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Lacombe K, Moh R, Chazallon C, Lemoine M, Sylla B, Fadiga F, Le Carrou J, Marcellin F, Kouanfack C, Ciaffi L, Sartre MT, Sida MB, Diallo A, Gozlan J, Seydi M, Cissé V, Danel C, Girard PM, Toni TD, Minga A, Boyer S, Carrieri P, Attia A. Feasibility, safety, efficacy and potential scaling-up of sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment in Central and West Africa: (TAC ANRS 12311 trial). Sci Rep 2024; 14:10244. [PMID: 38702350 PMCID: PMC11068860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to Hepatis C treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa is a clinical, public health and ethical concern. The multi-country open-label trial TAC ANRS 12311 allowed assessing the feasibility, safety, efficacy of a specific care model of HCV treatment and retreatment in patients with hepatitis C in Sub Saharan Africa. Between November 2015 and March 2017, with follow-up until mid 2019, treatment-naïve patients with HCV without decompensated cirrhosis or liver cancer were recruited to receive 12 week-treatment with either sofosbuvir + ribavirin (HCV genotype 2) or sofosbuvir + ledipasvir (genotype 1 or 4) and retreatment with sofosbuvir + velpatasvir + voxilaprevir in case of virological failure. The primary outcome was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes included treatment adherence, safety and SVR12 in patients who were retreated due to non-response to first-line treatment. The model of care relied on both viral load assessment and educational sessions to increase patient awareness, adherence and health literacy. The study recruited 120 participants, 36 HIV-co-infected, and 14 cirrhotic. Only one patient discontinued treatment because of return to home country. Neither death nor severe adverse event occurred. SVR12 was reached in 107 patients (89%): (90%) in genotype 1 or 2, and 88% in GT-4. All retreated patients (n = 13) reached SVR12. HCV treatment is highly acceptable, safe and effective under this model of care. Implementation research is now needed to scale up point-of-care HCV testing and SVR assessment, along with community involvement in patient education, to achieve HCV elimination in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lacombe
- Infectious Diseases Department, Inserm IPLESP, UMR-S1136, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital St Antoine, 184 rue du Fbg St Antoine, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Raoul Moh
- Unité Pédagogique de Dermatologie et Infectiologie, Université Félix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Programme PAC-CI, Site ANRS de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Corine Chazallon
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Hepatology Unit, Digestive Disease Division, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Babacar Sylla
- IMEA, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Fatoumata Fadiga
- Programme PAC-CI, Site ANRS de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jerôme Le Carrou
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laura Ciaffi
- TransVIHMI - IRD UMI233 - INSERM U1175, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Magloire Biwole Sida
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alpha Diallo
- Service de Pharmacovigilance, ANRS, Paris, France
| | - Joel Gozlan
- Department of Virology, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Viviane Cissé
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Régional de Recherche et de Formation, Site ANRS, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Pierre Marie Girard
- Infectious Diseases Department, Inserm IPLESP, UMR-S1136, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thomas d'Aquin Toni
- Service de Virologie, Centre de diagnostic et de recherche sur le SIDA, CHU Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Albert Minga
- Centre National des Donneurs de Sang, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sylvie Boyer
- Hôpital de Jour, Hôpital Central, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Alain Attia
- Service d'hépatologie, CHU de Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Akiyama MJ, Riback LR, Nyakowa M, Musyoki H, Lizcano JA, Muller A, Zhang C, Walker JG, Stone J, Vickerman P, Cherutich P, Kurth AE. Predictors of hepatitis C cure among people who inject drugs treated with directly observed therapy supported by peer case managers in Kenya. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 113:103959. [PMID: 36758335 PMCID: PMC10034760 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Directly observed therapy (DOT) maximizes adherence and minimizes treatment gaps. Peer case managers (PCM) have also shown promise as a component of integrated HCV treatment strategies. DOT and PCM-support have been underexplored, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The objective of this study was to evaluate predictors of sustained virologic response (SVR) among people who inject drugs (PWID) attending medication-assisted treatment (MAT) and needle and syringe programs (NSP) sites in Kenya. METHODS We recruited PWID accessing MAT and NSP in Nairobi and Coastal Kenya. PWID were treated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir using DOT supported by PCMs. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to examine the impact of sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors on SVR. RESULTS Among 92 PWID who initiated HCV treatment, 79 (86%) were male with mean age of 36.3 years (SD=±6.5); 38 (41%) were HIV-positive, and 87 (95%) reported injecting drugs in the last 30 days. Just over half of participants were genotype 1a (55%), followed by genotype 4a (41%) and mixed 1a/4a (3%). Most participants, 85 (92%) completed treatment and 79 (86%) achieved SVR. While sociodemographic and behavioral factors including recent injection drug use were not significantly associated with achieving SVR, being fully adherent (p=0.042), number of doses taken (p=0.008) and treatment completion (p= 0.001) were associated with higher odds of achieving SVR. CONCLUSIONS DOT with PCM-support was an effective model for HCV treatment among PWID in this LMIC setting. Adherence was the most important driver of SVR suggesting DOT and PCM support can overcome other factors that might limit adherence. Further research is necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of other models of HCV care for PWID in LMICs given NSP and MAT access is variable, and DOT may not be sustainable with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Akiyama
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Lindsey R Riback
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mercy Nyakowa
- Kenya Ministry of Health, National AIDS&STI Control Program (NASCOP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Helgar Musyoki
- Kenya Ministry of Health, National AIDS&STI Control Program (NASCOP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John A Lizcano
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States
| | - Abbe Muller
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States
| | - Chenshu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Jack Stone
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Cherutich
- Kenya Ministry of Health, National AIDS&STI Control Program (NASCOP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ann E Kurth
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States
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Razafindrazoto C, Rasolonjatovo A, Randriamifidy N, Rabarioely S, Rakotozafindrabe A, Rabenjanahary T, Razafimahefa S, Ramanampamonjy R. [Efficacy and tolerance of direct-acting antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C in Joseph Raseta Befelatanana Teaching Hospital in Antananarivo, Madagascar]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2021; 1:mtsibulletin.2021.153. [PMID: 35686164 PMCID: PMC9128472 DOI: 10.48327/mtsibulletin.2021.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Our work aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral drugs in the treatment of hepatitis C in Madagascar. Methods This retrospective clinical study was carried out from March 2018 to February 2020 in the hepato-gastro-enterology department of the University Hospital Center Joseph Raseta de Befelatanana. Results A total of 35 patients were included, out of which 24 received sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin, 10 sofosbuvir/ribavirin and one sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. Thirty-three patients were naïve to the treatment and 2 patients were initially treated with the sofosbuvir/ledipasvir combination. The sustained virologic response was 94% (33/35) in the general population, 23/25 in cirrhotic patients and 10/10 in non-cirrhotic patients. The sustained virologic response was 22/24 for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin, 10/10 for sofosbuvir/ribavirin and 1/1 for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. Adverse effects were observed in 13 patients, mainly asthenia and insomnia. Discussion The small number of patients with hepatitis C treatments and their limited financial resources are the main limits of this survey. Conclusion Direct-acting antivirals are effective and characterized by good tolerance in these Malagasy hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.I. Razafindrazoto
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar,*
| | - A.S. Rasolonjatovo
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - N.H. Randriamifidy
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - S.S. Rabarioely
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - A.L.R. Rakotozafindrabe
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - T.H. Rabenjanahary
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - S.H. Razafimahefa
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie et de médecine interne, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine de Fianarantsoa, Université de Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - R.M. Ramanampamonjy
- Unité de soins, de formation et de recherche, hépato-gastro-entérologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Faculté de médecine d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Razafindrazoto CI, Rasolonjatovo AS, Rabenjanahary TH, Randriamifidy NH, Rakotozafindrabe ALR, Razafimahefa SH, Ramanampamonjy RM. Treatment of viral hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 2 by sofosbuvir and ledipasvir with or without ribavirin combination: A possible alternative to pangenotypic treatment in a low-income country? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:166-169. [PMID: 33895411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin in Malagasy patients with hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2, in real conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective monocentric clinical study, carried out over a period of 3 years from March 1, 2017 to February 28, 2020, in a hospital hepato-gastroenterology department. RESULTS In total, 26 patients (M/F: 11/15) with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (n = 13) or genotype 2 (n = 13), were treated with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir without (n = 21) or with (n = 5) ribavirin for 12 weeks. The mean age was 61.38 ± 7.09 years. Seventeen patients (65.4%) had cirrhosis. The overall sustained virological response was 96.2% (95% CI = 80.4-99.9%). There was no significant difference between the sustained virological responses of genotypes 1 and 2 (92.3% vs 100%; p = 0.31) or those of cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic patients (94.1% vs 100%; p = 0.46). A relapse was observed in one patient (5.9%) - cirrhotic and genotype 1b - under sofosbuvir/ledipasvir with ribavirin. Seven patients (26.9%) experienced mild adverse reactions, including asthenia (57.1%) and insomnia (42.9%). CONCLUSION Treatment with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir ± ribavirin for infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 has been shown to be safe and effective, even in the presence of cirrhosis. The sofosbuvir/ledipasvir combination is a good option for genotype 2 non-cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelli Iamblaudiot Razafindrazoto
- University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Anjaramalala Sitraka Rasolonjatovo
- University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tovo Harimanana Rabenjanahary
- University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Andry Lalaina Rinà Rakotozafindrabe
- University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Soloniaina Hélio Razafimahefa
- University Hospital Andrainjato, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Rado Manitrala Ramanampamonjy
- University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Dietz J, Kalinina OV, Vermehren J, Peiffer KH, Matschenz K, Buggisch P, Niederau C, Schattenberg JM, Müllhaupt B, Yerly S, Ringelhan M, Schmid RM, Antoni C, Müller T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Piecha F, Moradpour D, Deterding K, Wedemeyer H, Moreno C, Berg T, Berg CP, Zeuzem S, Welsch C, Sarrazin C. Resistance-associated substitutions in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:974-986. [PMID: 32396998 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Data on the prevalence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) and their implications for treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are sparse in European patients with HCV genotype 4. This study investigated RASs before and after DAA failure in different genotype 4 subtypes and evaluated retreatment efficacies. Samples of 195 genotype 4-infected patients were collected in the European Resistance Database and investigated for NS3, NS5A and NS5B RASs. Retreatment efficacies in DAA failure patients were analysed retrospectively. After NS5A inhibitor (NS5Ai) failure, subtype 4r was frequent (30%) compared to DAA-naïve patients (5%) and the number of NS5A RASs was significantly higher in subtype 4r compared to 4a or 4d (median three RASs vs no or one RAS, respectively, P < .0001). RASsL28V, L30R and M31L pre-existed in subtype 4r and were maintained after NS5Ai failure. Typical subtype 4r RASs were located in subdomain 1a of NS5A, close to membrane interaction and protein-protein interaction sites that are responsible for multimerization and hence viral replication. Retreatment of 37 DAA failure patients was highly effective with 100% SVR in prior SOF/RBV, PI/SOF and PI/NS5Ai failures. Secondary virologic failures were rare (n = 2; subtype 4d and 4r) and only observed in prior NS5Ai/SOF failures (SVR 90%). In conclusion, subtype 4r harboured considerably more RASs compared to other subtypes. A resistance-tailored retreatment using first- and second-generation DAAs was highly effective with SVR rates ≥90% across all subtypes and first-line treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dietz
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olga V Kalinina
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Vermehren
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai-Henrik Peiffer
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Peter Buggisch
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine IFI, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus Niederau
- St. Josef-Hospital, Katholisches Klinikum Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Antoni
- Department of Medicine II, Heidelberg University Hospital at Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Piecha
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christophe Moreno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Department of Internal 1, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany.,St. Josefs-Hospital, Medizinische Klinik II, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Spearman CW, Dusheiko GM, Hellard M, Sonderup M. Hepatitis C. Lancet 2019; 394:1451-1466. [PMID: 31631857 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a global health problem, and an estimated 71·1 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The global incidence of HCV was 23·7 cases per 100 000 population (95% uncertainty interval 21·3-28·7) in 2015, with an estimated 1·75 million new HCV infections diagnosed in 2015. Globally, the most common infections are with HCV genotypes 1 (44% of cases), 3 (25% of cases), and 4 (15% of cases). HCV transmission is most commonly associated with direct percutaneous exposure to blood, via blood transfusions, health-care-related injections, and injecting drug use. Key high-risk populations include people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and prisoners. Approximately 10-20% of individuals who are chronically infected with HCV develop complications, such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma over a period of 20-30 years. Direct-acting antiviral therapy is now curative, but it is estimated that only 20% of individuals with hepatitis C know their diagnosis, and only 15% of those with known hepatitis C have been treated. Increased diagnosis and linkage to care through universal access to affordable point-of-care diagnostics and pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral therapy is essential to achieve the WHO 2030 elimination targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Geoffrey M Dusheiko
- Liver Unit, Kings College Hospital, London, UK; Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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