1
|
Mathur P, Ningombam A, Soni KD, Aggrawal R, Singh KV, Samanta P, Gupta S, Srivastava S, Behera B, Tripathy S, Ray P, Biswal M, Rodrigues C, Bhattacharya S, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee S, Venkatesh V, Verma S, Arshad Z, Tak V, Bhatia PK, Nag V, Karuna T, Saigal S, Sharma JP, Singh S, Mukhopadhyay C, KE V, Varma M, Majumdar T, Deotale V, Attal R, Iravane J, Harbade M, Omkari A, Walia K. Surveillance of ventilator associated pneumonia in a network of indian hospitals using modified definitions: a pilot study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 28:100450. [PMID: 39130755 PMCID: PMC11315213 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in India. Surveillance of VAP is essential to implement data-based preventive measures. Implementation of ventilator-associated events (VAE) criteria for surveillance has major constraints for low resource settings, which can lead to significant underreporting. Surveillance of VAP using common protocols in a large network of hospitals would give meaningful estimates of the burden of VAP in low resource settings. This study leverages a previously established healthcare-associated infections (HAI) surveillance network to develop and test a modified VAP definition adjusted for Indian settings. Methods In this observational pilot study, thirteen hospitals from the existing HAI surveillance network were selected for developing and testing a modified VAP definition between February 2021 and April 2023. The criteria used for diagnosing VAP were adapted from the CDC's Pediatric VAP definition and modified to cater to the needs of Indian hospitals. Designated nurses recorded each VAP event in a case report form (CRF) and also collected denominator data. The data was entered into an indigenously developed database for validation and analysis. At the time of data analysis, a questionnaire was sent to sites to get feedback on the performance of the modified VAP definitions. Findings Out of 133,445 patient days and 40,533 ventilator days, 261 VAP events were recorded, with an overall VAP rate of 6.4 per 1000 ventilator days and a device utilization ratio (DUR) of 0.3. A total of 344 organisms were reported from the VAP events. Of these, Acinetobacter spp (29.6%, 102) was the most frequent, followed by Klebsiella spp (26.7%, 92). Isolates of Acinetobacter spp (98%) and Enterobacterales (85.5%) showed very high resistance against Carbapenem. Colistin resistance was observed in 6% of Enterobacterales and 3.2% of Acinetobacter spp. Interpretation Data from this pilot study needs to validated in the larger Indian HAI surveillance network so that it can help in wider implementation of this protocol in order to assess its applicability p VAP across India. Funding This work was supported by a grant received from the Indian Council of Medical Research (code I-1203).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purva Mathur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Ningombam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Dev Soni
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Aggrawal
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Vandana Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Projoyita Samanta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Stuti Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Srivastava
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, JPNATC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swagata Tripathy
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Biswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Camilla Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, India
| | - Sanjay Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Mukherjee
- Department of Critical Care, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyam Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vimala Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sheetal Verma
- Department of Microbiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Zia Arshad
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vibhor Tak
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bhatia
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vijaylakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Tadepalli Karuna
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Sourabh Saigal
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Jai Prakash Sharma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vandana KE
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Muralidhar Varma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tapan Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Agartala, India
| | - Vijayshree Deotale
- Department of Microbiology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Ruchita Attal
- Department of Microbiology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Jyoti Iravane
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Aurangabad, India
| | - Mangala Harbade
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Aurangabad, India
| | - Amruta Omkari
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Aurangabad, India
| | - Kamini Walia
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaur J, Singh H, Sethi T. Emerging trends in antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections: multicentric longitudinal study in India (2017-2022). THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 26:100412. [PMID: 38757091 PMCID: PMC11097075 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has escalated to pandemic levels, posing a significant global health threat. This study examines the patterns and trends of AMR in Bloodstream Infections (BSIs) across India, aiming to inform better surveillance and intervention strategies. Methods Six-year data from 21 tertiary care centers in the Indian Council of Medical Research's AMR Surveillance Network (IAMRSN) were retrospectively analyzed to estimate cluster-robust trends in resistance. Time-series analysis was used to discern lead/lag relationships between antibiotic pairs and the directional influence of resistance in community and hospital-acquired BSIs(CA/HA BSIs). A data-driven Bayesian network ensemble averaged over 301 bootstrap samples was modelled to uncover systemic associations between AMR and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings Our findings indicate significant (p < 0.001) monthly increases in Imipenem and Meropenem resistance for Klebsiella, E. coli, and Acinetobacter BSIs. Importantly, Carbapenem resistance in HA-BSIs preceded that in CA-BSIs for Klebsiella and Acinetobacter (p < 0.05). At a national level, Cefotaxime resistance emerged as a potential early indicator for emerging Carbapenem resistance, proposing a novel surveillance marker. In Klebsiella BSIs, states with higher achievement of SDG3 goals showed lower Imipenem resistance. A model-based AMR scorecard is introduced for focused interventions and continuous monitoring. Interpretation The identified spatiotemporal trends and drug resistance associations offer critical insights for AMR surveillance aligning with WHO GLASS standards.The escalation of carbapenem resistance in BSIs demands vigilant monitoring and may be crucial for achieving SDGs by 2030. Implementing the proposed framework for data-driven evidence can help nations achieve proactive AMR surveillance. Funding No specific funding was received for this analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Center of Excellence in Healthcare, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | - Tavpritesh Sethi
- Center of Excellence in Healthcare, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Wei Y, Xu Z, Lin H, Zhao Y, Wang S, Gao F, Feng N, Wolfe AJ, Liu F. Exploring Factors Affecting Acceptance of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: a Descriptive Qualitative Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2024; 18:1257-1269. [PMID: 38911589 PMCID: PMC11192636 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s452328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with recurrent urinary tract infections face complex management challenges. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a superior treatment for chronic infectious diseases, but limited patient knowledge affects treatment decisions. This study aims to identify factors associated with hesitancy towards fecal microbiota transplantation among patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, to help physicians and nurses in providing accurate and useful information to patients. Patients and Methods A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews conducted with patients experiencing recurrent urinary tract infections who expressed hesitancy towards fecal microbiota transplantation. The interviews took place between September 2021 and December 2022. Thematic analysis was conducted on the semi-structured interviews to identify perceived facilitators and barriers associated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Results The analysis included interviews with thirty adult female patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. Four facilitators influencing patients' decision-making regarding fecal microbiota transplantation were identified: (1) the motivating role of hope and expectations for active patient participation; (2) the influence of healthcare providers, as well as family members and friends on patients' decisions to pursue fecal microbiota transplantation; (3) the patients' perception of fecal microbiota transplantation as a low-risk treatment option; and (4) the dedication to the advancement of medical treatments. In contrast, two primary barriers to accepting fecal microbiota transplantation were identified: (1) that conventional treatment controls disease activity, while fecal microbiota transplantation effects remain uncertain; and (2) that safety concerns surrounding fecal microbiota transplantation. Conclusion Comprehensive information about fecal microbiota transplantation, including donor selection, sample processing, the procedure, and potential discomfort, is essential for patients and families to make informed treatment decisions. Registration CHiCTR2100048970.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaodi Wei
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyi Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengbao Gao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alan J Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Fengping Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kharduit PB, Dutta K, Lyngdoh CJ, Bhattacharyya P, Lyngdoh V, Khyriem AB, Devi SK. Monitoring and Outcomes of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Tertiary Care Intensive Care Unit. Cureus 2024; 16:e63428. [PMID: 39077255 PMCID: PMC11284343 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are significant healthcare-associated infections that increase morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This study aims to analyze the frequency, microbiology, risk factors, and outcomes of CLABSI in an adult intensive care unit. Methods We conducted a hospital-based, prospective surveillance study in the critical care unit of a tertiary care hospital. We included patients with a central line (CL) from admission until discharge or line removal. Data collection focused on patient demographics, comorbidities, CL insertion site, and CLABSI rates. The incidence of CLABSI was calculated per 1,000 CL-days, and statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Results Of the 169 patients enrolled, 123 episodes of bloodstream infections were recorded, 56 (45.5%) of which were CLABSIs. The organisms most frequently isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 14; 24.6%), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n = 11; 19.3%), Klebsiella species (n = 7; 12.28%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 7; 12.28%). The overall CLABSI rate was 24.70 per 1,000 CL-days. No significant association was found between CLABSI and patient age, gender, or the site of CL insertion. However, a significant relationship was observed between CLABSI and the presence of comorbid conditions (p = 0.001). The study also noted a high rate of antibiotic resistance among the isolated pathogens. Conclusions Our results emphasize the need for stringent infection control measures and suggest that comorbid conditions significantly increase the risk of CLABSI. Addressing antibiotic resistance and implementing effective prevention strategies are essential for reducing the burden of CLABSIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Kharduit
- Microbiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Kaustuv Dutta
- Anesthesiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Clarissa J Lyngdoh
- Microbiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Prithwis Bhattacharyya
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Valarie Lyngdoh
- Clinical Microbiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Annie B Khyriem
- Microbiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| | - Suriya K Devi
- Microbiology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, IND
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva AR, Hoffmann NG, Fernandez-Llimos F, Lima EC. Data quality review of the Brazilian nosocomial infections surveillance system. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:687-695. [PMID: 38471259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is an essential component of hospital infection prevention and control systems. We aimed to assess the quality of the data compiled by the Brazilian HAI Surveillance System from pediatric (PICUs) and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), between 2012 and 2021. METHODS Data Quality Review, including adherence, completeness, internal consistency, consistency over time, and consistency of population trend, were computed at both national and state levels based on quality metrics from World Health Organization Toolkit. Incidence rates (or incidence density) of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) were obtained from the Brazilian National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Data on sepsis-related mortality, spanning the period from 2012 to 2021, were extracted from the Brazilian National Health Service database (DATASUS). Additionally, correlations between sepsis-related mortality and incidence rates of VAP or CLABSI were calculated. RESULTS Throughout the majority of the study period, adherence to VAP reporting remained below 75%, exhibiting a positive trend post-2016. Widespread outliers, as well as inconsistencies over time and in population trends, were evident across all 27 states. Only four states maintained consistent adherence levels above 75% for more than 8 years regarding HAI incidence rates. Notably, CLABSI in NICUs boasted the highest reporting adherence among all HAIs, with 148 periods out of 270 (54.8%) exhibiting reporting adherence surpassing 75%. Three states achieved commendable metrics for CLABSI in PICUs, while five states demonstrated favorable results for CLABSI in NICUs. CONCLUSIONS While adherence to HAI report is improving among Brazilian states, an important room for improvement in the Brazilian NNIS exists. Additional efforts should be made by the Brazilian government to improve the reliability of HAI data, which could serve as valuable guidance for hospital infection prevention and control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ramos Silva
- Pharmacy School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shrestha RK, Shrestha D, Sah AK, Thapa A, Shrestha N, Raya GB, Furushima K, Dhoubhadel BG, Parry CM. The causes of bacterial bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns in children attending a secondary care hospital in Bhaktapur, Nepal, 2017-2022: a retrospective study. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae035. [PMID: 38476771 PMCID: PMC10928669 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among children in Nepal are limited. Here we have characterized the causes of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), antimicrobial resistance patterns and the mechanisms of β-lactamase production in Enterobacterales among children attending outpatient and inpatient departments of a secondary care paediatric hospital in Nepal. Methods We retrospectively collected demographic and clinical data of culture-proven bacterial BSIs between January 2017 and December 2022 among children <18 years attending a 50-bedded paediatric hospital. Stored isolates were subcultured for antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antimicrobials. Enterobacterales displaying non-susceptibility to β-lactams were phenotypically and genotypically investigated for ESBLs, plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases and carbapenemases. Results A total of 377 significant bacteria were isolated from 27 366 blood cultures. Among 91 neonates with a BSI, Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 39, 42.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 15, 16.3%) and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (n = 13, 14.1%) were most common. In the non-neonates, 275/285 (96.5%) infections were community-acquired including Staphylococcus aureus (n = 89, 32.4%), Salmonella Typhi (n = 54, 19.6%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 32, 11.6%). Among the 98 S. aureus, 29 (29.6%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli demonstrated non-susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems in both community and hospital-acquired cases. For E. coli and K. pneumoniae, blaCTX-M (45/46), blaEBC (7/10) and blaOXA-48 (5/6) were common among their respective groups. Conclusions We determined significant levels of AMR among children attending a secondary care paediatric hospital with BSI in Nepal. Nationwide surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship policies are needed to combat the challenge imposed by AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhruba Shrestha
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Ashok Kumar Sah
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Ashmita Thapa
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Nipun Shrestha
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | | | - Kenshi Furushima
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christopher M Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wood R, Tembele W, Hema A, Somé A, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Basilubo C, Lumembe R, Alama N, Mbunsu G, Zongo A, Ahuka S, Muyembe JJ, Leendertz F, Eckmanns T, Schubert G, Kagoné T, Makiala S, Tomczyk S. Implementation of the WHO core components of an infection prevention and control programme in two sub-saharan African acute health-care facilities: a mixed methods study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38221629 PMCID: PMC10789048 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus pandemic again highlighted the need for robust health care facility infection prevention and control (IPC) programmes. WHO guidelines on the core components (CCs) of IPC programmes provides guidance for facilities, but their implementation can be difficult to achieve in resource-limited settings. We aimed to gather evidence on an initial WHO IPC implementation experience using a mixed methods approach. METHODS A five-day training on the WHO IPC CCs was conducted at two reference acute health care facilities in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burkina Faso. This was accompanied by a three-part mixed-methods evaluation consisting of a: (1) baseline and follow-up survey of participants' knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), (2) qualitative assessment of plenary discussion transcripts and (3) deployment of the WHO IPC assessment framework (IPCAF) tool. Results were analysed descriptively and with a qualitative inductive thematic approach. RESULTS Twenty-two and twenty-four participants were trained at each facility, respectively. Baseline and follow-up KAP results suggested increases in knowledge related to the necessity of a dedicated IPC focal person and annual evaluations of IPC training although lack of recognition on the importance of including hospital leadership in IPC training and hand hygiene monitoring recommendations remained. Most participants reported rarely attending IPC meetings or participating in IPC action planning although attitudes shifted towards stronger agreement with the feeling of IPC responsibility and importance of an IPC team. A reocurring theme in plenary discussions was related to limited resources as a barrier to IPC implementation, namely lack of reliable water access. However, participants recognised the importance of IPC improvement efforts such as practical IPC training methods or the use of data to improve quality of care. The facilities' IPCAF scores reflected a 'basic/intermediate' IPC implementation level. CONCLUSIONS The training and mixed methods evaluation revealed initial IPC implementation experiences that could be used to inform stepwise approaches to facility IPC improvement in resource-limited settings. Implementation strategies should consider both global standards such as the WHO IPC CCs and specific local contexts. The early involvement of all relevant stakeholders and parallel efforts to advocate for sufficient resources and health system infrastructure are critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wood
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Tembele
- School of Public Health in Kinshasa, Hospital Saint Luc of Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - A Hema
- Centre Hospital University Sourou Sanou (CHUSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - A Somé
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - E Kinganda-Lusamaki
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Institute of Developmental Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Basilubo
- Public health and Infection prevention control independent expert consultant, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - R Lumembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - N Alama
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - G Mbunsu
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - A Zongo
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - S Ahuka
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - J J Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - F Leendertz
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - T Kagoné
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - S Makiala
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - S Tomczyk
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boni S, Sartini M, Del Puente F, Adriano G, Blasi Vacca E, Bobbio N, Carbone A, Feasi M, Grasso V, Lattuada M, Nelli M, Oliva M, Parisini A, Prinapori R, Santarsiero MC, Tigano S, Cristina ML, Pontali E. Innovative Approaches to Monitor Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) Bundle Efficacy in Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Role of Device Standardized Infection Rate (dSIR) and Standardized Utilization Ratio (SUR)-An Italian Experience. J Clin Med 2024; 13:396. [PMID: 38256530 PMCID: PMC10816537 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In several settings, the COVID-19 pandemic determined a negative impact on the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection, particularly for on central lines associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). In our setting, we observed a significant increase in CLABSI in our intensive care unit (ICU) during 2020 and 2021 vs. 2018 to 2019. A refresher training activity on central venous catheter (CVC) management bundles was carried out in September-October 2021 for the ICU health staff. We assessed the impact of bundle implementation by means of standardized indicators, such as the Device Utilization Ratio (DUR), in this case, the Central Line Utilization Ratio, the Standardized Utilization Ratio (SUR), and the device Standardized Infection Ratio (dSIR). Standardized ratios for device use and infection ratio were computed using data from 2018 and 2019 as expectation data. After bundle implementation, we observed a significant reduction of dSIR (p < 0.001), which dropped from 3.23 and 2.99 in the 2020-2021 biennium to 1.11 in 2022 (CLABSI in the first quarter only); no more CLABSI were observed afterwards. Standardized ratios proved helpful in identify increasing trends of CLABSI in the ICU and monitoring the impact of a simple effective tool, i.e., training on and implementation of a bundle for CVC management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Boni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Marina Sartini
- Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.O.); (M.L.C.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Del Puente
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Giulia Adriano
- Hospital Infection Control Committee, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (G.A.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Blasi Vacca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Nicoletta Bobbio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Alessio Carbone
- Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.O.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Marcello Feasi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Viviana Grasso
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Mauro Nelli
- Medical Service Management, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Martino Oliva
- Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.O.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Andrea Parisini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Roberta Prinapori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Stefania Tigano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.O.); (M.L.C.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pontali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.D.P.); (E.B.V.); (N.B.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (R.P.); (S.T.)
- Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (M.O.); (M.L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan BK, Granholm A, Myatra SN, Jha V, Hammond N, Micallef S, Munch MW, Kjær MBN, Møller MH, Lange T, Perner A, Venkatesh B. Heterogeneity of treatment effect of higher dose dexamethasone by geographic region (Europe vs. India) in patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxemia - a post hoc evaluation of the COVID STEROID 2 trial. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 20:100293. [PMID: 38234702 PMCID: PMC10794101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background In the COVID-STEROID 2 trial there was suggestion of heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) between patients enrolled from Europe vs. India on the primary outcome. Whether there was HTE for the remaining patient-centred outcomes is unclear. Methods In this post hoc analysis of the COVID-STEROID 2 trial, which compared 12 mg vs. 6 mg dexamethasone in adults with COVID-19 and severe hypoxemia, we evaluated HTE by geographical region (Europe vs. India) for secondary outcomes with analyses adjusted for stratification variables. Results are presented as risk differences (RDs) or mean differences (MDs) with 99% confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values from interaction tests. Findings There were differences in mortality at day 28 (RD for Europe -8.3% (99% CI: -17.7 to 1.0) vs. India 0.1% (99% CI: -10.0 to 10.0)), mortality at day 90 (RD for Europe -7.4% (99% CI: -17.1 to 2.0) vs. India -1.4% (99% CI: -12.8 to 9.8)), mortality at day 180 (RD for Europe -6.7% (99% CI: -16.4 to 2.9) vs. India -1.0% (99% CI: -12.3 to 10.3)), and number of days alive without life support at day 90 (MD for Europe 6.1 days (99% CI: -1.3 to 13.4) vs. India 1.7 days (99% CI: -8.4 to 11.8)). For serious adverse reactions, the direction was reversed (RD for Europe -1.0% (99% CI: -7.1 to 5.2) vs. India -5.3% (99% CI: -16.2 to 5.0). Interpretation Our analysis suggests higher dose dexamethasone may have less beneficial effects for patients in India as compared with those in Europe; however, the evidence is weak, and this could represent a chance finding. Funding None for this analysis. The COVID STEROID 2 trial was funded by The Novo Nordisk Foundation and supported by Rigshospitalet's Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Granholm
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Sheila N. Myatra
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Hammond
- Critical Care Program, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon Micallef
- Critical Care Program, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Warrer Munch
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Maj-Brit N. Kjær
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | - Theis Lange
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Balasubramanian Venkatesh
- Critical Care Program, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koulenti D, Vandana KE, Rello J. Current viewpoint on the epidemiology of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacterial strains. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2023; 36:545-554. [PMID: 37930069 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article aims to review the epidemiology of nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) based on recent literature reports, particularly, of the less common, but with emerging clinical significance species. RECENT FINDINGS The reported frequency of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing, with very significant variability, however, between different countries. Apart from the major NFGNB, that is, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, already recognized as of critical importance healthcare risks, several other NFGNB genera have been increasingly associated with diverse severe infections, such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia spp., Elizabethkingia spp., Chryseobacterium spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Sphingomonas spp., Shewanella spp. and Ralstonia spp., among others. SUMMARY The exploration of the epidemiology, as well as the pathogenic potential of the of the less frequent, but emerging and increasingly reported NFGNB, is crucial, not only for immunocompromised patients, but also for critically ill patients without overt immunosuppression. As we are heading fast towards a postantibiotic era, such information would contribute to the optimal antimicrobial management, that is, providing prompt, appropriate antimicrobial coverage when needed and, at the same time, avoiding overuse and/or inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Also, it would help to better understand their transmission dynamics and to develop effective prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Koulenti
- Second Critical Care Department, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kalwaje Eswhara Vandana
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jordi Rello
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- FOREVA Research Unit, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gade N, Burri R, Sujiv A, Mishra M, Pradeep BE, Debaje H, Sable T, Kaur A. Promoting Patient Safety: Exploring Device-Associated Healthcare Infections and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in a Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Units. Cureus 2023; 15:e50232. [PMID: 38192910 PMCID: PMC10773593 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Device-associated healthcare infections are among the prevailing threats to patient safety worldwide. They constitute the third most common adverse event during healthcare delivery, resulting in heightened morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are at increased risk for device-associated healthcare infections. Focused active surveillance is a crucial measure for assessing the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections and controlling the transmission of pathogens, ultimately contributing to the establishment of quality outcome indicators. This study aimed to investigate and establish the baseline rates of healthcare-associated infections associated with medical devices in adult multidisciplinary ICUs within a tertiary care institute. MATERIAL AND METHODS This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in two adult ICUs of a tertiary care institute in Central India over nine months. Targeted active surveillance for three device-associated health care infections namely central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and ventilator-associated event (VAE) was conducted as per the Center for Disease Control (CDC)/National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) 2016 surveillance definitions and criteria. Pathogens associated with device-associated healthcare infections were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile was studied. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 5,773 patient days were investigated. Of 1,270 patients, 28 episodes of device-associated healthcare infections were detected in 26 patients, this suggests a collective occurrence of five device-associated healthcare infections for every 1,000 patient days in the ICUs. The device utilization ratios of the central line, mechanical ventilator, and urinary catheters were 0.33, 0.27, and 0.68, respectively. VAE, CLABSI, and CAUTI rates were 8.92, 5.68, and 0.76 per 1,000 device days, respectively. The most common pathogen isolated from device-associated healthcare infections was Klebsiella pneumoniae (39%) followed by Acinetobacter baumanii (22%). The majority (82.3%) of pathogens were multidrug resistant. The death rate among device-associated healthcare infections was 69.2% with a crude excess mortality rate of 37.7%. CONCLUSION The study sheds light on the proportion, types of device-associated healthcare infections, and underlying etiological agents associated with these infections in our institute's ICUs, thereby facilitating a better understanding of the healthcare-associated infection landscape within our facility. Moreover, the susceptibility pattern of pathogens associated with these infections offers crucial information for guiding the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapies and infection control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Gade
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| | - Ranga Burri
- Public Health, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Akkilagunta Sujiv
- Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| | - Meena Mishra
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| | - B E Pradeep
- Biosciences, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, IND
| | - Harish Debaje
- Hospital Infection Control, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| | - Tejswini Sable
- Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Nagpur, IND
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sihombing B, Bhatia R, Srivastava R, Aditama TY, Laxminarayan R, Rijal S. Response to antimicrobial resistance in South-East Asia Region. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 18:100306. [PMID: 38028162 PMCID: PMC10667315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) inflicts significant mortality, morbidity and economic loss in the 11 countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region (SEAR). With technical assistance and advocacy from WHO, all countries have developed their respective National Action Plans on AMR that are aligned with the Global Action Plan. Historically, the WHO Regional Office has been proactive in advocacy at the highest political level. The past decade has seen an enhancement of the country's capacity to combat AMR through national efforts catalyzed and supported through several WHO initiatives at all levels-global, regional and country levels. Several countries including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand have observed a worrying trend of increasing drug resistance, despite heightened awareness and actions. Recent AMR data generated by the countries are indicative of fragmented progress. Lack of technical capacity, financial resources, weak regulatory apparatus, slow behavioural changes at all levels of the antimicrobial stewardship landscape and the COVID-19 pandemic have prevented the effective application of several interventions to minimize the impact of AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Sihombing
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Communicable Diseases, WHO South-East Asia Region, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Bhatia
- Former Director Communicable Diseases, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Srivastava
- Regional Director Office, WHO South-East Asia Region, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Suman Rijal
- Department of Communicable Diseases, WHO South-East Asia Region, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barchitta M, Maugeri A, Favara G, Lio RMS, La Rosa MC, D'Ancona F, Agodi A. The intertwining of healthcare-associated infections and COVID-19 in Italian intensive care units: an analysis of the SPIN-UTI project from 2006 to 2021. J Hosp Infect 2023; 140:124-131. [PMID: 37562591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose an extraordinary burden on public health, the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still a matter of debate. AIM To describe trends of HAIs in Italian intensive care units (ICUs) from 2006 to 2021, and to compare characteristics and outcomes of patients with or without COVID-19. METHODS We evaluated patients participating in the 'Italian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance in Intensive Care Units' (SPIN-UTI) project, who were admitted to ICUs for more than 48 h. Data regarding diagnosis, clinical conditions, therapies, treatments and outcomes of COVID-19 patients were also collected. FINDINGS From a total of 21,523 patients from 2006 to 2021, 3485 (16.2%) presented at least one HAI. We observed an increasing trend for both the incidence of patients with HAI and the incidence density of HAIs (P-trend <0.001). Compared with the pre-pandemic period, the incidence density of HAIs increased by about 15% in 2020-2021, with pneumoniae being the greatest contributors to this increase (P-trend <0.001). Moreover, incidence of HAIs was higher in ICUs dedicated to COVID-19 patients (P<0.001), who showed a greater risk of HAIs and death than patients without COVID-19 (P-values <0.001). Accordingly, the mortality in ICUs increased over the years and doubled during the pandemic (P-trend <0.001). Notably, co-infected patients had higher mortality (75.2%) than those with COVID-19 (66.2%) or HAI (39.9%) alone, and those without any infection (23.2%). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides useful insight into whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced HAI incidence and death in Italian ICUs, highlighting the need for evaluation of the long-term effects of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Barchitta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy; GISIO-SItI - Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene - Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Italy
| | - A Maugeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy; GISIO-SItI - Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene - Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Italy
| | - G Favara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Magnano San Lio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M C La Rosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F D'Ancona
- GISIO-SItI - Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene - Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy; GISIO-SItI - Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene - Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico 'G. Rodolico - San Marco', Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garg CC, Mukopadhyay R, Arora NK, Awasthi S, Verma RK, Poluru R, Limbu P, Qazi SA, Bahl R, Nisar YB. Cost of treating sick young infants (0-59 days) with Possible Serious Bacterial Infection in resource-constrained outpatient primary care facilities: An insight from implementation research in two districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (India). J Glob Health 2023; 13:04062. [PMID: 37594179 PMCID: PMC10436679 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the average and incremental costs of implementing alternative strategies for treating young infants 0-59 days old in primary health facilities with signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) when a referral is not feasible is limited but valuable for policymakers. Methods Direct activity costs were calculated for outpatient treatment of PSBI and pneumonia in two districts of India: Palwal, Haryana and Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. These included costs of staff time and consumables for initial assessment, classification, and referrals; recommended treatment of fast breathing (oral amoxicillin for seven days) and PSBI (injection gentamicin and oral amoxicillin for seven days); and daily assessments. Indirect operational costs included staff training; staff time cost for general management, supervision, and coordination; referral transport; and communication. Results The average cost per young infant treated for recommended and acceptable treatment for PSBI was 16 US dollars (US$) (95% CI = US$15.4-16.3) in 2018-19 and US$18.5 in 2022 (adjusted for inflation) when all direct and indirect operational costs were considered. The average cost of recommended treatment for pneumonia was US$10.1 (95% CI = US$9.7-10.6) or US$11.7 in 2022, per treated young infant. The incremental cost 2018-2019 for supplies, medicines, and operations (excluding staff time costs) per infant treated for PSBI was US$6.1 and US$4.3 and for pneumonia was US$3.5 and US$2.2 in Palwal and Lucknow, respectively. Operation and administrative costs were 25% in Palwal and 12% in Lucknow of the total PSBI treatment costs. The average cost per live birth for treating PSBI in each population was US$5 in Palwal and US$3 in Lucknow. Higher operation costs for social mobilisation activities in Palwal led to the empowerment of families and timely care-seeking. Conclusions Costs of treatment of PSBI with the recommended regimen in an outpatient setting, when a referral is not feasible, are under US$20 per treated child and must be budgeted to reduce deaths from neonatal sepsis. The investment must be made in activities that lead to successful identification, prompt care seeking, timely initiation of treatment and follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charu C Garg
- Health Financing Advisor and Executive Director, Syzygy Consulting, California, USA
| | - Rupak Mukopadhyay
- Centre for Anthropology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida Campus, India
| | | | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Paediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Raj Kumar Verma
- Department of Paediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | | | - Priya Limbu
- The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajiv Bahl
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yasir Bin Nisar
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Aging (MCH), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rakshit P, Nagpal N, Sharma S, Mishra K, Kumar A, Banerjee T. Effects of implementation of healthcare associated infection surveillance and interventional measures in the neonatal intensive care unit: Small steps matter. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 44:100369. [PMID: 37356838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonatal sepsis has been a global concern considering the mortality and morbidity. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of implementation of interventions namely healthcare associated infection (HAI) surveillance and hand hygiene (HH) monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cohort study was conducted in the NICU of a tertiary care hospital over a period of June-September 2021 (pre-intervention) to October-March 2022 (post-intervention). HAI surveillance of primary bloodstream infections (BSI) and HH monitoring was initiated as interventions post outbreak due to non-albicans Candida (NAC). The primary outcome of the interventions was to record any improvement in HH rates or any change in HAI rates in the 6 months intervention period. Characteristics of the pre- and post-intervention period were compared by Fisher exact test. RESULTS There was significant reduction in BSI cases in the post-intervention period (p < 0.05). Mortality and BSI due to NAC were significantly more in the pre-intervention period even though low birth weight neonates (<2500 g) were significantly more in the post-intervention period (p < 0.05). The HAI rate for primary BSI in the NICU was 10.82 per 1000 patient days. The overall adherence rate to HH was 10.68% (complete) and 73.35% (partial). HAI rates were seen to change reciprocally with changes in HH rates. CONCLUSIONS HAI rates of primary BSI in the NICU could be regulated by the effective implementation of HAI surveillance, HH monitoring, feedback meetings with the NICU staff and other simple interventional measures even in resource-limited setups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pue Rakshit
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Nitika Nagpal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Kajal Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
MohanaSundaram A, Sathanantham ST, Sah R, Apostolopoulos V. Developing bespoke antimicrobials to combat antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: A critical appraisal of clinical utility in the elderly. Maturitas 2023; 170:74-75. [PMID: 36494242 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D.Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; The Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patil S, Wagh K, Lopes B, Liu S, Wen F. ESBL encoding third-generation cephalosporin resistance observed in bloodstream infection in India. J Hosp Infect 2023; 133:98-99. [PMID: 36657491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Patil
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - K Wagh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon Khu, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
| | - B Lopes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK
| | - S Liu
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - F Wen
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shinu P. Antimicrobial Resistance, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Biofilm Production in Citrobacter freundii Isolates Obtained from Urinary Tract Infections. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221147747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the link between phenotypic traits, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-producing capacity of urinary isolates of Citrobacter freundii ( C. freundii). Methods Both pan-antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant C. freundii isolates ( n = 120) obtained from laboratory-confirmed urinary tract infections were analyzed for their link between antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic characteristics, and biofilm production. Results Of the total C. freundii isolates ( n = 120), 30% (37/120) of them formed large colonies. Among the total large colonies produced ( n = 37), they were present in 21.62%, 10.81%, 13.5%, 16.2%, 21.62%, and 16.21% in the control group, CIP-group, FOS-group, COT-group, Gent-group, and ESBL groups, respectively. Compared to the pan-susceptible isolates, the occurrence of large-sized-colony-forming strains was relatively reduced in most of the drug-resistant groups. The overall distribution of mucoid colonies produced ( n = 54) includes 9.25%, 18.51%, 16.66%, 18.51%, 20.3%, and 16.66% in the control group, CIP-group, FOS-group, COT-group, Gent-group, and ESBL groups, respectively. Of the total isolates that produced biofilm ( n = 51), 11.76% of isolates showed biofilm formation in the control group. Alternatively, the rate was found to be 15.68%, 11.76%, 25.49%, 19.6%, and 15.68% in the CIP-group, FOS-group, SXT-group, Gen-group, and ESBL-groups, respectively. Conclusion This study correlates the association between phenotypic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm production, the three main characteristics of C. freundii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Malhotra A, Chauhan SR, Rahaman M, Tripathi R, Khanuja M, Chauhan A. Phyto-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for developing antibiofilm surface coatings on central venous catheters. Front Chem 2023; 11:1138333. [PMID: 37035110 PMCID: PMC10076889 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1138333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical devices such as Central Venous Catheters (CVCs), are routinely used in intensive and critical care settings. In the present scenario, incidences of Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infections (CRBSIs) pose a serious challenge. Despite considerable advancements in the antimicrobial therapy and material design of CVCs, clinicians continue to struggle with infection-related complications. These complications are often due colonization of bacteria on the surface of the medical devices, termed as biofilms, leading to infections. Biofilm formation is recognized as a critical virulence trait rendering infections chronic and difficult to treat even with 1,000x, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Therefore, non-antibiotic-based solutions that prevent bacterial adhesion on medical devices are warranted. In our study, we report a novel and simple method to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethanolic plant extracts of Eupatorium odoratum. We investigated its physio-chemical characteristics using Field Emission- Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Photoluminescence Spectroscopy, UV-Visible and Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering characterization methods. Hexagonal phase with wurtzite structure was confirmed using XRD with particle size of ∼50 nm. ZnO nanoparticles showed a band gap 3.25 eV. Photoluminescence spectra showed prominent peak corresponding to defects formed in the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Clinically relevant bacterial strains, viz., Proteus aeruginosa PAO1, Escherichia coli MTCC 119 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 7443 were treated with different concentrations of ZnO NPs. A concentration dependent increase in killing efficacy was observed with 99.99% killing at 500 μg/mL. Further, we coated the commercial CVCs using green synthesized ZnO NPs and evaluated it is in vitro antibiofilm efficacy using previously optimized in situ continuous flow model. The hydrophilic functionalized interface of CVC prevents biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus. Based on our findings, we propose ZnO nanoparticles as a promising non-antibiotic-based preventive solutions to reduce the risk of central venous catheter-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshit Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
- Invisiobiome, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchitra Rajput Chauhan
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Mispaur Rahaman
- Central Instrumentation Centre, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
| | - Ritika Tripathi
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
- *Correspondence: Ashwini Chauhan,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Unmet needs for management of drug-resistant infections: low- and middle-income countries' viewpoint. Drug Target Insights 2022; 16:78-80. [PMID: 36644017 PMCID: PMC9823287 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2022.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant infections are a serious threat globally which demands cost-effective solutions to meet the unmet needs in their diagnosis and treatment. Gram-negative pathogens, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi have been reported as cause of resistant infections in developing countries. Here, we discuss the priority pathogens and conditions for which feasible solutions adaptable to low-resource settings are required to address the antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. These solutions will be helpful in containing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and better patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Murhekar MV, Kumar CPG. Health-care-associated infection surveillance in India. THE LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 10:e1222-e1223. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|