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van der Maas M, DiMeglio R, Nower L. Gambling as a precipitating factor in deaths by suicide in the National Violent Death Reporting System. Public Health 2024; 235:180-186. [PMID: 39151215 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The public health burden of gambling remains difficult to estimate, given the lack of relevant, available data. Death by suicide, represents a substantial and quantifiable public health cost. The current study reviews data from the National Violent Death Reporting System to detect cases where gambling was identified as a meaningful contextual factor to a death by suicide. STUDY DESIGN This study is an exploratory content analysis. METHODS We analysed narrative data from cases of death by suicide, collected from 2003 to 2020 recorded in the Restricted Access Data of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Gambling-related cases identified in our analysis were compared against all other cases on demographic characteristics, case characteristics, US state, and incident year. Chi-square tests of independence and the Wilcoxon ranked sum tests were used in bivariate comparisons. RESULTS Overall, 1306 of 296 317 cases were classified as gambling-related. This represented 0.44% of total cases. Gambling-related classification was over-represented among those identified as Asian (7.0% vs 2.2%) and under-represented among those identified as Black or African American (4.0% vs 6.4%) compared with all other deaths by suicide. Gambling-related cases were also over-represented in cases where alcohol use was suspected (28.0% vs 21.2%), where there were significant financial problems (50.3% vs 8.6%), where there were intimate partner problems (31.5% vs 25.6%), and under-represented in cases where there was a previous mental health diagnosis (35.1% vs 38.8%). The rate of gambling-related cases in Nevada was approximately nine times greater than the rate in the overall sample (4.0% vs 0.44%). CONCLUSIONS Administrative data can be used to study the impacts of gambling on public health in the absence of quality representative survey data. However, these sources are still likely to underestimate the public health burden of gambling with current structures and procedures. Requiring intentional collection of gambling-related information in cases of suicide would be a significant step towards better quantifying the public health burden of gambling in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van der Maas
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, USA.
| | - R DiMeglio
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, USA
| | - L Nower
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, USA
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2
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Floyd CG, Kraus SW, Grubbs JB. Gambling in a U.S. Census Matched Sample: Examining Interactions between Means and Motives in Predicting Problematic Outcomes. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1399-1421. [PMID: 38592616 PMCID: PMC11390859 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on risk of Problem Gambling (PG) is complex, particularly given recent evidence that SES should be understood in both objective and subjective terms. Likewise, financial gambling motives have been found to be predictive of PG; however, financial motives are less understood in comparison to other gambling motives. Preliminary findings on SES and gambling points towards a pattern of social inequality in which those with the least financial resources (e.g., income) or that feel financially deprived relative to others (e.g., perceived deprivation) experience greater harm and problems. In a weighted, census matched sample of adults in the U.S. (N = 1,348), the present study examined the interaction between financial gambling motives and income and financial gambling motives and perceived deprivation in predicting PG. Findings provided support for both financial gambling motives and perceived deprivation as robust predictors of PG. Further, results provided unique insights into the role subjective economic standing may play in the relationship between financial motives for gambling and risk of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Floyd
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E. Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, CEB 320, 89154, USA
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale BLVD SE, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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3
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Grubbs JB, Connolly AJ, Floyd CG, Kim HS, Kraus SW. Impulsivity and diverse forms of sports wagering in the U.S.: An examination of the UPPS-P model. Addict Behav 2024; 156:108058. [PMID: 38733951 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
| | - Alex J Connolly
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Christopher G Floyd
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
| | - Hyoun S Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
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Corbeil O, Anderson É, Béchard L, Desmeules C, Huot-Lavoie M, Bachand L, Brodeur S, Carmichael PH, Jacques C, Solmi M, Giroux I, Dorval M, Demers MF, Roy MA. Problem gambling in psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2024; 149:445-457. [PMID: 38566334 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Problem gambling (PBG) is more common in people with mental health disorders, including substance use, bipolar, and personality disorders, than in the general population. Although individuals with psychotic disorders might be expected to be more vulnerable to PBG, fewer studies have focused on this comorbidity. The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of PBG in people with psychotic disorders. METHODS Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, PsycINFO (Ovid), CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of science, and ProQuest were searched on November 1, 2023, without language restrictions. Observational and experimental studies including individuals with psychotic disorders and reporting the prevalence of PBG were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal for systematic reviews of prevalence data. The pooled prevalence of PBG was calculated using a fixed effects generalized linear mixed model and presented through forest plots. RESULTS Of 1271 records screened, 12 studies (n = 3443) were included. The overall prevalence of PBG was 8.7% (95% CI = 7.8%-9.7%, I2 = 69%). A lower prevalence was found in studies with a low risk of bias (5.6%; 95% CI = 4.4%-7.0%) compared with studies with a moderate risk of bias (10.4%; 95% CI = 9.2%-11.7%). Different methods used to assess PBG also contributed to the heterogeneity found. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis found substantial heterogeneity, partly due to the risk of bias of the included studies and a lack of uniformity in PBG assessment. Although more research is needed to identify those at increased risk for PBG, its relatively high prevalence warrants routine screening for gambling in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corbeil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Anderson
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Béchard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Desmeules
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Huot-Lavoie
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sébastien Brodeur
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christian Jacques
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Québécois d'Excellence pour la Prévention et le Traitement du Jeu, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Solmi
- SCIENCES Lab, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Regional Centre for the Treatment of Eating Disorders and On Track: The Champlain First Episode Psychosis Program, Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Québécois d'Excellence pour la Prévention et le Traitement du Jeu, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Dorval
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Demers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Månsson V, Pettersson E, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Guterstam J, Berman AH, Jayaram-Lindström N, Molero Y. The risk and development of work disability among individuals with gambling disorder: a longitudinal case-cohort study in Sweden. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1391-1402. [PMID: 37980927 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal register study aimed to investigate the association between gambling disorder (GD) and work disability and to map work disability in subgroups of individuals with GD, three years before and three years after diagnosis. METHODS We included individuals aged 19-62 with GD between 2005 and 2018 (n = 2830; 71.1% men, mean age: 35.1) and a matched comparison cohort (n = 28 300). Work disability was operationalized as the aggregated net days of sickness absence and disability pension. Generalized estimating equation models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of long-term work disability (>90 days of work disability/year). Secondly, we conducted Group-based Trajectory Models on days of work disability. RESULTS Individuals with GD showed a four-year increased risk of long-term work disability compared to the matched cohort, peaking at the time of diagnosis (AOR = 1.89; CI 1.67-2.13). Four trajectory groups of work disability days were identified: constant low (60.3%, 5.6-11.2 days), low and increasing (11.4%, 11.8-152.5 days), medium-high and decreasing (11.1%, 65.1-110 days), and constant high (17.1%, 264-331 days). Individuals who were females, older, with prior psychiatric diagnosis, and had been dispensed a psychotropic medication, particularly antidepressants, were more likely to be assigned to groups other than the constant low. CONCLUSION Individuals with GD have an increased risk of work disability which may add financial and social pressure and is an additional incentive for earlier detection and prevention of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Månsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Psychiatry, Health Care Dalarna, Region of Dalarna, Sweden
| | - Emma Pettersson
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joar Guterstam
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne H Berman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yasmina Molero
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Connolly AJ, Stall LM, Floyd CG, Kraus SW, Grubbs JB. Exploring the Differences in Positive Play among Various Sports Wagering Behaviors. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10304-8. [PMID: 38652388 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent technological advances and legislative changes have led to an increase of sports wagering across the United States, raising concerns about possible increases in problem gambling behaviors. This, in turn, points to an increased need to understand responsible gambling and how it relates to sports gambling behaviors. The present work utilizes the Positive Play Scale (PPS), a recent scale designed to measure the increasingly popular responsible gambling concept of Positive Play, to assess how various aspects of sports gambling relate to responsible gambling. Participants were recruited by YouGov Opinion polling and taken from two U.S. samples, and the present analyses look only at those who self-identified as sports gamblers (n = 561, Mage = 50.7). Gamblers' location of gambling, types of bets wagered on, timing of gambling, and website used to gamble were assessed. Those who bet online in any capacity, as well as participating in in-game wagering, were found to be significantly less positive in their gambling behaviors. In addition, certain types of sports wagers such as moneylines appeared to be associated with higher positive play, while other types such as parlays were associated with less positive play. Finally, certain websites, particularly offshore websites, were associated with lower positive play behavior. Collectively, these results suggest that there are various aspects of sports wagering behaviors that are associated with positive play variations in gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Connolly
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale BLVD SE, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Stall
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale BLVD SE, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christopher G Floyd
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E. Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, CEB 320, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale BLVD SE, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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7
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Grubbs JB, Chapman H, Milner LA, Floyd CG, Kraus SW. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and gaming preferences in US armed forces veterans receiving inpatient treatment for gambling disorder. Addict Behav 2023; 147:107840. [PMID: 37643505 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Armed Forces Veterans are uniquely vulnerable to problem gambling and gambling disorder. Even so, research regarding the full clinical profile of veterans with gambling problems lags. Gambling activities vary widely from each other, but most gambling activities can be understood as either strategic (i.e., involving some measure of skill and decision-making as a part of the gambling practice) or non-strategic (i.e., gambling activities that are entirely based on chance). Prior works have found that gamblers that prefer strategic gambling activities and those that prefer nonstrategic gambling activities often differ from each other in key ways, with the two preferences being linked to varying motivations for gambling, varying cognitions about gambling, and the course of gambling disorder. The present work sought to examine how preferences for strategic vs. nonstrategic gambling might be related to psychiatric comorbidities among U.S. Armed Forces Veterans receiving inpatient treatment for Gambling Disorder. Data from U.S. Armed Forces Veterans (N = 401) receiving residential treatment for GD between the years of 2010-2016 were analyzed. Results demonstrated that gamblers that preferred strategic gambling, as opposed to non-strategic gambling, were more likely to be younger, more likely to be men, less likely to have a nicotine use disorder, and less likely to have PTSD. Such findings suggest that gamblers with PTSD are likely to prefer nonstrategic games and may imply a unique vulnerability to gambling problems related to non-strategic gambling among armed forces veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, United States.
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8
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Vinberg M, Durbeej N, Rosendahl I. Young male athletes at risk for problem gambling: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:766-775. [PMID: 37283029 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that male athletes at the elite level in Sweden have a higher proportion of gambling problems than the average male population in the country. However, there is a knowledge gap in the prevalence of gambling problems among young athletes. To address this gap, this study aimed to explore gambling behavior among young athletes and to examine the associations between individual and environmental factors and problem gambling. The cross-sectional survey comprised questions from the Problem Gambling Severity Index and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, in addition to self-constructed items on individual and environmental factors. The data were derived from a sample of 1,636 students from the National Sports Education Program (NIU) and 816 grassroots athletes of the same age (16-20 years old). The results showed that male athletes had a higher prevalence of problem gambling compared to female athletes, and that a large proportion of male athletes had gambled during school hours. The prevalence of problem gambling was almost zero for women. The prevalence of problem gambling among male athletes over 18 years of age was 9% in NIU athletes and 3.6% in grassroots athletes, while for men under 18 years of age, the prevalence was 4.9% in NIU athletes and 1.3% in grassroots athletes. The study highlights the importance of considering contextual factors such as the school and team environment in preventing problem gambling among young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rosendahl
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Grubbs JB, Kraus SW. The relative risks of different forms of sports betting in a U.S. sample: A brief report. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 127:152420. [PMID: 37696095 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 21st century has brought substantial changes to the manners in which people gamble and the types of things on which people gamble. These changes are particularly stark in the United States, where, over the past five years, sports betting has gone from being legal in only one location to being legal throughout the majority of the country, often via mobile applications and online betting websites. METHOD In March of 2022, a sample of the U.S. population (n = 2806, Mage[SD] = 48.9[17.2]; 1365[48.6%] men; response rate = 87.6%) and an oversample of sports-wagering adults in the U.S. (n = 1557, Mage[SD] = 41.7[15.3]; 1043[67%] men; response rate = 78.7%) were recruited via YouGov. Participants completed measures of gambling activities, including various forms of sports betting, as well as measures of problem gambling activities. RESULTS In general, people who gamble on sports, when compared to people who do not bet on sports, reported greater frequency of gambling engagement (averaging between monthly and weekly play),a wider variety of gambling activities (with the majority reporting past year engagement in four or more gambling activities), and higher rates of problem gambling. Multinomial logistics regression revealed no distinct associations between any specific form of sports gambling and higher risk, instead demonstrating that breadth and depth of gambling engagement were the best predictors of high-risk gambling behaviors. CONCLUSIONS In general, sports gambling is broadly associated with greater engagement in both breadth of gambling activities and frequency of gambling play. Additionally, people who gamble on sports seem to be at higher risk of problem gambling than people who do not bet on sports. However, in analyses controlling for breadth and depth of gambling activities, these links are attenuated, suggesting that the risks associated with sports gambling behaviors are related to the greater degree of gambling engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, USA.
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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10
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Blázquez-Fernández C, Lanza-León P, Cantarero-Prieto D. A systematic review on suicide because of social isolation/and loneliness: does COVID-19 make a difference? J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:680-688. [PMID: 36680431 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a significant cause of death worldwide. Various purposes can explain why people choose to attempt or commit suicide such as mental-health disorders, income-related-factors, quality of life or issues related to social context. This study aims to identify an updated association between 'isolation' and suicides. METHODS In this regard, we had made a systematic review of the most recent papers, published from January 2016 to March 2022, thought the most acknowledged databases. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. To the best of our knowledge, this issue is very important due to the indirect relationship between COVID-19 and suicides. RESULTS Our analysis demonstrates that suicide and -social isolation and loneliness- have a positive and direct relationship although these findings varied slightly by areas. Moreover, most of the attention is focused on the youth during the most recent period and this is a real problem because economies cannot afford losing (young) population. CONCLUSIONS In order to prevent suicides, public policies should prevent suicidal thoughts that it could induce to terminate the lives of individuals in their most productive years and harmful outcomes to their families and friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Blázquez-Fernández
- Department of Economics, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Research Group of Health Economics and Health Services Management-Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Paloma Lanza-León
- Department of Economics, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Research Group of Health Economics and Health Services Management-Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - David Cantarero-Prieto
- Department of Economics, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Research Group of Health Economics and Health Services Management-Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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11
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Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Griffiths MD, Király O. The Potential Harm of Gambling Streams to Minors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:713-715. [PMID: 36868454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Video games are designed to attract the attention of a potentially diverse audience. One of the most popular video game-related content distributor sites is Twitch, which provides daylong access to all kinds of gaming-related content through independent content creators. This platform, compared with YouTube (the world's popular video-based content distributor), has one important difference. Namely, it dominantly provides real-time video content sharing (ie, streaming). The total audience of gaming live streaming in 2021 was approximately 810 million gamers worldwide, expected to grow to 921 million in 2022. While most of the viewers are adults, 17% of male viewers and 11% of female viewers are minors, between 10 and 20 years of age.1 Risk assessment in this field is still missing, while some dangers are presumably related to the type of content shared. As gambling-related videos draw more and more viewers, the possible risk of age-inappropriate content access has appeared. Future research and policy making should consider exploring this area to protect young consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Koncz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Metcalf O, Roebuck G, Lawrence-Wood E, Sadler N, Baur J, Van Hooff M, Forbes D, O'Donnell M, Hodson S, Benassi H, Varker T, Battersby M, McFarlane AC, Cowlishaw S. Gambling problems predict suicidality in recently transitioned military veterans. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023:100038. [PMID: 37055278 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated associations between gambling problems and suicidality in Australian veterans. METHODS Data drawn from n = 3,511 Australian Defence Force veterans who had recently transitioned to civilian life. Gambling problems were assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and suicidal ideation and behaviour were assessed using items adapted from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. RESULTS At-risk gambling and problem gambling were associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation [at-risk gambling: odds ratio (OR), 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47‒2.53; problem gambling: OR, 2.75; 95% CI 1.86‒4.06] and suicide planning or attempts (at-risk gambling: OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.39‒3.06; problem gambling: OR 4.22, 95% CI, 2.61‒6.81). The association with total scores on the PGSI and any suicidality was substantially reduced and became non-significant when controlling for the effects of depressive symptoms, but not financial hardship or social support. CONCLUSIONS Gambling problems and harms are important risk factors for suicide in veterans, and should be recognised in veteran-specific suicide prevention policies and programs, along with co-occurring mental health problems. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH A comprehensive public health approach to reducing gambling harm should feature in suicide prevention efforts in veteran and military populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Metcalf
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne.
| | - Greg Roebuck
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, and Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellie Lawrence-Wood
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Nicole Sadler
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Jenelle Baur
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- Military and Emergency Services Health Australia, The Hospital Research Foundation, Adelaide
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Stephanie Hodson
- Open Arms - Veteran & Families Counselling, Department of Veterans' Affairs, Canberra
| | - Helen Benassi
- Joint Health Command, Joint Capabilities Group, Australian Department of Defence
| | - Tracey Varker
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Malcolm Battersby
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide
| | - Alexander C McFarlane
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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13
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Anyanwu MU, Demetrovics Z, Griffiths MD, Horváth Z, Czakó A, Bajunirwe F, Tamwesigire I. Problem Gambling Among Adolescents in Uganda: A Cross-sectional Survey Study. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:971-985. [PMID: 37029857 PMCID: PMC10175322 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gambling has evolved and grown substantially with new gambling activities and facilities being introduced, making gambling products and opportunities more available than ever before in Uganda. While the growth of gambling industry is considered to have a beneficial impact on the economy, it is increasingly becoming a social and public health issue especially among a minority of young people who experience problem gambling, which can damage personal, family, vocational, and academic pursuits. The present study estimated the prevalence of problem gambling and identified the socio-demographic, school, environmental and health risks of problem gambling among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality. A total of 921 students from 12 schools were recruited using cluster sampling. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between problem gambling and the socio-demographic, academic, environmental and health variables. Of 905 participants, 362 reported having ever gambled (40%), and 160 were classified as problem gamblers (17.7%; 44.2% among those who had ever gambled). Problem gambling was significantly associated with being male, being non-religious, other religion (African traditional religion), having employment (outside of school), distance to nearest gambling venue, parental gambling, peer gambling, substance use, risky sexual behavior, and psychological distress. The present study found a very high prevalence of problem gambling among Ugandan secondary school students. Therefore, there is need to institute public health measures towards raising awareness, prevention and treatment of problem gambling among Ugandan adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael U Anyanwu
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Imelda Tamwesigire
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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14
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Wardle H, Kesaite V, Tipping S, McManus S. Changes in severity of problem gambling and subsequent suicide attempts: a longitudinal survey of young adults in Great Britain, 2018-20. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e217-e225. [PMID: 36841562 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies identify problem gambling as a risk factor for suicidality. Using an online longitudinal survey, we aimed to examine the association between changes in severity of gambling behaviour and attempted suicide. METHODS The Emerging Adults Gambling Survey is a longitudinal survey of people in England, Scotland, and Wales, aged 16-24 years interviewed online between June 25 and Aug 16, 2019 (wave 1) and 1 year later between July 13 and Oct 8, 2020 (wave 2). The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) was administered at both waves. Multivariable logistic regression models examined wave 1 PGSI score and between-wave change in PGSI score as risk factors for suicide attempts at wave 2, unadjusted and with adjustment for wellbeing, anxiousness, impulsivity, perceived loneliness, and suicide attempts at wave 1. FINDINGS 3549 participants were interviewed in wave 1 and 2094 were interviewed in wave 2, of whom 1941 were included in this analysis (749 [39%] men; 1192 women [61%]). Prevalence of attempted suicide did not change between waves (wave 1: 3·7% [95% CI 2·9-4·8], n=75; wave 2: 3·3% [2·5-4·3], n=65). 78·9% (95% CI 76·7-80·9, n=1575) of participants had stable PGSI scores between the two waves, 13·7% (11·9-15·6, n=233) of participants had a decrease in PGSI score by 1 or more, and 7·5% (6·2-8·9, n=133) had an increase in PGSI score by 1 or more. An increase in PGSI scores over time was associated with suicide attempt at wave 2, even with adjustment for baseline PGSI score and other factors (adjusted odds ratio 2·74 [95% CI 1·20-6·27]). Wave 1 PGSI score alone was not associated with suicide attempt at wave 2 in fully adjusted models. INTERPRETATION Repeated routine screening for changes in gambling harm could be embedded in health, social care, and public service settings to allow effective identification and suicide prevention activities among young adults. FUNDING Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wardle
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Viktorija Kesaite
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sally McManus
- School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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15
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Armoon B, Griffiths MD, Mohammadi R, Ahounbar E. Suicidal Behaviors and Associated Factors Among Individuals with Gambling Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:751-777. [PMID: 36693983 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The risk for suicidal behaviors including suicide ideations and attempts among individuals with gambling disorder (IWGDs) is high compared to the general population. Little is known about the interplay of mood disorders, alcohol use disorders, and suicidal behaviors among IWGDs. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, risky behaviors, mental health disorders, and alcohol use disorders associated with suicide behaviors among IWGDs. Studies published between January 1 1995 and September 1 2022 were obtained from following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. PECOS (population, exposures, comparison, outcome, and study design) criteria were used for selecting studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for assessing risk of bias and rated each study in terms of exposure, outcome, and comparability. After initial assessment of 10,243 papers, a total of 39 studies met the eligibility criteria. Among IWGDs, the findings indicated a life-time pooled prevalence rate of 31% for suicide ideations (95% CI, 23-39%), 17% for suicide plans (95% CI, 0-34%), and 16% for suicide attempts (95% CI, 12-20%). Generally, suicide ideations among IWGDs were associated with having any financial debt and having chronic physical illnesses, as well as experiencing depression, mood disorders, and alcohol use disorders. Suicide attempts among IWGDs were associated with being older and having a childhood history of sexual abuse, as well as experiencing depression, mood disorders and alcohol use disorders. Interventions can help to facilitate seeking support among IWGDs by de-stigmatizing mental health disorders as well as improving the quality of care presented to individuals with psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. .,Department of Public Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ahounbar
- Orygen, The National Center of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Center for Youth Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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16
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St Quinton T. How can implementation intentions be used to modify gambling behavior? Front Psychol 2022; 13:957120. [PMID: 36438341 PMCID: PMC9682275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem gambling can cause significant harm, yet rates of gambling continue to increase. Many individuals have the motivation to stop gambling but are unable to transfer these positive intentions into successful behavior change. Implementation intentions, which are goal-directed plans linking cues to behavioral responses, can help bridge the gap between intention and many health behaviors. However, despite the strategy demonstrating popularity in the field of health psychology, its use in the area of gambling research has been limited. This mini review illustrates how implementation intentions can be used to facilitate change in gambling behavior. Adopting the strategy could help reduce the number of people with gambling problems.
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17
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Marionneau V, Nikkinen J. Gambling-related suicides and suicidality: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:980303. [PMID: 36387006 PMCID: PMC9645554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.980303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gambling and suicides or suicidality has received much research attention in recent years. Review studies have already mapped the quantitative occurrence of suicide attempts, suicides, and self-harm among gamblers, and found a positive association. Related comorbidities and conditions have also been charted in previous reviews. However, there is still a gap in knowledge regarding the actual processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior. To understand these processes, the current paper conducts a systematic review of qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicides and suicidality. The aim was to identify the role of gambling as well as of confounding factors in suicidality, and what kind of support suicidal individuals have received or would need. We searched for relevant literature in seven scientific databases. We included all studies that presented empirical qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicide, suicidality and/or self-harm (N = 20). The results show two main processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior: indebtedness and shame. At the same time, suicide is a multifactorial phenomenon, and related to other confounding factors. These include psychiatric conditions, personality traits, and life conditions. In many cases, these appear to emerge as a consequence of gambling. Treatment for suicidality has been effective in some cases, but indebtedness and shame may also function as barriers to help-seeking. We conclude that effective prevention is needed by adapting a more comprehensive public health approach and population-level interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virve Marionneau
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Research on Addiction, Control, and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Valenciano-Mendoza E, Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Mora-Maltas B, Valero-Solís S, Sánchez I, Toro JJD, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Jiménez-Murcia S. Common and differential risk factors behind suicidal behavior in patients with impulsivity-related disorders: The case of bulimic spectrum eating disorders and gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:963-978. [PMID: 36287739 PMCID: PMC9881661 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mental disorders with high levels of impulsivity such as bulimic spectrum eating disorders (BSED) and gambling disorder (GD) are associated with high risk of suicidal behavior. The aim of the present study was to identify the common and differential vulnerability factors behind suicide attempts in a sample of patients with BSED compared to patients with GD. METHODS A total of 6,077 adults who sought treatment and met criteria either for BSED (n = 2,391) or GD (n = 3,686) were assessed at a specialized hospital unit. Personality traits, psychopathological symptomatology, lifetime history of suicide attempts and socio-demographic variables were evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of suicide attempts was higher for BSED patients (26.2%) compared to GD patients (7.1%) being anorexia nervosa (Binge/Purge type) and bulimia nervosa the most affected subtypes. In the predictive model, the transdiagnostic vulnerability factors with the highest contribution to the risk of suicidal behavior both in BSED and GD were unemployment, early age of onset of the disorder, worse psychopathological state, and self-transcendence personality trait. However, specific risk factors for suicidal acts were identified in each disorder: longer duration of the disorder, lower education levels and reward dependence were exclusively associated with BSED while female gender, older age, and higher harm avoidance were associated with GD. DISCUSSION Patients with GD and BSED share certain vulnerability factors although certain factors are exclusive to each disorder. CONCLUSIONS Interventions need to pay special attention to both common and specific vulnerability factors to mitigate the risk of suicidal acts in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Valero-Solís
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Jimenez-de Toro
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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19
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Duan Y, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen R. Blind box over-engagement and suicide risk among adolescents and young adults: Results of a large-scale survey. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 51:101575. [PMID: 35875818 PMCID: PMC9304904 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling appears to be an independent risk factor for suicide among the young population worldwide. Blind boxes are collectable toys packed randomly in the box, which share certain similarities with gambling and are popular among the young population. This is the first study that examined the association between blind box engagement and suicide risk in the young population, the leading consumption group of blind boxes. METHODS This study is part of a large-scale, cross-sectional study using convenience sampling conducted Oct 26 to Nov 18, 2021, which covered all the university and college students in the Jilin province, China. A total of 73,206 participants completed the survey with valid data for the current study (male: N = 28,762; female: N = 44,444; Mean age = 19·59). Participants' blind box engagement, suicide risk, depression, anxiety, alcohol use, smoking habit, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. First, we used univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression models to examine the relationship between blind box engagement and suicide risk in all participants. Second, we tested whether depression and anxiety would mediate the association between blind box engagement and suicide risk. Third, we analysed the association between "Frequency (i.e., frequency of blind box engagement)," "Bet (i.e., expenditure on the blind box that exceeds affordability)," "Tolerance (i.e., level of addiction)," "Borrowed (i.e., the amount of money borrowed for blind box engagement)," and suicide risk in the group with blind box engagement history. FINDINGS 4,195 participants (5·73%) have engaged in blind boxes, with 3,255 females (77·59%) and 940 males (22·41%). In the univariate models, binary logistic regression showed that blind box engagement was associated with suicide risk in both male and female participants (male: OR = 2·21, 95% CI = 1·86-2·63; female: OR = 1·64, 95% CI = 1·50-1·78). In the multivariable models, after controlling age, subjective socioeconomic status, per capita disposable income, alcohol use, and smoking habit, blind box engagement still was associated with suicide risk across genders (male: OR = 2·25, 95% CI = 1·89-2·68; female: OR = 1·58, 95% CI = 1·45-1·73). Depression (male: indirect effect = 0·31, SE = 0·04, p < 0·001; female: indirect effect = 0·20, SE = 0·02, p < 0·001) and anxiety (male: indirect effect = 0·26, SE = 0·03, p < 0·001; female: indirect effect = 0·13, SE = 0·02, p < 0·001) mediate the association between blind box engagement and suicide risk. Within the blind box engagement group, forward binary logistic regression revealed that "Tolerance" was associated with participants' suicide risk in both males (p = 0·001) and females (p < 0·001); "Borrowed" (p = 0·019) alone was associated with the male participants' suicide risk. INTERPRETATION Our findings showed that blind box over-engagement is positively associated with suicide risk in both young males and females, and this association persisted after adjusting for influencing factors. In spite of the limitations in this study (e.g., cross-sectional, convenience sampling), current findings can assist policymakers in developing regulations for such a prosperous youth-dominant consumption industry while protecting youth's mental health worldwide. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Duan
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Shicun Xu
- Northeast Asian Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Department of Population, Resources and Environment, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- China Center for Aging Studies and Social-Economic Development, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yinzhe Wang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Runsen Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors.
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20
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Dudfield FWH, Malouff JM, Meynadier J. The Association between the Five-factor Model of Personality and Problem Gambling: a Meta-analysis. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:669-687. [PMID: 35604521 PMCID: PMC10175427 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis meta-analysis examined the associations between five-factor personality model traits and problem gambling. To be eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, studies had to provide effect size data that quantified the magnitude of the association between all five personality traits and problem gambling. Studies also had to use psychometrically sound measures. The meta-analysis included 20 separate samples from 19 studies and 32,222 total participants. The results showed that problem gambling was significantly correlated with the five-factor model of personality. The strongest personality correlate of problem gambling was neuroticism r = .31, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [0.17, 0.44], followed by conscientiousness r = − .28, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.38,-0.17] ), agreeableness r = − .22, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.34, − 0.10], openness r = − .17, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.22,-0.12], and extraversion r = − .11, p = .024, 95% CI [-0.20,-0.01]. These results suggest problem gamblers tend to share a common personality profile – one that could provide clues as to the most effective ways to prevent and to treat problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M Malouff
- University of New England Psychology, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Jai Meynadier
- University of New England Psychology, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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21
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Happiness in University Students: Personal, Familial, and Social Factors: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084713. [PMID: 35457584 PMCID: PMC9032425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Happiness is the foundation of a better life and a goal that people pursue; however, happiness levels among university students are low. The purpose of this study is to explore the main factors influencing student happiness. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in China in 2020. Data on student happiness was collected using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and students' personal, familial, and social information were obtained using another questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between student happiness and these factors in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 2186 valid questionnaires were obtained. Firstly, student happiness was found to be associated with personal factors. The results found that happiness was significantly associated with state of health, the adjusted OR (95% CI) = 3.41 (2.01-5.79) for healthy students compared to unhealthy students, and that happiness decreased with the student's age (OR = 0.79 and 95% CI = 0.63-0.98). Secondly, the research suggested that happiness was associated with familial factors. Both frequent contact with family and a harmonious relationship with parents significantly enhanced happiness with ORs (95% CIs) 1.42 (1.17-1.71) and 2.32 (1.83-2.95), respectively. Thirdly, student happiness was associated with several social factors. Students who performed well academically, who went to sleep early, and who were in a loving relationship were found to be happier than those with poor academic performance, went to sleep late, and who were single, for which the ORs (95% CIs) were, respectively, 1.87 (1.51-2.32), 1.50 (1.24-1.81), and 1.32 (1.09-1.60). The survey identified several key personal, familial, and social factors influencing university student happiness, which can provide an effective measure to improve their happiness.
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22
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Ahuja M, Werner KB, Cunningham-Williams RM, Bucholz KK. Racial Associations Between Gambling and Suicidal Behaviors Among Black and White Adolescents and Young Adults. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 8:246-254. [PMID: 35223370 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Black youth ages 10-19 years. Between 1991 and 2017, rates of suicide among Black youth have been increasing faster than rates among any other race/ethnic group. There are many factors that may explain this increase, with gambling being suggested as one such potential risk factor. This review examines the association between gambling and suicide behaviors, and how these associations may vary between Black and White youth and young adults. The current review examines these associations using data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM). Recent Findings Recent findings have revealed distinct patterns of substance use initiation and gambling behaviors between Black youth and White youth. While strong links between gambling and suicide behaviors have also been reported, whether the associations were consistent across race/ethnicity groups was not investigated, nor in these cross-sectional analyses was it possible to determine whether the gambling behaviors preceded or followed suicidality. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether there are differences in the associations of gambling and suicide behaviors at the race/ethnicity level in tandem with data that examine the sequence of the behaviors. The current report focuses on racial/ethnic differences using data that allow for sequencing the occurrence of the behaviors via the age of first gambling experience, and of first suicidal symptom, to better distinguish the nature of the association. Summary The current findings revealed that gambling initiation predicted suicide ideation among Black youth, while no significant association was found among White youth. This is of major public health concern, given the rising rates of suicide among Black youth, and the increased availability of gambling. The report did not find a link between gambling and suicide attempts. Culturally tailored interventions should be considered among schools, families, and clinicians/providers, to highlight the risk of adolescent gambling, particularly among Black youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Ahuja
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37604, USA
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Offline and Online Gambling in a Swiss Emerging-Adult Male Population. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:1215-1228. [PMID: 35133536 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Faced with the rapid expansion of the online gambling offer, a growing number of jurisdictions around the world are developing legislation to regulate online gambling. The new Swiss Act on gambling extends legalization of online gambling from already authorized lottery-type to casino-type gambling. In this context, the present study examines offline and online gambling behaviors in emerging-adult males as a particularly at-risk population for gambling addiction. A sample of 1,869 young males completed a questionnaire assessing offline and online gambling behaviors as well as severity of problem gambling. Results show that 62.1% of the respondents were lifetime gamblers while 46.7% were past-year gamblers. Among the latter, 76.4% had gambled only within offline venues, 21.4% had gambled at both offline and online sites, and 2.2% had gambled online only. Furthermore, 17.6% of past-year gamblers were at moderate-risk of developing problem gambling whilst 3.6% were problem gamblers. Association analysis showed that, compared to non-problem gamblers, at-risk and problem gamblers played online at higher rates. These findings contribute to the growing literature on youth gambling behaviors and on offline-online transitions. In the context of the growing online gambling supply, the evolution of youth gambling behaviors should be monitored through periodical assessments.
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Sichali JM, Dube A, Kachiwanda L, Wardle H, Crampin AC, Bunn C. Case Report: A gambling-related suicide in rural Malawi. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:308. [PMID: 34869913 PMCID: PMC8609396 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17333.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As in many other countries across sub-Saharan Africa, Malawi's commercial gambling sector has grown considerably in recent years. Driven by the widespread availability of internet through mobile devices, the industry has penetrated both urban and rural settings. In Malawi the model commonly implemented by gambling companies is similar to that used by mobile phone operators. Agents equipped with cellular devices connect to providers' servers to place wagers for customers and print receipts using simple printers attached to their devices. This has produced lucrative returns for providers. While increasing attention is being paid to this trend, most research focusses on sports betting and there is a deficit of papers that document gambling-related harms. Methods Here we present a narrative case report of a 16-year-old boy, 'Wati' (pseudonym), who lived in rural Malawi and took his own life after gambling and losing money that did not belong to him. As his community is part of a demographic surveillance site, a verbal autopsy was conducted, later supplemented with interviews with Wati's close friend and uncle, to whom his mother referred us. We triangulated data from these three sources to create a narrative case report of Wati's suicide and its relationship to his gambling practices. Results We found that the gambling harms leading up to Wati's suicide were recurrent, that his gambling practices were diverse (lottery, football betting, digital games and cards) and that signs of distress were apparent before his suicide. Conclusions From this case report, we learn that underage individuals participate in gambling in Malawi, can develop harmful habits and that their gambling is not confined to sports betting. We also learn that there is a lack of accessible services for people who develop harmful gambling practices. Wati could have benefited from such services and they may have saved his life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Dube
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Heather Wardle
- Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G120QQ, UK
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G120QQ, UK
| | - Christopher Bunn
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G120QQ, UK
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Wilkins L, Dowsett R, Zaborski Z, Scoles L, Allen PM. Exploring the mental health of individuals who play fantasy football. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wilkins
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
| | - Ross Dowsett
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
| | | | - Laura Scoles
- Faculty of Arts, Society and Professional Studies Newman University Birmingham UK
| | - Peter M. Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK
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26
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Prevalence of Suicidal Behavior and Associated Clinical Correlates in Patients with Behavioral Addictions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111085. [PMID: 34769603 PMCID: PMC8583661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Addictive disorders are characterized by severe consequences, including suicidal events, but most studies investigating the association between addiction and suicidal risk have focused on substance use disorders and gambling disorder at the expense of the rest of behavioral addictions. This study examined the prevalence and the associated clinical correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of patients with a diagnosis of behavioral addiction. The total sample consisted of 4404 individuals: 4103 of these patients with gambling disorder, 99 with gaming disorder, 44 with sex addiction, and 158 with buying–shopping disorder. All of them were assessed consecutively at a specialized hospital unit for the treatment of behavioral addictions. Participants attended two clinical interviews and completed self-reported questionnaires to explore clinical features of behavioral addictions, personality traits, psychopathological symptomatology, suicidal behavior, and sociodemographic variables. The highest prevalence of suicidal ideation was found in patients with gambling disorder (22.9%), followed by buying–shopping disorder (18.4%), sex addiction (18.2%), and gaming disorder (6.1%). The highest prevalence of suicide attempts was registered for sex addiction (9.1%), followed by buying–shopping disorder (7.6%), gambling disorder (6.7%), and gaming disorder (3.0%). Female gender and unemployment constituted two relevant sociodemographic factors associated with suicidal risk in gambling disorder, gaming disorder, and buying–shopping disorder. Lack of family support appeared as a relevant risk factor, except for gaming disorder. These results pointed out that suicide is a prevalent behavior in behavioral addictions, and clinicians and researchers need to pay particular attention to the specificities of each behavioral addiction when assessing suicidal risk.
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Del Castillo FA. COVID-19 impact on learners: challenges and responses. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:e539-e540. [PMID: 34553230 PMCID: PMC8499727 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic among the learners are shown in the rising cases of mental health issues. Young people are forced to stay at home and limit their physical and social interaction with peers. This paper contributes to address the well-being of the young learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fides A Del Castillo
- Theology and Religious Education Department, De La Salle University, Manila 1004, Philippines.,Graduate School of Religion and Religious Education, Fordham University, NY 10458, United States
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28
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Hill B, Mugayar LRF, da Fonseca MA. Oral Health Implications of Risky Behaviors in Adolescence. Dent Clin North Am 2021; 65:669-687. [PMID: 34503660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time for new discoveries, which may lead teens to engage in impulsive behaviors. Although social media and the Internet have brought great benefits to the world, they can also have a negative influence on adolescents, facilitating their engagement in risky behaviors. Positive parenting and healthy friendships in adolescence have a protective effect against sensation-seeking behaviors. Dental practitioners also have a significant role in steering young patients toward healthy behaviors. They play an essential role in the early recognition, initiation of appropriate interventions, and referrals for treatment of youth at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittaney Hill
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Suite 250 (MC-850), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leda R F Mugayar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Suite 250 (MC-850), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Marcio A da Fonseca
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Suite 250 (MC-850), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Livingstone C, Rintoul A. Gambling-related suicidality: stigma, shame, and neglect. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 6:e4-e5. [PMID: 33417846 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Livingstone
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Angela Rintoul
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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