1
|
Firouzeh N, Eslaminejad T, Shafiei R, Faridi A, Fasihi Harandi M. Lethal in vitro effects of optimized chitosan nanoparticles against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115211014219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exploring safe and effective scolicidal agents for the surgery is an urgent need for the successful treatment of CE. This study aimed to determine scolicidal activity of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles. Physicochemical properties of synthesized nanoparticles were determined by using DLS, FTIR, and SEM. Different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles from 125 to 1000 μg/ml were examined at different incubation times (10, 60, 120, and 180 min). Scolicidal and cytotoxic activity of chitosan nanoparticles were confirmed by eosin exclusion and hemolysis activity tests. FTIR spectra, zeta potential (+42 ± 2.08) and PDI (0.388 ± 0.034) value revealed that the chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized. Significant differences among the scolicidal effects of chitosan nanoparticles were observed in comparison to the control treatments and highest scolicidal activity was observed at 1000 μg/ml after 180 min exposure time. Hemolytic activity was not significant at all concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles. Our findings support the hypothesis that Chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to be a safe and efficient scolicidal agent candidate at very low concentrations and in a wide range of exposure time. Further in vivo studies are recommended to evaluate chitosan nanoparticle efficacy before clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Firouzeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Touba Eslaminejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiei
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Ashkan Faridi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Esboei BR, Keighobadi M, Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Daryani A, Chabra A, Soosaraei M, Yalveh R. Promising In Vitro Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Effects of Commercial Chitosan. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:151-155. [PMID: 32389115 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200511004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CDATA[Background: Toxoplasmosis is a disease that results from infection with an obligate intracellular T. gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. Considering the complications of chemical drugs and the need for an appropriate drug combination for treatment of toxoplasmosis and considering the antimicrobial potential of chitosan, as a natural source, this study was aimed to evaluate in vitro activity of commercial chitosan (CC) on T. gondii. METHODS In this experimental study, the tachyzoites of T. gondii were collected from the peritoneal exudates from infected Balb/c mice. The tachyzoites were diluted in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. Chitosan with low molecular weight was commercially purchased. Then, at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL and after 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes, the viability of tachyzoites was determined by using trypan blue 0.1%. Anti-T.gondii activity of CC in all concentrations was significantly higher than pyrimethamine as the control group (P=0.05). RESULTS The concentration of 200 μg/mL of CC had the highest effects and killed 30.5, 52, 59, and 81.5% of tachyzoites after 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Moreover, IC50 values of CC were 515, 171, 12.5, and <10 μg/mL in comparison with pyrimethamine as 58.82 μg/mL for 30, 60, 120, and 180 min of exposure time. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that chitosan in low molecular weight had potent activity against T. gondii tachyzoites and could be an appropriate candidate for the treatment of at least acute toxoplasmosis, certainly, after complementary in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rahimi Esboei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aroona Chabra
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Soosaraei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezwan Yalveh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmadpour E, Godrati-Azar Z, Spotin A, Norouzi R, Hamishehkar H, Nami S, Heydarian P, Rajabi S, Mohammadi M, Perez-Cordon G. Nanostructured lipid carriers of ivermectin as a novel drug delivery system in hydatidosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:469. [PMID: 31601244 PMCID: PMC6788095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatid disease in humans. This zoonotic parasitic infection remains a major health problem in certain areas of the world where is still endemic. In view of the ineffectiveness of some drug treatments, the surgical removal of cysts remains the preferred treatment option together with the administration of albendazole and mebendazole. However, severe side effects of these drugs have been reported which demands developing new scolicidal agents that confer suitable efficacy and fewer side effects during surgery. Methods To that purpose, in the present work we assessed the effectiveness of ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone endectocide that has shown to be an effective nematocidal drug against other important parasitic infections. To overcome the limitations observed in some drug formulations and resistance, we used nano lipid carriers (NLCs) as a targeted and sustained drug delivery system for IVM. We evaluated the in vitro cestocidal and apoptotic effects of NLCs-loaded IVM versus IVM by quantifying the expression of caspase-3 mRNA. Results We found that after 60 and 120 min of administration, 800 μg/ml and 400 μg/ml NLCs-loaded IVM induced 100% mortality, respectively. On the other hand, the 800 μg/ml of IVM induced 100% mortality rate 150 min after administration. Additionally, we found that NLCs-loaded IVM induced higher mRNA caspase-3 expression suggesting a more potent apoptotic effect on the parasite. Conclusions These data suggest that NLCs-loaded IVM may be a promising alternative to current treatments although in vivo studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Godrati-Azar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saba Rajabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gregorio Perez-Cordon
- National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bakhtiar NM, Akbarzadeh A, Casulli A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Ahmadpour E, Nami S, Rostami A, Spotin A. Therapeutic efficacy of nanocompounds in the treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcoses: challenges and future prospects. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2455-2466. [PMID: 31402401 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and E. multilocularis are the causative agents of life-threatening cystic and alveolar echinococcoses (CE and AE), respectively, which lead to serious public health concerns across the globe. Benzimidazoles (BMZs) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of human CE and AE. Presently, the chemotherapeutic failures of BMZs against CE and AE are caused by their low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, and consequently their erratic bioavailability. Among the BMZ compounds used for CE/AE treatment, albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) are the only drugs licensed for human use. Nevertheless, the administration of these BMZs for a long period of time leads to undesirable adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for designing new formulations of BMZs with increased bioavailability. To bridge these therapeutic gaps, nanoparticle enantiomers of ABZ and drug delivery systems based on nanostructured entities currently provide an interesting new formulation of already existing drugs to improve the pharmacokinetic effects of BMZs. This study provides an overview of the tested nanocompounds against E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, including their effective dose, type of nanoparticles (NPs), assay setting, and therapeutic outcomes. This review suggests that BMZ derivatives loaded in NPs can significantly improve the scolicidal and cysticidal activities compared with single BMZ. Moreover, BMZ-loaded polymeric NPs show a tendency to increase mortality rate against protoscoleces and microcysts compared with metallic formulations, nanoemulsions, lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid NPs, liposomes, and nanocrystals. In the future, the use of the newly structured entities, attained by bridging ligands to the modified surface of NPs, as well as the electromagnetically produced nanodrugs could be helpful for developing fine-tuned formulations as an alternative to the already existing drugs against these neglected parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayer Mehdizad Bakhtiar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of some natural products from fungal and herbal sources on Giardia lamblia in vivo. Parasitology 2019; 146:1188-1198. [PMID: 31006397 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is the most widely known protozoan parasite that causes human gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Some natural compounds exhibited pivotal effects against different infectious diseases. In this research, the antigiardial activity and cytotoxicity of fungal chitosan, nano-chitosan, Rhamnus cathartica (R. cathartica) and emodin were evaluated in Balb/c mice. Genotyping of G. lamblia was assessed by PCR-RFLP technique. Different concentrations of mentioned compounds were used to check their antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) after 24, 48 and 72 h. The G. lamblia strain used in the current work was genotyped and revealed as an AII assemblage. All the concentration showed acceptable activity against G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in comparison to the negative and positive controls (furazolidone and metronidazole) in vitro (P 0.05). The maximum mortality rate (100%) was achieved at 100 and 50 µg kg-1 concentrations after 48 and 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Our results provide significant information about the new antigiardial agent and proposed the nano-chitosan and emodin for the development of new drugs against G. lamblia in the future.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties against pathogens including bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:505-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Progress in the pharmacological treatment of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Compounds and therapeutic targets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006422. [PMID: 29677189 PMCID: PMC5931691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are helmintic zoonotic diseases caused by infections with the larval stages of the cestode parasites Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Both diseases are progressive and chronic, and often fatal if left unattended for E. multilocularis. As a treatment approach, chemotherapy against these orphan and neglected diseases has been available for more than 40 years. However, drug options were limited to the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole, the only chemical compounds currently licensed for treatment in humans. To compensate this therapeutic shortfall, new treatment alternatives are urgently needed, including the identification, development, and assessment of novel compound classes and drug targets. Here is presented a thorough overview of the range of compounds that have been tested against E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in recent years, including in vitro and in vivo data on their mode of action, dosage, administration regimen, therapeutic outcomes, and associated clinical symptoms. Drugs covered included albendazole, mebendazole, and other members of the benzimidazole family and their derivatives, including improved formulations and combined therapies with other biocidal agents. Chemically synthetized molecules previously known to be effective against other infectious and non-infectious conditions such as anti-virals, antibiotics, anti-parasites, anti-mycotics, and anti-neoplastics are addressed. In view of their increasing relevance, natural occurring compounds derived from plant and fungal extracts are also discussed. Special attention has been paid to the recent application of genomic science on drug discovery and clinical medicine, particularly through the identification of small inhibitor molecules tackling key metabolic enzymes or signalling pathways. Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (CE and AE), caused by the larval stages of the helminths Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively, are progressive and chronic diseases affecting more than 1 million people worldwide. Both are considered orphan and neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. As a treatment approach, chemotherapy is limited to the use of benzimidazoles, drugs that stop parasite growth but do not kill the parasite. To compensate this therapeutic shortfall, new treatment alternatives are urgently needed. Here, we present the state-of-the-art regarding the alternative compounds and new formulations of benzimidazoles assayed against these diseases until now. Some of these new and modified compounds, either alone or in combination, could represent a step forward in the treatment of CE and AE. Unfortunately, few compounds have reached clinical trials stage in humans and, when assayed, the design of these studies has not allowed evidence-based conclusions. Thus, there is still an urgent need for defining new compounds or improved formulations of those already assayed, and also for a careful design of clinical protocols that could lead to the draw of a broad international consensus on the use of a defined drug, or a combination of drugs, for the effective treatment of CE and AE.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharafi SM, Sefiddashti RR, Sanei B, Yousefi M, Darani HY. Scolicidal agents for protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst: Review of literature. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 22:92. [PMID: 28900448 PMCID: PMC5583616 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_1030_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of dog tape worm Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices are parasite larvae that develop into adult worms in the final host intestine. During surgical treatment of human hydatidsosis spillage of live protoscolices is the major cause of hydatidosis recurrence. To prevent this problem scolicidal agent such as hypertonic salt are used to kill the protoscolices that may disseminate into the patient's tissues during surgery. However, they may have some unacceptable side effects. To find scolicidal agents with high efficacy, the effect of different compounds on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro has been reviewed. Using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and SID databases articles about scolicidal effects of different agents on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro were collected. Foeniculum vulgare after 5 min, metalonic extracts of Allium sativum and hypertonic saline after 10 min, and warm water after 2 min kill all alive protoscolices. The above agents that in minimum time and minimum concentration have 100% scolicidal activity, could be good candidates for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Behnam Sanei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Surgery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gamma-Ray Treatment of Echinococcus Protoscoleces prior to Implantation in Mice Reduces Echinococcosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9027489. [PMID: 27610384 PMCID: PMC5004023 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9027489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a serious parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus tapeworms. Protoscoleces are sometimes released during surgical treatment for hydatid cysts, causing the recurrence of echinococcosis. Protoscoleces may be susceptible to radiation therapy. In this study Echinococcus protoscoleces were cultured in vitro and then divided into four different γ-ray irradiation dose groups (10 Gy, 20 Gy, 40 Gy, and 80 Gy) and a blank group. The protoscoleces were then implanted into the abdominal cavity of mice. Four months later, we observed that the incidence and weight of cysts declined with the increase of irradiation dose. γ-ray irradiation can suppress the generation of Echinococcus originated from protoscolex, the reason of which is due to the damaging to the structure of Echinococcus. Irradiation may prevent echinococcosis recurrence after surgical removal of hydatid cysts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rahimi MT, Ahmadpour E, Rahimi Esboei B, Spotin A, Kohansal Koshki MH, Alizadeh A, Honary S, Barabadi H, Ali Mohammadi M. Scolicidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. Int J Surg 2015; 19:128-33. [PMID: 26028438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD), a helminth infection with various clinical complications caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is considered as a public health problem in different regions of the world. To date, scolicidal agents have been broadly applied for inactivation of the fertile cysts and these scolicidal agents have several side effects on patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the scolicidal efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the aqueous aerial extract of Penicillium aculeatum against protoscolices of CHD in-vitro. Protoscolices were aseptically aspirated from infected livers of sheep with CHD. Various concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/mL) of green synthesis of Ag-NPs and different exposure times (10, 30, 60 and 120 min) were used against protoscolices of CHD. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. The findings showed that the Ag-NPs at all concentrations have high scolicidal effects. The concentrations 0.1 and 0.15 mg/mL after 120 min of exposure times showed 83% and 90% mortality rate, respectively. The least scolicidal activity of biosynthesized Ag-NPs was 40% (0.025 mg/mL and 10 min). The current investigation indicated that applying biogenic Ag-NPs may be considered as a potential scolicidal agent for CHD surgery due to being economical, safer and non-toxic compared to the used chemical materials. However, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of Ag-NPs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Rahimi Esboei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Kohansal Koshki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Honary
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Barabadi
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sari, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dong H, Wang Y, Zhao L, Zhou J, Xia Q, Qiu Y. Key Technologies of Enzymatic Preparation for DP 6-8 Chitooligosaccharides. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yaosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Jiachun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Quanming Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yongjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gaafar MR, Mady RF, Diab RG, Shalaby TI. Chitosan and silver nanoparticles: promising anti-toxoplasma agents. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:30-8. [PMID: 24852215 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide infection caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which is Toxoplasma gondii. Chitosan and silver nanoparticles were synthesized to be evaluated singly or combined for their anti-toxoplasma effects as prophylaxis and as treatment in the experimental animals. Results were assessed through studying the parasite density and the ultrastructural parasite changes, and estimation of serum gamma interferon. Weight of tissue silver was assessed in different organs. Results showed that silver nanoparticles used singly or combined with chitosan have promising anti-toxoplasma potentials. The animals that received these compounds showed statistically significant decrease in the mean number of the parasite count in the liver and the spleen, when compared to the corresponding control group. Light microscopic examination of the peritoneal exudates of animals receiving these compounds showed stoppage of movement and deformity in shape of the tachyzoites, whereas, by scanning electron microscope, the organisms were mutilated. Moreover, gamma interferon was increased in the serum of animals receiving these compounds. All values of silver detected in different tissues were within the safe range. Thus, these nanoparticles proved their effectiveness against the experimental Toxoplasma infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Gaafar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - R F Mady
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - R G Diab
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Th I Shalaby
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yarahmadi M, Fakhar M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Chabra A, Rahimi-Esboei B. The anti-giardial effectiveness of fungal and commercial chitosan against Giardia intestinalis cysts in vitro. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:75-80. [PMID: 27065602 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan with poly-N-acetylglucosamine sequences is a deacetylated derivative of chitin that can be found in the exoskeletons of crabs, shrimp and lobsters, the cuticles of insects and the cell walls of fungi. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of fungal chitosan (FC) prepared from the cell walls of Penicillium viridicatum and Penicillium aurantiogriseum with commercially available chitosan (CC) against Giardia intestinalis cysts in vitro. The giardia cysts were isolated using a sucrose method. Four concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml) of each type of prepared chitosan were applied for 10, 30, 60 and 180 min. The viability of the cysts was checked via 0.1 % eosin staining. Our results indicate that P. viridicatum (with a 47.5 % DD) and P. aurantiogriseum (with a 47.3 % DD) at different concentrations after 180 min precipitated, respectively, 56, 69, 81 and 100 %, and 63, 75, 86 and 100 % mortality rates. CC (with a 54 % DD) showed 79, 84, 93 and 100 % mortality rates. In conclusion, both FC and CC at 400 μg/ml concentrations after 180 min of exposure showed the most potent effect against G. intestinalis cysts. Accordingly, chitosan could be suggested as a new natural nanoform agent for future research in the safe and effective treatment of Giardia infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yarahmadi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aroona Chabra
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 18th kilometer of Khazar Abad Road, Sari, Iran
| | - Bahman Rahimi-Esboei
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|