs. METHODS We utilized three microarray datasets (GSE21933, GSE27262, and GSE33532) from the GEO NCBI database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NSCLC. We employed DAVID Functional annotation tool to investigate the underlying GO biological process, molecular functions, and KEGG pathways involved in NSCLC. We performed the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, MCODE, and CytoHubba analysis from Cytoscape software to identify the significant DEGs in NSCLC. We utilized miRnet to anticipate and build interaction between miRNAs and mRNAs in NSCLC and ENCORI to predict the miRNA-circRNA relationships and build the ceRNA regulatory network. Finally, we executed the gene expression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to validate the significant DEGs in the ceRNA network utilizing TCGA NSCLC and GEPIA data. RESULTS We revealed a total of 156 overlapped DEGs (47 upregulated and 109 downregulated genes) in NSCLC. The PPI network, MCODE, and CytoHubba analysis revealed 12 hub genes (cdkn3, rrm2, ccnb1, aurka, nuf2, tyms, kif11, hmmr, ccnb2, nek2, anln, and birc5) that are associated with NSCLC. We identified that these 12 genes encode 12 mRNAs that are strongly linked with 8 miRNAs, and further, we revealed that 1 circRNA was associated with this 5 miRNA. We constructed the ceRNAs network that contained 1circRNA-5miRNAs-7mRNAs. The expression of these seven significant genes in LUAD & LUSC (NSCLC) was considerably higher in the TCGA database than in normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival plot reveals that increased expression of these hub genes was related to a poor survival rate in LUAD. CONCLUSION Overall, we developed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulation network to study the probable mechanism of NSCLC.
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Wang B, Li J, Li Y, Liang T, Chu X. MiR-630 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by targeting vimentin. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24536. [PMID: 35837990 PMCID: PMC9459278 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to clarify the function of miR‐630 on non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Methods Quantitative real‐time PCR was utilized to detect the mRNA expression of miR‐630 and vimentin (VIM) in NSCLC tissues and cells. The protein expression of VIM, P53, Caspase‐3, Bcl‐2, Bax and JAK2/STAT3 was evaluated via Western blot. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was applied to evaluate whether VIM is the target gene of miR‐630. The migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells were examined by wound‐healing assay, transwell assay, CCK‐8 assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Results MiR‐630 was lowly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells, while VIM was highly expressed in NSCLC cells. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay data validated that miR‐630 directly targeted VIM. MiR‐630 overexpression inhibited VIM expression, but the inhibition of miR‐630 upregulated VIM expression. Besides, miR‐630 mimics restrained cell migration, invasion, and proliferation, and promoted NSCLC cell apoptosis. Whereas, VIM overexpression partly attenuated the inhibitory effect of miR‐630 on NSCLC cells. Moreover, miR‐630 mimics impeded p‐JAK2 and p‐STAT3 protein expression; and miR‐630 inhibitor upregulated p‐STAT3 and VIM protein expression, which was reversed after the addition of STAT3 inhibitor C188‐9. Conclusion MiR‐630 constrained the progression of NSCLC by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway and downregulating VIM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Chu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Stella GM, Scialò F, Bortolotto C, Agustoni F, Sanci V, Saddi J, Casali L, Corsico AG, Bianco A. Pragmatic Expectancy on Microbiota and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133131. [PMID: 35804901 PMCID: PMC9264919 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that lung cancer relies on a number of genes aberrantly expressed because of somatic lesions. Indeed, the lungs, based on their anatomical features, are organs at a high risk of development of extremely heterogeneous tumors due to the exposure to several environmental toxic agents. In this context, the microbiome identifies the whole assemblage of microorganisms present in the lungs, as well as in distant organs, together with their structural elements and metabolites, which actively interact with normal and transformed cells. A relevant amount of data suggest that the microbiota plays a role not only in cancer disease predisposition and risk but also in its initiation and progression, with an impact on patients’ prognosis. Here, we discuss the mechanistic insights of the complex interaction between lung cancer and microbiota as a relevant component of the microenvironment, mainly focusing on novel diagnostic and therapeutic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Filippo Scialò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.B.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Intensive Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Agustoni
- Unit of Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Sanci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jessica Saddi
- Radiation Therapy IRCCS Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Lucio Casali
- Honorary Consultant Student Support and Services, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.B.)
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Zhou J, Wen Y, Chen X, Guo L. Bioinformatic Analysis of Prognostic Value of SNTG2 with Immune Implications in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5181-5196. [PMID: 35637702 PMCID: PMC9148212 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s355393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the most morbid and fatal cancer in the world, and nearly 85% of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Besides traditional chemotherapies, molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies are increasing rapidly, but the treatment is still unsatisfactory. The study is to identify a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Methods Data including mRNA expression and clinical information of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the diagnostic value of syntrophin-γ2 (SNTG2) expression and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves were used to compare the survival disparities. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analysed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and the connections between SNTG2 and immune cell infiltration were found with Tumor Immunoassay Resource (TIMER). Genetic mutation in SNTG2 and its association with overall survival (OS) were evaluated by cBioPortal. The relationship between SNTG2 and methylation and its association with overall survival were evaluated by MethSurv. Chi square and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analyses. Xiantao Academic Online Website was used for online analysis. Results Our results revealed that SNTG2 mRNA expression was lower in LUAD tissues than in both adjacent and non-adjacent normal tissues and low SNTG2 mRNA expression was verified to be correlated with histological grade, clinical stage, first therapy outcome and poor overall survival of LUAD. Next, ROC curve revealed diagnostic and prognostic value of SNTG2 for LUAD patients. Moreover, SNTG2 presented correlation with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints. Then, we revealed CC chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14), a co-expression gene with SNTG2, which has consistent influence with SNTG2. Furthermore, hypomethylation was found to be associated with high SNTG2 expression. Conclusion We revealed a potential diagnostic and prognostic indicator in LUAD and analyzed its influence on immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wen
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Zeng Q, Deng Y, Qiu Y, Yao W, Liao Y. Glycosylated Cathepsin V Serves as a Prognostic Marker in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:876245. [PMID: 35494076 PMCID: PMC9043764 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.876245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cysteine cathepsin protease activity is pivotal in tumorigenic transformation. However, the role of cathepsin protease in lung cancer remains unknown. Here, we analyzed GEO database and found that lung cancer presented high expression of cathepsin V (CTSV). We then performed immunohistochemistry assay in 73 paired lung cancer tissues and normal lung tissues and confirmed that CTSV is overexpressed in lung cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. The mass spectrometry experiment showed that the N-glycosylation locus of CTSV are N221 and N292, glycosylated CTSV (band 43 kDa) was particularly expressed in lung cancer samples and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Mechanistic studies showed that only glycosylated CTSV (43-kDa band) are secreted to extracellular matrix (ECM) and promoted the metastasis of lung cancer. Importantly, the Elisa detection in serum of 12 lung cancer patients and 12 healthy donors showed that the level of CTSV in serum distinguished lung cancer patients from healthy donors. Together, our findings reveal the clinical relevance of CTSV glycosylation and CTSV drives the metastasis of lung cancer, suggesting that the glycosylated CTSV in serum is a promising biomarker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Yang
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yeqing Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yifeng Liao
- Department of Oncology, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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11
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Liang P, Li J, Chen J, Lu J, Hao Z, Shi J, Chang Q, Zeng Z. Immunoprognostic model of lung adenocarcinoma and screening of sensitive drugs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7162. [PMID: 35504892 PMCID: PMC9065161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of mRNAs and lncRNAs associated with prognosis and immunity of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and used to construct a prognostic risk scoring model (PRS-model) for LUAD. To analyze the differences in tumor immune microenvironment between distinct risk groups of LUAD based on the model classification. The CMap database was also used to screen potential therapeutic compounds for LUAD based on the differential genes between distinct risk groups. he data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We divided the transcriptome data into a mRNA subset and a lncRNA subset, and use multiple methods to extract mRNAs and lncRNAs associated with immunity and prognosis. We further integrated the mRNA and lncRNA subsets and the corresponding clinical information, randomly divided them into training and test set according to the ratio of 5:5. Then, we performed the Cox risk proportional analysis and cross-validation on the training set to construct a LUAD risk scoring model. Based on the risk scoring model, patients were divided into distinct risk group. Moreover, we evaluate the prognostic performance of the model from the aspects of Area Under Curve (AUC) analysis, survival difference analysis, and independent prognostic analysis. We analyzed the differences in the expression of immune cells between the distinct risk groups, and also discuss the connection between immune cells and patient survival. Finally, we screened the potential therapeutic compounds of LUAD in the Connectivity Map (CMap) database based on differential gene expression profiles, and verified the compound activity by cytostatic assays. We extracted 26 mRNAs and 74 lncRNAs related to prognosis and immunity by using different screening methods. Two mRNAs (i.e., KLRC3 and RAET1E) and two lncRNAs (i.e., AL590226.1 and LINC00941) and their risk coefficients were finally used to construct the PRS-model. The risk score positions of the training and test set were 1.01056590 and 1.00925190, respectively. The expression of mRNAs involved in model construction differed significantly between the distinct risk population. The one-year ROC areas on the training and test sets were 0.735 and 0.681. There was a significant difference in the survival rate of the two groups of patients. The PRS-model had independent predictive capabilities in both training and test sets. Among them, in the group with low expression of M1 macrophages and resting NK cells, LUAD patients survived longer. In contrast, the monocyte expression up-regulated group survived longer. In the CMap drug screening, three LUAD therapeutic compounds, such as resveratrol, methotrexate, and phenoxybenzamine, scored the highest. In addition, these compounds had significant inhibitory effects on the LUAD A549 cell lines. The LUAD risk score model constructed using the expression of KLRC3, RAET1E, AL590226.1, LINC00941 and their risk coefficients had a good independent prognostic power. The optimal LUAD therapeutic compounds screened in the CMap database: resveratrol, methotrexate and phenoxybenzamine, all showed significant inhibitory effects on LUAD A549 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Liang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Junyan Lu
- Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Zezhou Hao
- School of Health Sciences and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Clinical Research Center, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Zeng Zeng
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China. .,Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632, Singapore.
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12
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Deng B, Chen X, Xu L, Zheng L, Zhu X, Shi J, Yang L, Wang D, Jiang D. Chordin-like 1 is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlative with immune cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:389-409. [PMID: 35021154 PMCID: PMC8791215 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chordin-like 1 (CHRDL1), an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs), has been recently reported to participate in the progression of numerous tumors, however, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Our study aimed to demonstrate relationship between CHRDL1 and LUAD based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Among them, CHRDL1 expression revealed promising power for distinguishing LUAD tissues form normal sample. Low CHRDL1 was correlated with poor clinicopathologic features, including high T stage (OR=0.45, P<0.001), high N stage (OR=0.57, P<0.003), bad treatment effect (OR=0.64, P=0.047), positive tumor status (OR=0.63, P=0.018), and TP53 mutation (OR=0.49, P<0.001). The survival curve illustrated that low CHRDL1 was significantly correlative with a poor overall survival (HR=0.60, P<0.001). At multivariate Cox regression analysis, CHRDL1 remained independently correlative with overall survival. GSEA identified that the CHRDL1 expression was related to cell cycle and immunoregulation. Immune infiltration analysis suggested that CHRDL1 was significantly correlative with 7 kinds of immune cells. Immunohistochemical validation showed that CHRDL1 was abnormally elevated and negatively correlated with Th2 cells in LUAD tissues. In conclusion, CHRDL1 might become a novel prognostic biomarker and therapy target in LUAD. Moreover, CHRDL1 may improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy by regulating immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Depeng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gan H, Xu X, Bai Y. Trametes robiniophila represses angiogenesis and tumor growth of lung cancer via strengthening let-7d-5p and targeting NAP1L1. Bioengineered 2021; 13:6698-6710. [PMID: 34898380 PMCID: PMC8973683 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2012619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila (Huaier) is available to refrain lung cancer (LC) cell progression, but its impact and mechanism on angiogenesis of LC are not proved. The study was to explore the potential mechanism of Huaier repressing angiogenesis and tumor growth in LC via strengthening let-7d-5p and targeting NAP1L1. Let-7d-5p and NAP1L1 expression was detected in LC tissues and cells (A549). Pretreatment of A549 cells was with Huaier. Transfection of changed let-7d-5p and NAP1L1 was to A549 cells to uncover their roles in LC cell progression with angiogenesis. Evaluation of the impact of let-7d-5p on angiogenesis in LC was in vitro in a mouse xenograft model. Identification of the targeting of let-7d-5p with NAP1L1 was clarified. The results clarified reduced let-7d-5p but elevated NAP1L1 were manifested in LC. Huaier restrained angiogenesis and tumor growth of LC in vivo and in vitro; Augmented let-7d-5p or declined NAP1L1 motivated the therapy of Huaier on LC; Let-7d-5p negatively modulated NAP1L1; Elevated NAP1L1 reversed the influence of enhancive let-7d-5p. These results strongly suggest that Huaier represses angiogenesis and tumor growth in LC via strengthening let-7d-5p and targeting NAP1L1. Huaier/let-7d-5p/NAP1L1 axis is supposed to be a promising target for the treatment of angiogenesis and tumor growth in LC via elevated let-7d-5p and targeted NAP1L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiZhu Gan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, JiLin Province, 130031, China
| | - XinXin Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, JiLin Province, 130031, China
| | - YinYin Bai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, JiLin Province, 130031, China
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14
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Zheng Q, Wang Z, Zhang M, Yu Y, Chen R, Lu T, Liu L, Ma J, Liu T, Zheng H, Li H, Li J. Prognostic value of SEC61G in lung adenocarcinoma: a comprehensive study based on bioinformatics and in vitro validation. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1216. [PMID: 34774014 PMCID: PMC8590767 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the Sec61 gamma subunit (SEC61G) is overexpressed in several tumors and could serve as a potential prognostic marker. However, the correlation between SEC61G and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. In the current study, we aimed to demonstrate the prognostic value and potential biological function of the SEC61G gene in LUAD. METHODS Public datasets were used for SEC61G expression analyses. The prognostic value of SEC61G in LUAD was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox analyses. The correlation between the methylation level of SEC61G and its mRNA expression was evaluated via cBioPortal. Additionally, MethSurv was used to determine the prognostic value of the SEC61G methylation levels in LUAD. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to explore the potential mechanism of SEC61G. Also, single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) and TIMER online tool were applied to identify the correlation between SEC61G and immune filtration. Furthermore, cell functional experiments were conducted to verify the biological behavior of SEC61G in lung adenocarcinoma cells (LAC). RESULTS SEC61G was upregulated in pan-cancers, including LUAD. High SEC61G expression was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in LUAD patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high SEC61G expression was an independent prognostic factor in the TCGA cohort. (HR = 1.760 95% CI: 1.297-2.388, p < 0.001). The methylation level of SEC61G negatively correlated with the SEC61G expression (R = - 0.290, p < 0.001), and patients with low SEC61G methylation had worse overall survival. (p = 0.0014). Proliferation-associated terms such as cell cycle and cell division were significantly enriched in GO and KEGG analysis. Vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of SEC61G resulted in decreased cell proliferation, invasion and facilitated apoptosis in LAC. GSEA analysis found that SEC61G expression was associated with the E2F targets. Moreover, SEC61G expression was negatively correlated with the immune cell infiltration including CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, B cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that overexpression of SEC61G was significantly associated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients and the malignant phenotypes of LUAD cells, suggesting that it could be a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhao Zheng
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Yilin Yu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianzhu Lu
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Tianxiu Liu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hui Li
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
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15
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Rao S, Anthony ML, Chowdhury N, Kathrotia R, Mishra M, Naithani M, Sindhwani G, Singh N. Molecular characterization of lung carcinomas: A study on diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic markers using immunohistochemical analysis at a Tertiary Care Center in Uttarakhand, India. J Carcinog 2021; 20:17. [PMID: 34729049 PMCID: PMC8531572 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.jcar_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Focused studies in different geographic regions would delineate the underlying biological differences and molecular alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) worldwide. Previous studies in literature have documented limited characterization by studying a minimal number of biological markers. This study was done to evaluate expression of multiple immunomarkers including diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers in NSCLC for its characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational study conducted on 60 consecutive cases of NSCLC. Immunomarkers comprising of p63, p40, TTF-1, napsin A, B-Raf, c-Met, phospho-AKT (P-AKT), PTEN, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and K-Ras, synaptophysin, chromogranin and pan-cytokeratin were evaluated on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of NSCLC. RESULTS: Age of patients with NSCLC in our study ranged from 35 to 90 years, and 93.3% of them were chronic smokers. 93.3% of cases presented in late stages (Stages III and IV) and 78% of cases were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). EGFR positivity was noted in 83.3% of cases. ALK was positive in one case while C-Met and PTEN immunopositivity was noted in only two cases. Ten cases showed positivity for K-Ras and 90% of these were SCC. Ten cases were positive for B-Raf and 80% of these were SCC. 30% of cases showed immunopositivity for P-AKT. None of the molecular markers was found to have statistically significant correlation with clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION: SCC is the predominant histological subtype of NSCLC in the region of Uttarakhand, India, with a high proportion of cases harboring EGFR mutation. Variable expression of K-Ras, P-AKT, ALK 1, and PTEN in NSCLC signifies that molecular profile of every case is individualistic and independent. We attribute this to ethnicity, influence of implicated substance or metabolite in tobacco, and variable mutations incurred in tumor cells over a period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalinee Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Michael Leonard Anthony
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nilotpal Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Kathrotia
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mayank Mishra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manisha Naithani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Girish Sindhwani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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16
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Shi L, Hou J, Wang L, Fu H, Zhang Y, Song Y, Wang X. Regulatory roles of osteopontin in human lung cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions and responses. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e486. [PMID: 34323425 PMCID: PMC8265167 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is still the main cause of death in patients with cancer, due to poor understanding of intracellular regulations. Of those, osteopontin (OPN) may induce the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote tumor cell metastasis. The present study aims to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of internal and external OPN in the development of lung cancer. METHODS We evaluated genetic variations and different bioinformatics of genes in chromosome 4 among subtypes of lung cancer using global databases. We validated the expression of OPN and EMT-related proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, vimentin) in 208 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors and the adjacent nontumorous tissues, further to explore the function of OPN in the progression of lung cancer, with a focus on a potential communication between OPN and EMT in the lung cancer. RESULTS We found that OPN might act as a target molecule in lung cancer, which is associated with lymph node metastasis, postresection recurrence/metastasis, and prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Biological behaviors and pathological responses of OPN varied among diseases, challenges, and severities. Overexpression of OPN was correlated with the existence of EMT in lung cancer tissues. Internal and external OPN plays the decisive roles in lung cancer cell movement, proliferation, and EMT formation, through the upregulation of OPN-PI3K and OPN-MEK pathways. PI3K and MEK inhibitors downregulated the process of EMT and biological behaviors of lung cancer cells, probably through altering vimentin-associated cytoskeletons. CONCLUSION OPN can be a metastasis-associated or specific biomarker for lung cancer and a potential target for antimetastatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan HospitalShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Jiayun Hou
- Institute for Clinical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan HospitalShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Huirong Fu
- Institute for Clinical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Institute for Clinical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan HospitalShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan HospitalShanghaiChina
- Institute for Clinical ScienceShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and TherapyShanghaiChina
- Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
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17
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Immune Stroma in Lung Cancer and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Common Biologic Landscape? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062882. [PMID: 33809111 PMCID: PMC8000622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific entity characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, still lacking effective therapies. Growing evidence suggests that the biologic processes occurring in IPF recall those which orchestrate cancer onset and progression and these findings have already been exploited for therapeutic purposes. Notably, the incidence of lung cancer in patients already affected by IPF is significantly higher than expected. Recent advances in the knowledge of the cancer immune microenvironment have allowed a paradigm shift in cancer therapy. From this perspective, recent experimental reports suggest a rationale for immune checkpoint inhibition in IPF. Here, we recapitulate the most recent knowledge on lung cancer immune stroma and how it can be translated into the IPF context, with both diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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18
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Wei R, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang B, Shen N, E L, Li X, Shang L, Shang Y, Yan W, Zhang X, Ma W, Wang C. Bioinformatic analysis revealing mitotic spindle assembly regulated NDC80 and MAD2L1 as prognostic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer development. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32795325 PMCID: PMC7437940 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer has been the leading cause of tumor related death, and 80% ~ 85% of it is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Even with the rising molecular targeted therapies, for example EGFR, ROS1 and ALK, the treatment is still challenging. The study is to identify credible responsible genes during the development of NSCLC using bioinformatic analysis, developing new prognostic biomarkers and potential gene targets to the disease. Methods Firstly, three genes expression profiles GSE44077, GSE18842 and GSE33532 were picked from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to analyze the genes with different expression level (GDEs) between NSCLC and normal lung samples, and the cellular location, molecular function and the biology pathways the GDEs enriched in were analyzed. Then, gene function modules of GDEs were explored based on the protein-protein interaction network (PPI), and the top module which contains most genes was identified, followed by containing genes annotation and survival analysis. Moreover, multivariate cox regression analysis was performed in addition to the Kaplan meier survival to narrow down the key genes scale. Further, the clinical pathological features of the picked key genes were explored using TCGA data. Results Three GEO profiles shared a total of 664 GDEs, including 232 up-regulated and 432 down-regulated genes. Based on the GDEs PPI network, the top function module containing a total of 69 genes was identified, and 31 of 69 genes were mitotic cell cycle regulation related. And survival analysis of the 31 genes revealed that 17/31 genes statistical significantly related to NSCLC overall survival, including 4 spindle assembly checkpoints, namely NDC80, BUB1B, MAD2L1 and AURKA. Further, multivariate cox regression analysis identified NDC80 and MAD2L1 as independent prognostic indicators in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) respectively. Interestingly, pearson correlation analysis indicated strong connection between the four genes NDC80, BUB1B, MAD2L1 and AURKA, and their clinical pathological features were addressed. Conclusions Using bioinformatic analysis of GEO combined with TCGA data, we revealed two independent prognostic indicators in LUAD and LUSC respectively and analyzed their clinical features. However, more detailed experiments and clinical trials are needed to verify their drug targets role in clinical medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Ningning Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Li E
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Lifang Shang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Yangwei Shang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Wenpeng Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China
| | - Wenxia Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No.382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan City, 030000, ShanXi Province, China.
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Zhao L, Qu X, Wu Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Guo W. TP53 somatic mutations are associated with poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients who undergo immunotherapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14556-14568. [PMID: 32694238 PMCID: PMC7425464 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association between TP53 somatic mutations and immunotherapeutic outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis of the MSK-IMPACT cohort of 350 NSCLC patients shows that overall survival (OS) is significantly lower for patients with truncating TP53 mutations than those with wild-type TP53 (OS: 9 months vs. 14 months; P=0.019). Multivariate analysis shows that truncating TP53 mutations are an independent predictor of immunotherapeutic outcomes. Moreover, among NSCLC patients with lower tumor mutation burden (TMB), those with TP53 truncating mutations showed significantly lower OS than those with wild-type TP53 [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.40, confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-1.73; P = 0.002]. TP53 mutations correlate with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells, neutrophils and dendritic cells in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. A prognostic model with TP53 mutational status shows better survival prediction than the model without TP53 mutational status 1-year [area under curve (AUC): 64.9% vs. 60.2%; P = 0.052] and 2-years (AUC: 70.9% vs. 66.1%; P = 0.098) post-immunotherapy. These findings demonstrate that truncating TP53 mutations correlate with poor immunotherapy outcomes in NSCLC patients with low TMB. TP53 mutation status also improves the prognostic prediction in NSCLC patients that underwent immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Qu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - WeiJian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Silencing of PRDX2 Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1276328. [PMID: 32337219 PMCID: PMC7157786 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1276328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2), a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, has been revealed to be an important player in cancer progression. However, the biological role of PRDX2 in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor reported. In the present study, the loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate the specific role of PRDX2 in the growth and invasion of NSCLC. The results revealed that knockdown of PRDX2 by siRNA interference significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells, as well as diminished the activity of MMP9. Additionally, the decrease in PRDX2 expression significantly promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells by downregulating expression of Bcl-2 and upregulating the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 9, but had no significant effect on the apoptosis of normal lung epithelial cells BEAS-2B. Moreover, PRDX2 inhibitor also inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells and promoted apoptosis. Further, our data demonstrated that silencing of PRDX2 markedly reduced the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR and expression of downstream proteins Cyclin D1 and p70S6k. In conclusion, our findings indicate that PRDX2 exerts a prooncogenic role in the progression of NSCLC and might be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
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21
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Ma W, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Niu D, Chen S, Zhang Z, Shen N, Han W, Zhang X, Wei R, Wang C. Prognostic significance of TOP2A in non-small cell lung cancer revealed by bioinformatic analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:239. [PMID: 31528121 PMCID: PMC6737627 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer has been a common malignant tumor with a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, current molecular targets are woefully lacking comparing to the highly progressive cancer. The study is designed to identify new prognostic predictors and potential gene targets based on bioinformatic analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Methods Four cDNA expression profiles GSE19188, GSE101929, GSE18842 and GSE33532 were chosen from GEO database to analyze the differently expressed genes (DEGs) between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and normal lung tissues. After the DEGs functions were analyzed, the protein-protein interaction network (PPI) of DEGs were constructed, and the core gene in the network which has high connectivity degree with other genes was identified. We analyzed the association of the gene with the development of NSCLC as well as its prognosis. Lastly we explored the conceivable signaling mechanism of the gene regulation during the development of NSCLC. Results A total of 92 up regulated and 214 down regulated DEGs were shared in four cDNA expression profiles. Based on their PPI network, TOP2A was connected with most of other genes and was selected for further analysis. Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis (OS) revealed that TOP2A was associated with worse NSCLC patients survival. And both GEPIA analysis and immunohistochemistry experiment (IHC) confirmed that TOP2A was aberrant gain of expression in cancer comparing to normal tissues. The clinical significance of TOP2A and probable signaling pathways it involved in were further explored, and a positive correlation between TOP2A and TPX2 expression was found in lung cancer tissues. Conclusion Using bioinformatic analysis, we revealed that TOP2A could be adopted as a prognostic indicator of NSCLC and it potentially regulate cancer development through co-work with TPX2. However, more detailed experiments are needed to clarify its drug target role in clinical medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Dan Niu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Ningning Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Weixia Han
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Rong Wei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of ShanXi Medical University, No. 382 WuYi Road, Tai Yuan, 030000 Shanxi China
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22
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Stathaki M, Stamatiou ME, Magioris G, Simantiris S, Syrigos N, Dourakis S, Koutsilieris M, Armakolas A. The role of kisspeptin system in cancer biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:130-140. [PMID: 31401420 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are known to be critical in puberty initiation and ovulation. Apart from that kisspeptin derived peptides (KPs) are also known for their antimetastatic activities in several malignancies. Herein we report recent evidence of the role of kisspeptins in cancer biology and we examine the prospective of targeting the kisspeptin pathways leading to a better prognosis in patients with malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evanthia Stamatiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Magioris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Simantiris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Syrigos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Dourakis
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine Hippokration General Hospital Athens Greece, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece.
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23
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Stella GM, Kolling S, Benvenuti S, Bortolotto C. Lung-Seeking Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1010. [PMID: 31330946 PMCID: PMC6678078 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases from different cancer types most often affect the lung parenchyma. Moreover, the lungs are among the most frequent sites of growth of metastatic masses of uncertain/unknown lineage of origin. Thus, with regards to pulmonary neoplastic parenchymal nodules, the critical issue is to determine if they are IN the lung or OF the lung. In this review, we highlight the clinical, instrumental and molecular features which characterize lung metastases, mainly focusing on recently advancing and emerging concepts regarding the metastatic niche, inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and gene expression. A novel issue is related to the analysis of biomechanical forces which cooperate in the expansion of tumor masses in the lungs. We here aim to analyze the biological, genetic and pathological features of metastatic lesions to the lungs, here referred to as site of metastatic growth. This point should be a crucial part of the algorithm for a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Unit of Respiratory System Diseases, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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24
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HMGB1 protein as a novel target for cancer. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:253-261. [PMID: 30911468 PMCID: PMC6416660 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved nuclear protein High Mobility Group Box1 (HMGB1) present in mammals has functionality as an immuno-modulator in the form of cytokine molecule, as a nuclear factor to regulate these molecules and DNA structural determination. It has proximal homologous DNA binding domains Box-A, Box-B and distal C-terminal domain. Reduced form exists in basic condition has chemotaxis activity, while form with disulphide bond reduced at 106th cysteine showed cytokine activity. The oxidized form is devoid of both activities. HMGB1 binds and bends dsDNA and also activates genes for secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18. It can interact with transcription factors Rel/NF-κB and p53 responsible for up-regulating oncogenes. Oxidative stressed injured tissues actively secrete HMGB1 outside cells to necrotize other nearby tissues passively in cytosol. Acetylation of HMGB1 weakens its binding with DNA, and promotes its migration to different tissues leading to secretion of inflammatory-cytokines. HMGB1 expression has been found very important in the genesis and promotion of different cancer by promoting metastasis. In current article, we emphasized on condition based structural variability of HMGB1, mechanism of release, physiological functions and its functionality as a biomarker for cancer to be targeted to curb cancer genesis and progression.
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25
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Piloni D, Stella GM. Lymph-node mapping in lung cancer staging: accuracy and limits of the current approaches. Minerva Med 2019; 109:6-10. [PMID: 30642144 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is among the most important causes of death worldwide. The presence of tumor metastasis in the mediastinum is one of the most relevant elements in determining the optimal treatment strategy in lung cancer. Lymph node "maps" are used to describe the location of nodal metastases, the latest was proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) in 2009. Here we present and analyze a recent paper by El-Sherief and collaborators aimed to verify if and how lung cancer specialists really apply the IALSC lymph node map when classifying thoracic lymph nodes documented on CT scans during lung cancer staging. In addition, we discuss the critical issues related to a correct N staging of lung cancer, mainly focusing on the limits of the present approaches and on how the increasing knowledge on the molecular basis on lung carcinogenesis can be exploited to properly dissect ambiguous and doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piloni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy -
| | - Giulia M Stella
- Unit of Pulmonology, IRCCS Foundation, Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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26
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Stella GM, Bortolotto C, Filippi AR. Intrathoracic core needle biopsy and repeat biopsy for PD-L1 evaluation in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 10:S4031-S4033. [PMID: 30631547 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.09.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Unit of Respiratory System Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccardo Filippi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Unit of Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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27
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Novel dihydroartemisinin derivative DHA-37 induces autophagic cell death through upregulation of HMGB1 in A549 cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1048. [PMID: 30323180 PMCID: PMC6189137 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and its analogs are reported to possess selective anticancer activity. Here, we reported a novel DHA derivative DHA-37 that exhibited more potent anticancer activity on the cells tested. Distinct from DHA-induced apoptosis, DHA-37 triggered excessive autophagic cell death, and became the main contributor to DHA-37-induced A549 cell death. Incubation of the cells with DHA-37 but not DHA produced increased dots distribution of GFP-LC3 and expression ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and enhanced the formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by TEM. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, LY294002, or chloroquine could reverse DHA-37-induced cell death. In addition, DHA-37-induced cell death was associated significantly with the increased expression of HMGB1, and knockdown of HMGB1 could reverse DHA-37-induced cell death. More importantly, the elevated HMGB1 expression induced autophagy through the activation of the MAPK signal but not PI3K-AKT–mTOR pathway. In addition, DHA-37 also showed a wonderful performance in A549 xenograft mice model. These findings suggest that HMGB1 as a target candidate for apoptosis-resistant cancer treatment and artemisinin-based drugs could be used in inducing autophagic cell death.
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28
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Ma Y, Feng W, Wu Z, Liu M, Zhang F, Liang Z, Cui C, Huang J, Li X, Guo X. Intra-tumoural heterogeneity characterization through texture and colour analysis for differentiation of non-small cell lung carcinoma subtypes. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:165018. [PMID: 30051884 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiomics has shown potential in disease diagnosis, but its feasibility for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) subtype classification is unclear. This study aims to explore the diagnosis value of texture and colour features from positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) images in differentiation of NSCLC subtypes: adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). Two patient cohorts were retrospectively collected into a dataset of 341 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2fluoro-d-glucose ([18F] FDG) PET-CT images of NSCLC tumours (125 ADC, 174 SqCC, and 42 cases with unknown subtype). Quantification of texture and colour features was performed using freehand regions of interest. The relation between extracted features and commonly used parameters such as age, gender, tumour size, and standard uptake value (SUVmax) was explored. To classify NSCLC subtypes, support vector machine algorithm was applied on these features and the classification performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. There was a significant difference between ADC and SqCC subtypes in texture and colour features (P < 0.05); this showed that imaging features were significantly correlated to both SUVmax and tumour diameter (P < 0.05). When evaluating classification performance, features combining texture and colour showed an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.78-1.00), colour features showed an AUC of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.71-0.99), and texture features showed an AUC of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48-0.88). DeLong's test showed that AUC was higher for features combining texture and colour than that for texture features only (P = 0.010), but not significantly different from that for colour features only (P = 0.328). HSV colour features showed a similar performance to RGB colour features (P = 0.473). The colour features are promising in the refinement of NSCLC subtype differentiation, and features combining texture and colour of PET-CT images could result in better classification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Xue L, Xie L, Song X, Song X. Identification of potential tumor-educated platelets RNA biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer by integrated bioinformatical analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22450. [PMID: 29665143 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets have emerged as key players in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Tumor-educated platelet (TEP) RNA profile has the potential to diagnose non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The objective of this study was to identify potential TEP RNA biomarkers for the diagnosis of NSCLC and to explore the mechanisms in alternations of TEP RNA profile. METHODS The RNA-seq datasets GSE68086 and GSE89843 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus DataSets (GEO DataSets). Then, the functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mRNAs was analyzed by the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The miRNAs which regulated the differential mRNAs and the target mRNAs of miRNAs were identified by miRanda and miRDB. Then, the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was visualized via Cytoscape software. RESULTS Twenty consistently altered mRNAs (2 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated) were identified from the two GSE datasets, and they were significantly enriched in several biological processes, including transport and establishment of localization. Twenty identical miRNAs were found between exosomal miRNA-seq dataset and 229 miRNAs that regulated 20 consistently differential mRNAs in platelets. We also analyzed 13 spliceosomal mRNAs and their miRNA predictions; there were 27 common miRNAs between 206 differential exosomal miRNAs and 338 miRNAs that regulated 13 distinct spliceosomal mRNAs. CONCLUSION This study identified 20 potential TEP RNA biomarkers in NSCLC for diagnosis by integrated bioinformatical analysis, and alternations in TEP RNA profile may be related to the post-transcriptional regulation and the splicing metabolisms of spliceosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xue
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xianrang Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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30
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Wang XH, Cui YX, Wang ZM, Liu J. Down-regulation of FOXR2 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:229-235. [PMID: 29634928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box R2 (FOXR2), a new member of the FOX family, is an important player in a wide range of cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. Recently, FOXR2 has been reported to be implicated in cancer development. However, the biological functions of FOXR2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific role of FOXR2 in NSCLC. The results showed that down-regulation of FOXR2 significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and suppressed NSCLC cell growth and metastasis in vivo. In addition, the decrease in FOXR2 expression markedly reduced the protein levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and c-Myc and hence inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in NSCLC cells. Taken together, we concluded that FOXR2 might be considered as a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi City Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhen-Min Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi City Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi City Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, China.
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31
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Jin BF, Yang F, Ying XM, Gong L, Hu SF, Zhao Q, Liao YD, Chen KZ, Li T, Tai YH, Cao Y, Li X, Huang Y, Zhan XY, Qin XH, Wu J, Chen S, Guo SS, Zhang YC, Chen J, Shen DH, Sun KK, Chen L, Li WH, Li AL, Wang N, Xia Q, Wang J, Zhou T. Signaling protein signature predicts clinical outcome of non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:259. [PMID: 29510676 PMCID: PMC5840771 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by abnormalities of numerous signaling proteins that play pivotal roles in cancer development and progression. Many of these proteins have been reported to be correlated with clinical outcomes of NSCLC. However, none of them could provide adequate accuracy of prognosis prediction in clinical application. METHODS A total of 384 resected NSCLC specimens from two hospitals in Beijing (BJ) and Chongqing (CQ) were collected. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining on stored formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical samples, we examined the expression levels of 75 critical proteins on BJ samples. Random forest algorithm (RFA) and support vector machines (SVM) computation were applied to identify protein signatures on 2/3 randomly assigned BJ samples. The identified signatures were tested on the remaining BJ samples, and were further validated with CQ independent cohort. RESULTS A 6-protein signature for adenocarcinoma (ADC) and a 5-protein signature for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were identified from training sets and tested in testing sets. In independent validation with CQ cohort, patients can also be divided into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different median overall survivals by Kaplan-Meier analysis, both in ADC (31 months vs. 87 months, HR 2.81; P < 0.001) and SCC patients (27 months vs. not reached, HR 9.97; P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that both signatures are independent prognostic indicators and outperformed TNM staging (ADC: adjusted HR 3.07 vs. 2.43, SCC: adjusted HR 7.84 vs. 2.24). Particularly, we found that only the ADC patients in high-risk group significantly benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS Both ADC and SCC protein signatures could effectively stratify the prognosis of NSCLC patients, and may support patient selection for adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Xiao-Min Ying
- Computational Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Lin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Shuo-Feng Hu
- Computational Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Yi-Da Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Ke-Zhong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Teng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Yan-Hong Tai
- The 90th Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250031 China
- Department of Pathology, The 307th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Yuan Cao
- The 90th Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, 250031 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Xuan-He Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Sai-Sai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Dan-Hua Shen
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Kun-Kun Sun
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Ai-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850 China
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Zhang Y, Chen L, Xu H, Li X, Zhao L, Wang W, Li B, Zhang X. 6,7-Dimorpholinoalkoxy quinazoline derivatives as potent EGFR inhibitors with enhanced antiproliferative activities against tumor cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:77-89. [PMID: 29421573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 6,7-dimorpholinoalkoxy quinazoline derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated as potent EGFR inhibitors. Most of synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate to excellent antiproliferative activities against five human tumor cell lines. Compound 8d displayed the most remarkable inhibitory activities against tumor cells expressing wild type (A431, A549 and SW480 cells) or mutant (HCC827 and NCI-H1975 cells) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (with IC50 values in the range of 0.37-4.87 μM), as well as more potent inhibitory effects against recombinant EGFR tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK, wt or T790M) (with the IC50 values of 7.0 and 9.3 nM, respectively). Molecular docking showed that 8d can form four hydrogen bonds with EGFR, and two of them were located in the Asp855-Phe856-Gly857 (DFG) motif of EGFR. Meanwhile, 8d can significantly block EGF-induced EGFR activation and the phosphorylation of its downstream proteins such as Akt and Erk1/2 in human NSCLC cells. Also, 8d mediated cell apoptosis and the prolongation of cell cycle progression in G0/G1-phase in A549 cells. The work would have remarkable implications for further design and development of more potent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Hongjiang Xu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210042, PR China
| | - Xiabing Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Baolin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210042, PR China
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33
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Denisenko TV, Budkevich IN, Zhivotovsky B. Cell death-based treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29371589 PMCID: PMC5833343 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma (ADC), comprising around 40% of all lung cancer cases. In spite of achievements in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and the development of new approaches in its treatment, unfortunately, lung ADC is still one of the most aggressive and rapidly fatal tumor types with overall survival less than 5 years. Lung ADC is often diagnosed at advanced stages involving disseminated metastatic tumors. This is particularly important for the successful development of new approaches in cancer therapy. The high resistance of lung ADC to conventional radiotherapies and chemotherapies represents a major challenge for treatment effectiveness. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular pathways driving tumor progression and related targeted therapies in lung ADCs. In addition, the cell death mechanisms induced by different treatment strategies and their contribution to therapy resistance are analyzed. The focus is on approaches to overcoming drug resistance in order to improve future treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Denisenko
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N Budkevich
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
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34
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Carter CA, Zeman K, Day RM, Richard P, Oronsky A, Oronsky N, Lybeck M, Scicinski J, Oronsky B. Addressing the elephant in the room, therapeutic resistance in non-small cell lung cancer, with epigenetic therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40781-40791. [PMID: 27007055 PMCID: PMC5130044 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Like Chinese boxes nesting inside each other, the classification of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is subdivided into smaller and smaller subtypes on the basis of histological and molecular attributes. The latter characterizes NSCLC by its molecular alterations and the identification of inhibitors that target these cancer-specific "driver" mutations. Despite the initial promise of precision-guided therapies to inhibit a finer and finer array of molecular subcategories, despite even the curative potential of immunotherapeutic checkpoint blockade, in particular, casualties still abound and true clinical success stories are few and far between; the ever-present, if sometimes unmentioned, "elephant in the room", is the acquisition of resistance, which, sooner or later, rears its ugly head to undermine treatment success and shorten survival. Emerging data suggests that epigenetic therapies are able to reprogram the aberrant tumor-associated epigenome and 'tame the beast of resistance', thereby prolonging survival. This article reviews the role of epigenetic dysregulation in NSCLC, explores PFS2 as a possible surrogate endpoint, briefly mentions possible biomarkers and highlights combinatorial treatment epigenetic strategies to "prime" tumors and reverse resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Carter
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen Zeman
- National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina M Day
- Uniformed Services University of The Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Richard
- Uniformed Services University of The Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Tong Y, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zheng L, Liu W, Wu J, Ou R, Zhang G, Li F, Hu M, Liu Z, Lu L. Artemisinin and its derivatives can significantly inhibit lung tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31413-28. [PMID: 27119499 PMCID: PMC5058767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most prevalent malignancy worldwide given its high incidence, considerable mortality, and poor prognosis. The anti-malaria compounds artemisinin (ART), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), and artesunate (ARTS) reportedly have anti-cancer potential, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we used flow cytometry to show that ART, DHA, and ARTS could inhibit the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells by arresting cell cycle in G1 phase. Meanwhile, tumor malignancy including migration, invasion, cancer stem cells, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were also significantly suppressed by these compounds. Furthermore, ART, DHA, and ARTS remarkably decreased tumor growth in vivo. By using IWP-2, the inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and Wnt5a siRNA, we found that ART, DHA, and ARTS could render tumor inhibition partially dependent on Wnt/β-catenin inactivation. These compounds could strikingly decrease the protein level of Wnt5-a/b and simultaneously increase those of NKD2 and Axin2, ultimately resulting in β-catenin downregulation. In summary, our findings revealed that ART, DHA, and ARTS could suppress lung-tumor progression by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby suggesting a novel target for ART, DHA, and ARTS in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hongming Zheng
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Wenqin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jinjun Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Rilan Ou
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ming Hu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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Osmani L, Askin F, Gabrielson E, Li QK. Current WHO guidelines and the critical role of immunohistochemical markers in the subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Moving from targeted therapy to immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:103-109. [PMID: 29183778 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent large scale genomic studies from the Clinical Lung Cancer Genome Project have identified different driver gene mutations in the subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). These findings not only lead to remarkable progress in targeted therapies for lung cancer patients, but also provide fundamental knowledge for the subclassification of NSCLC. More recently, the advancement and clinical application of immunotherapy have reinforced the need for the accurate subclassification of NSCLC. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) updated their guidelines for the subclassification of lung cancers. These guidelines emphasize: (1) the subclassification of NSCLC, (2) the critical role of molecular characterization of tumors for targeted therapy, (3) the unique terminology for subclassifying NSCLC using small biopsy specimens, and (4) the utility of IHC biomarkers in the accurate diagnosis and subclassification of lung cancer. The guidelines have significant prognostic impact on oncologic practice and patient care. In this review, we summarize the current WHO guidelines for the classification of lung cancer, discuss advancements of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and address the utility and limitation of immunomarkers in the subclassification of NSCLC, as well as the prospective future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Osmani
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Frederic Askin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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37
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Boura P, Grapsa D, Loukides S, Angelidou M, Tsakanika K, Syrigos N, Gkiozos I. The prognostic value of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of adiponectin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Manag 2017; 6:55-65. [PMID: 30643571 DOI: 10.2217/lmt-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to explore the prognostic implications of adiponectin (APN) levels in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with advanced NSCLC. Materials & methods 29 newly diagnosed patients with stage IV NSCLC were prospectively enrolled. Baseline serum and BAL levels of APN were assayed by ELISA and correlated with various clinicopathological parameters, including overall survival. Results No statistically significant correlations were observed between the serum or BAL levels of APN and the clinicopathological parameters evaluated. The only prognostic factor identified, both by univariate and multivariate survival analyses, was performance status. Conclusion The results of our cohort failed to reveal any prognostic significance of serum and BAL levels of APN in stage IV NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Boura
- Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Grapsa
- Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Loukides
- Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Angelidou
- 3rd Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglio General Hospital, 15126, Athens, Greece.,3rd Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglio General Hospital, 15126, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Tsakanika
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Sismanoglio General Hospital,15126, Athens, Greece.,Flow Cytometry Unit, Sismanoglio General Hospital,15126, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Syrigos
- Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gkiozos
- Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Oncology Unit GPP, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
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38
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Xia H, Zhang W, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Li S, Liu Y. miR-21 modulates the effect of EZH2 on the biological behavior of human lung cancer stem cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85442-85451. [PMID: 29156731 PMCID: PMC5689621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer has a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to enhance patient survival rates. In this study, we investigated the effects of miR-21 and EZH2 on the biological behavior of human lung cancer stem cells in vitro. We found increased expression of EZH2 and miR-21 in LCSCs, and miR-21 overexpression increased EZH2 levels in LCSCs. In addition, EZH2 and miR-21 knockdown increased the sensitivity of LCSCs to chemo- and radiation therapy, and exogenous EZH2 expression rescued the effects of anti-miR-21. Cell proliferation was reduced by 39.2% and 69.7% in the presence of radio- or chemotherapy combined with anti-miR-21 transfection, respectively. The downstream molecules included Cdc2, cyclin B1, and Bcl-2, which are involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis and which could themselves be reduced or enhanced by changes in miR-21 and EZH2 levels in LCSCs. This study demonstrates the direct relationship between miR-21 and EZH2 which was increased by 43% after the application of the miR-21 mimic. Above data indicates that these two molecules can influence the biological behavior of LCSCs by altering their corresponding targets. Our findings support the potential roles of miR-21 and EZH2 in improving the therapeutic efficacy of clinical lung cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Medical School of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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ANKRD22 promotes progression of non-small cell lung cancer through transcriptional up-regulation of E2F1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4430. [PMID: 28667340 PMCID: PMC5493668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all malignancies due to rapid tumor progression and relapse; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of tumor progression are unclear. In the present study, we identified ANKRD22 as a novel tumor-associated gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). According to the clinical correlation analysis, ANKRD22 was highly expressed in primary cancerous tissue compared with adjacent cancerous tissue, and high expression levels of ANKRD22 were significantly correlated with relapse and short overall survival time. Knockdown and overexpression analysis revealed that ANKRD22 promoted tumor progression by increasing cell proliferation. In xenograft assays, knockdown of ANKRD22 or in vivo treatment with ANKRD22 siRNA inhibited tumor growth. Furthermore, ANKRD22 was shown to participate in the transcriptional regulation of E2F1, and ANKRD22 promoted cell proliferation by up-regulating the expression of E2F1 which enhanced cell cycle progression. Therefore, our studies indicated that ANKRD22 up-regulated the transcription of E2F1 and promoted the progression of NSCLC by enhancing cell proliferation. These findings suggest that ANKRD22 could potentially act as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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40
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Global analysis of chromosome 1 genes among patients with lung adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, or non-cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:249-64. [PMID: 25937073 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating genetic variations, specific signal pathways, or biological processes of chromosome 1 genes between subtypes and stages of lung cancer and prediction of selected targeting genes for patient survival rate. About 537 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC), 140 with lung squamous carcinoma (SCC), 9 with lung large-cell carcinoma (LCC), 56 with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and 590 without caner were integrated from 16 databases and analyzed in the present study. Three (ASPM, CDC20, KIAA1799) or 28 genes significantly up- or down-expressed in four subtypes of lung cancer. The activated cell division and down-regulated immune responses were identified in patients with lung cancer. Keratinocyte development associated genes S100 and SPRR families dominantly up-expressed in SCC and AKT3 and NRAS in SCLC. Subtype-specific genes of ADC, SCC, LCC, or SCLC were also identified. C1orf106, CAPN8, CDC20, COL11A1, CRABP2, and NBPF9 up-expressed at four stages of ADC. Fifty six related with keratinocytes or potassium channels up-expressed in three stages of SCC. CDC20, IL10, ECM1, GABPB2, CRABP2, and COL11A1 significantly predicted the poor overall survival of ADC patients and S100A2 and TIMM17A in SCC patients. Our data indicate that a number of altered chromosome 1 genes have the subtype and stage specificities of lung cancer and can be considered as diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers.
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41
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Stella GM, Gentile A, Baderacchi A, Meloni F, Milan M, Benvenuti S. Ockham's razor for the MET-driven invasive growth linking idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 14:256. [PMID: 27590450 PMCID: PMC5010719 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific lung disorder characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology, which lacks effective treatment. According to the current pathogenic perspective, the aberrant proliferative events in IPF resemble those occurring during malignant transformation. MAIN BODY Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are known to be key players in cancer onset and progression. It has been demonstrated that RTK expression is sometimes also altered and even druggable in IPF. One example of an RTK-the MET proto-oncogene-is a key regulator of invasive growth. This physiological genetic program supports embryonic development and post-natal organ regeneration, as well as cooperating in the evolution of cancer metastasis when aberrantly activated. Growing evidence sustains that MET activation may collaborate in maintaining tissue plasticity and the regenerative potential that characterizes IPF. CONCLUSION The present work aims to elucidate-by applying the logic of simplicity-the bio-molecular mechanisms involved in MET activation in IPF. This clarification is crucial to accurately design MET blockade strategies within a fully personalized approach to IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M. Stella
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Baderacchi
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Meloni
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Milan
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
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A comparative study of EGFR oncogenic mutations in matching tissue and plasma samples from patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 457:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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43
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Zhao L, Wang WJ, Zhang JN, Zhang XY. 5-Fluorouracil and interleukin-2 immunochemotherapy enhances immunogenicity of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells through upregulation of NKG2D ligands. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 15:4039-44. [PMID: 24935593 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.9.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of immunochemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to detect whether 5-FU+IL-2 could effectively inhibit tumor growth in vivo, we established an A549-bearing nude mouse model. The cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells was evaluated using a standard chromium release assay. To evaluate the relevance of NK cells in 5-FU+IL-2- mediated tumor inhibitory effects, we depleted NK cells in A549-bearing mice by injecting anti-asialo-GM-1 antibodies. Effects of 5-FU+IL-2 on the expression and promoter activity of NKG2D ligands (MICA/MICB) in A549 cells in vitro were also assessed. RESULTS In A549-bearing nude mice, combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in comparison with monotherapy with 5-FU or IL-2 and enhanced the recognition and lysis of tumor cells by NK cells. Further study of mechanisms showed that NK cells played a vital role in the anticancer immune response of 5-FU+IL-2 immunochemotherapy. In addition, the combination therapy synergistically stimulated the expression and promoter activity of MICA/MICB. CONCLUSIONS 5-FU and IL-2 immunochemotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth and activated NK cytotoxicity in vivo, and these effects were partly impaired after depleting NK cells in tumor-bearing mice. Combination treatment of 5-FU and IL-2 upregulated the expression and the promoter activity of MICA/MICB in A549 cells, which enhanced the recognition of A549 cells by NK cells. All of the data indicated that immunochemotherapy of 5-FU and IL-2 may provide a new treatment option for patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China E-mail :
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Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is frequently overexpressed in human non-small cell lung cancer, confirming resistance to erlotinib. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9206-19. [PMID: 25826078 PMCID: PMC4496212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mer is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) with oncogenic properties that is often overexpressed or activated in various malignancies. Using both immunohistochemistry and microarray analyses, we demonstrated that Mer was overexpressed in both tumoral and stromal compartments of about 70% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples relative to surrounding normal lung tissue. This was validated in freshly harvested NSCLC samples; however, no associations were found between Mer expression and patient features. Although Mer overexpression did not render normal lung epithelial cell tumorigenic in vivo, it promoted the in vitro cell proliferation, clonogenic colony formation and migration of normal lung epithelial cells as well as NSCLC cells primarily depending on MAPK and FAK signaling, respectively. Importantly, Mer overexpression induced resistance to erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) in otherwise erlotinib-sensitive cells. Furthermore, Mer-specific inhibitor rendered erlotinib-resistant cells sensitive to erlotinib. We conclude that Mer enhances malignant phenotype and pharmacological inhibition of Mer overcomes resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-targeted agents.
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Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Aerosolized Clinical Grade Azacitidine. Clin Lung Cancer 2015; 17:214-222.e1. [PMID: 26531130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azacitidine as an effective epigenetic therapeutic agent has not been used as an aerosol form to treat lung cancer patients. We aerosolized clinical grade azacitidine (Aza), optimized the formulation, and studied its pharmacokinetics and toxicity in mice. METHODS Extrusion-precipitation method and DNA methyltransferase inhibition rate were used to measure the aerodynamic size and aerosolized Aza activity. In the single dose pharmacokinetic study, Aza concentrations in peripheral blood and lungs were measured by LC-MS method. In the multiple-dose toxicity studies, histo-pathological evaluation was used to determine the organ and bone marrow toxicities. RESULTS In pharmacokinetic study, aerosolized Aza was found to deposit mainly into the lung with very little drug detected in the circulation. In contrast, intravenously injected (IV) Aza resulted in a high Aza concentration in the peripheral blood, with trace amounts of drug in the lung, and it was associated with significant myelosuppression. No significant myelosuppression, pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, or nephrotoxicity were observed at a daily dose of 2.5 mg/m(2) for 7 days. Reversible lung inflammation was found in mice treated with 7.5 mg/m(2) aerosolized Aza at 3 but not 6 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Aerosol Aza aerodynamic size favors deposition of the drug to the human lower airways. The aerosol process do not compromise the drug activity. Aerosolized Aza has higher lung deposition and much less systemic toxicity than IV drug. The safe starting dose for clinical phase I trials should be 2.5 mg/m(2) for 5 to 7 days.
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Zhang Y, Tortorella MD, Liao J, Qin X, Chen T, Luo J, Guan J, Talley JJ, Tu Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Erlotinib-NSAID Conjugates as More Comprehensive Anticancer Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1086-90. [PMID: 26487917 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel anticancer agents were designed and synthesized based on coupling of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with the epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib. Both the antiproliferative and pharmacokinetic activity of the target compounds were evaluated using HCC827 and A431 tumor cell lines. Among the derivatives made, compounds 10a, 10c, and 21g showed superb potency, comparable to that of erlotinib. Furthermore, preliminary SAR analysis showed that when the NSAIDs were conjugated via linkage to C-6 OH versus linkage to C-7 OH of the quinazoline nucleus, superior anticancer activity was achieved. Finally, the in vitro pharmacokinetic profile of several conjugates demonstrated the desired dissociation kinetics as the coupled molecules were effectively hydrolyzed, releasing both erlotinib and the specific NSAID in a time-dependent manner. The conjugation strategy represents a unique and simplified approach toward combination therapy, particularly for the treatment of cancers where both EGFR overexpression and inflammation play a direct role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Micky D. Tortorella
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Jinxi Liao
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochu Qin
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Luo
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Jiantong Guan
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - John J. Talley
- Euclises Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- Drug Discovery
Pipeline, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Science City, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
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Boura P, Loukides S, Grapsa D, Achimastos A, Syrigos K. The diverse roles of adiponectin in non-small-cell lung cancer: current data and future perspectives. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2193-203. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there is growing research interest for the biological role of adipose tissue-derived bioactive factors, mainly including adipokines, in various forms of cancer. Adiponectin (APN) is the most abundant circulating adipokine, and a key mediator of several cancer-related processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, regulation of tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. In this review we summarize and critically discuss the published literature on the diverse roles of APN in non-small-cell lung cancer, including its implication in lung cancer development, its use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and its correlation with cancer-related cachexia. The main challenges and future perspectives, mainly with regard to the potential development of APN-targeted therapeutic agents in cancer therapeutics, are also briefly presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Boura
- Oncology Unit GPP, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Mesogion 152, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Loukides
- Oncology Unit GPP, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Mesogion 152, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Grapsa
- Oncology Unit GPP, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Mesogion 152, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Achimastos
- Oncology Unit GPP, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Mesogion 152, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Oncology Unit GPP, ‘Sotiria’ General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Mesogion 152, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Hendriks LE, Schoenmaekers J, Zindler JD, Eekers DB, Hoeben A, De Ruysscher DK, Dingemans AMC. Safety of cranial radiotherapy concurrent with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer patients: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:634-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Makinoshima H, Takita M, Saruwatari K, Umemura S, Obata Y, Ishii G, Matsumoto S, Sugiyama E, Ochiai A, Abe R, Goto K, Esumi H, Tsuchihara K. Signaling through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Axis Is Responsible for Aerobic Glycolysis mediated by Glucose Transporter in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17495-504. [PMID: 26023239 PMCID: PMC4498084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an important role in regulating global metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and pyrimidine biosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which EGFR signaling regulates cancer cell metabolism is still unclear. To elucidate how EGFR signaling is linked to metabolic activity, we investigated the involvement of the RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways on metabolic alteration in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) cell lines with activating EGFR mutations. Although MEK inhibition did not alter lactate production and the extracellular acidification rate, PI3K/mTOR inhibitors significantly suppressed glycolysis in EGFR-mutant LAD cells. Moreover, a comprehensive metabolomics analysis revealed that the levels of glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate as early metabolites in glycolysis and PPP were decreased after inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, suggesting a link between PI3K signaling and the proper function of glucose transporters or hexokinases in glycolysis. Indeed, PI3K/mTOR inhibition effectively suppressed membrane localization of facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which, instead, accumulated in the cytoplasm. Finally, aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation were down-regulated when GLUT1 gene expression was suppressed by RNAi. Taken together, these results suggest that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is indispensable for the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in EGFR-mutated LAD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Makinoshima
- From the Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan,
| | - Masahiro Takita
- From the Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan, the Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561
| | | | | | | | - Genichiro Ishii
- Pathology Divisions, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan, and
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- From the Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan, the Thoracic Oncology and
| | | | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Pathology Divisions, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan, and
| | - Ryo Abe
- the Divisions of Immunobiology and
| | | | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- From the Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan, the Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561
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50
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McCarroll JA, Dwarte T, Baigude H, Dang J, Yang L, Erlich RB, Kimpton K, Teo J, Sagnella SM, Akerfeldt MC, Liu J, Phillips PA, Rana TM, Kavallaris M. Therapeutic targeting of polo-like kinase 1 using RNA-interfering nanoparticles (iNOPs) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:12020-34. [PMID: 25557168 PMCID: PMC4494920 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer death worldwide due its resistance to chemotherapy and aggressive tumor growth. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine-threonine protein kinase which is overexpressed in cancer cells, and plays a major role in regulating tumor growth. A number of PLK1 inhibitors are in clinical trial; however, poor tumor bioavailability and off-target effects limit their efficacy. Short-interfering-RNA (siRNA) holds promise as a class of therapeutics, which can selectively silence disease-causing genes. However, siRNA cannot enter cells without a delivery vehicle. Herein, we investigated whether RNAi-interfering nanoparticles could deliver siRNA to NSCLC cells and silence PLK1 expression in vitro and in vivo. iNOP-7 was non-toxic, and delivered siRNA with high efficiency to NSCLC cells. iNOP-7-PLK1 siRNA silenced PLK1 expression and reduced NSCLC growth in vitro. Notably, iNOP-7 delivered siRNA to orthotopic lung tumors in mice, and administration of iNOP-7-PLK1 siRNA reduced lung tumor burden. These novel data show that iNOP-7 can deliver siRNA against PLK1 to NSCLC cells, and decrease cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. iNOP-7-PLK1 siRNA may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NSCLC as well as other cancers which aberrantly express this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. McCarroll
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanya Dwarte
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Dang
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
| | - Rafael B. Erlich
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathleen Kimpton
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
| | - Joann Teo
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon M. Sagnella
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Mia C. Akerfeldt
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Liu
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Phoebe A. Phillips
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, NSW, Australia
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, UNSW Australia (UNSW), NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, NSW, Australia
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