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Singh L, Kumar A, Rai M, Basnet B, Rai N, Khanal P, Lai KS, Cheng WH, Asaad AM, Ansari S. Spectrum of COVID-19 induced liver injury: A review report. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:517-536. [PMID: 38689748 PMCID: PMC11056898 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes in the global health system, causing significant setbacks in healthcare systems worldwide. This pandemic has also shown resilience, flexibility, and creativity in reacting to the tragedy. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection targets most of the respiratory tract, resulting in a severe sickness called acute respiratory distress syndrome that may be fatal in some individuals. Although the lung is the primary organ targeted by COVID-19 viruses, the clinical aspect of the disease is varied and ranges from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. However, due to an unorganized immune response and several affected mechanisms, the liver may also experience liver cell injury, ischemic liver dysfunction, and drug-induced liver injury, which can result in respiratory failure because of the immune system's disordered response and other compromised processes that can end in multisystem organ failure. Patients with liver cirrhosis or those who have impaired immune systems may be more likely than other groups to experience worse results from the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We thus intend to examine the pathogenesis, current therapy, and consequences of liver damage concerning COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokjan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Maya Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Bibek Basnet
- Health Sciences, Asian College of Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Satdobato 24122, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Morad Asaad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shamshul Ansari
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates.
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Michalak A, Lach T, Szczygieł K, Cichoż-Lach H. COVID-19, Possible Hepatic Pathways and Alcohol Abuse-What Do We Know up to 2023? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2212. [PMID: 38396888 PMCID: PMC10888568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pandemic period due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) revolutionized all possible areas of global health. Significant consequences were also related to diverse extrapulmonary manifestations of this pathology. The liver was found to be a relatively common organ, beyond the respiratory tract, affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multiple studies revealed the essential role of chronic liver disease (CLD) in the general outcome of coronavirus infection. Present concerns in this field are related to the direct hepatic consequences caused by COVID-19 and pre-existing liver disorders as risk factors for the severe course of the infection. Which mechanism has a key role in this phenomenon-previously existing hepatic disorder or acute liver failure due to SARS-CoV-2-is still not fully clarified. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) constitutes another not fully elucidated context of coronavirus infection. Should the toxic effects of ethanol or already developed liver cirrhosis and its consequences be perceived as a causative or triggering factor of hepatic impairment in COVID-19 patients? In the face of these discrepancies, we decided to summarize the role of the liver in the whole picture of coronavirus infection, paying special attention to ALD and focusing on the pathological pathways related to COVID-19, ethanol toxicity and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michalak
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Lach
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Szczygieł
- Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Halina Cichoż-Lach
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Ardizzone S, Ferretti F, Monico MC, Carvalhas Gabrielli AM, Carmagnola S, Bezzio C, Saibeni S, Bosani M, Caprioli F, Mazza S, Casini V, Cortelezzi CC, Parravicini M, Cassinotti A, Cosimo P, Indriolo A, Di Sabatino A, Lenti MV, Pastorelli L, Conforti F, Ricci C, Sarzi‐Puttini P, Vecchi M, Maconi G. Lower incidence of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with non-gut selective biologic therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:3050-3055. [PMID: 34159648 PMCID: PMC8447454 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Since the outbreak of COVID-19, concerns have been raised as to whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients under biologic therapy may be more susceptible to the disease. This study aimed to determine the incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large cohort of IBD patients on biologic therapy. METHODS This observational retrospective multicenter study collected data about COVID-19 in IBD patients on biologic therapy in Italy, between February and May 2020. The main end-points were (i) to assess both the cumulative incidence and clinical outcome of COVID-19, according to different biologic agents and (ii) to compare them with the general population and a cohort IBD patients undergoing non-biologic therapies. RESULTS Among 1816 IBD patients, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 3.9 per 1000 (7/1816) with a 57% hospitalization rate and a 29% case-fatality rate. The class of biologic agents was the only risk factor of developing COVID-19 (P = 0.01). Non-gut selective agents were associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 cases, related symptoms, and hospitalization (P < 0.05). Compared with the general population of Lombardy, an overall lower incidence of COVID-19 was observed (3.9 vs 8.5 per 1000, P = 0.03). Compared with 565 IBD patients on non-biologic therapies, a lower rate of COVID-19 symptoms was observed in our cohort (7.5% vs 18%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the general population, IBD patients on biologic therapy are not exposed to a higher risk of COVID-19. Non-gut selective agents are associated with a lower incidence of symptomatic disease, supporting the decision of maintaining the ongoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Ardizzone
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Ferretti
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Maria Camilla Monico
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Anna Maria Carvalhas Gabrielli
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Stefania Carmagnola
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | | | - Simone Saibeni
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST RhodenseRho HospitalRhoItaly
| | | | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitIRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico FoundationMilanItaly,Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Mazza
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitIRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico FoundationMilanItaly
| | - Valentina Casini
- UOC Gastroenterology and Digestive EndoscopyASST Bergamo Est, SeriateBergamoItaly
| | | | - Marco Parravicini
- ASST Sette Laghi, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitCircolo Hospital and Macchi FoundationVareseItaly
| | - Andrea Cassinotti
- ASST Sette Laghi, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitCircolo Hospital and Macchi FoundationVareseItaly
| | - Paola Cosimo
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitPapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Amedeo Indriolo
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitPapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital FoundationUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital FoundationUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Gastroenterology UnitIRCCS Policlinico San Donato Research HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Francesco Conforti
- Gastroenterology UnitIRCCS Policlinico San Donato Research HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Gastroenterology UnitSpedali Civili Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Piercarlo Sarzi‐Puttini
- Rheumatology UnitASST‐Fatebenefratelli L. Sacco University Hospital, University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy UnitIRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico FoundationMilanItaly,Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli‐Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Department of Biochemical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Magro F, Nuzzo A, Abreu C, Libânio D, Rodriguez‐Lago I, Pawlak K, Hollenbach M, Brouwer WP, Siau K. COVID-19 in gastroenterology: Where are we now? Current evidence on the impact of COVID-19 in gastroenterology. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:750-765. [PMID: 34190413 PMCID: PMC8435247 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges in all fields of society with social, economic, and health-related consequences worldwide. In this context, gastroenterology patients and healthcare systems and professionals have seen their routines changed and were forced to adapt, adopting measures to minimize the risk of infection while guaranteeing continuous medical care to chronic patients. OBJECTIVE At this point, it is important to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on this field to further improve the quality of the services provided in this context. METHODS/RESULTS/CONCLUSION We performed a literature review that summarizes the main aspects to consider in gastroenterology, during the pandemic crisis, and includes a deep discussion on the main changes affecting gastroenterology patients and healthcare systems, anticipating the pandemic recovery scenario with future practices and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of GastroenterologyCentro Hospitalar São JoãoPortoPortugal
- Unit of Clinical PharmacologyCentro Hospitalar São JoãoPortoPortugal
| | - Alexandre Nuzzo
- Department of Gastroenterology, IBD & Intestinal FailureAPHP Beaujon HospitalUniversity of ParisClichyFrance
| | - Cândida Abreu
- Infectious Diseases ServiceCentro Hospitalar São JoãoPortoPortugal
- Department of MedicineGrupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças InfeciosasInstituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s)Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB)Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Diogo Libânio
- Gastroenterology DepartmentPortuguese Oncology Institute of PortoPortoPortugal
- MEDCIDS ‐ Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and DecisionFaculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Iago Rodriguez‐Lago
- Gastroenterology DepartmentIBD UnitHospital de GaldakaoBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute and School of MedicineUniversity of DeustoGaldakaoSpain
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHospital of the Ministry of Interior and AdministrationSzczecinPoland
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Medical Department IIDivision of GastroenterologyUniversity of Leipzig Medical CenterLeipzigGermany
| | - Willem P. Brouwer
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Keith Siau
- Department of GastroenterologyDudley Group Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDudleyUK
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Oikonomou KG, Papamichalis P, Zafeiridis T, Xanthoudaki M, Papapostolou E, Valsamaki A, Bouliaris K, Papamichalis M, Karvouniaris M, Vlachostergios PJ, Skoura AL, Komnos A. Gastroenterology and liver disease during COVID-19 and in anticipation of post-COVID-19 era: Current practice and future directions. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4918-4938. [PMID: 34307544 PMCID: PMC8283616 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a major threat to global public health. The virus causes the clinical syndrome known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in which multiple organs can get affected. Apart from manifestations of the respiratory system, which predominate, its clinical presentation is frequently accompanied by symptoms of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and liver abnormalities. The correlation of symptoms and abnormalities with disease severity is discussed, leading to ambiguous results from international literature. Moreover, the disease infects patients with co-existing liver and GI disorders affecting both their health status and the availability of healthcare services provided to them. The risk of transmission of the disease during aerosol-generating procedures has changed the diagnostic approach and follow-up algorithms for liver and GI diseases. For the safety of both doctors and patients, telemedicine and distant evaluation have become everyday practice, whereas several routines and emergency visits at outpatient and emergency departments have been postponed or delayed. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is underway, providing hope to humanity and the expectation that the post-COVID-19 era is near. This review aims to update knowledge about the manifestations of COVID-19 related to liver and GI diseases and the effect of the pandemic on the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for these diseases with a special focus on how current practices have changed and what changes will possibly remain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina G Oikonomou
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Thessaly, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Xanthoudaki
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Thessaly, Greece
| | | | - Asimina Valsamaki
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Thessaly, Greece
| | | | - Michail Papamichalis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Marios Karvouniaris
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Apostolia-Lemonia Skoura
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Thessaly, Greece
- Transfusion Medicine Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Apostolos Komnos
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Thessaly, Greece
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