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Hiebert M, Sharma MK, Rabb M, Karlowsky L, Bergman K, Soualhine H. Mutations in embB406 Are Associated with Low-Level Ethambutol Resistance in Canadian Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:624. [PMID: 39061306 PMCID: PMC11273804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, molecular predictions of ethambutol resistance rely primarily on the detection of mutations within embB. However, discordance between embB406 mutations and gold standard phenotypic drug sensitivity testing (DST) questions the significance of embB406 mutations used in molecular DST. This study tabulates embB mutations found in Canadian M. tuberculosis isolates and evaluates the impact of specific mutations on ethambutol resistance. The National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology culture collection (n = 2796) was screened for isolates with embB mutations. Phenotypic DST was performed on the BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960 at ethambutol concentrations of 2-5 μg/mL. Whole genome sequencing was used for drug resistance predictions, phylogenomics and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Detection of resistance-associated embB mutations corresponded to a positive predictive value of 64.3%, negative predictive value of 99.2%, 98.7% specificity, and 73.3% sensitivity compared to phenotypic DST. Two embB406 mutation subtypes (Gly406Asp, Gly406Ala) were found among 16 isolates, of which 12 were sensitive at 5 µg/mL ethambutol with variable resistance between 2-4 µg/mL. A novel frameshift mutation in regulator embR (Gln258fs) was found in nine isolates. Mutations in embB406 were associated with low-level ethambutol resistance undetectable at the recommended critical concentration (5 μg/mL). These novel mutations may exacerbate variability in ethambutol resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Hiebert
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Meenu K. Sharma
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Melissa Rabb
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Lisa Karlowsky
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Kiana Bergman
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Hafid Soualhine
- National Reference Centre for Mycobacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.H.); (M.K.S.); (M.R.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Teng C, Li L, Su D, Li H, Zhao B, Xia H, Teng H, Song Y, Zheng Y, Cao X, Zheng H, Zhao Y, Ou X. Evaluation of genetic correlation with fluoroquinolones resistance in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31959. [PMID: 38868072 PMCID: PMC11167346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To detect levofloxacin (LFX) and moxifloxacin (MFX) resistance among rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) isolates, and predict the resistance level based on specific mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes. Methods A total of 686 RR-TB isolates were collected from Chinese Drug Resistance Surveillance Program from 2013 to 2020. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 12 anti-TB drugs were acquired using the broth microdilution method, followed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Results Among the 686 RR isolates, the most prevalent resistance was to isoniazid (80.5 %) and ethambutol (28.4 %), followed by LFX (26.1 %) and MFX (21.9 %). The resistance rate of LFX (26.1%-99.4 %) was higher than that of MFX (21.9%-83.3 %) across various drug resistance patterns. Of the 180 fluoroquinolones (FQs) resistant isolates, 168 (93.3 %) had mutations in quinolone-resistant determining regions (QRDRs) with 21 mutation types, and Asp94Gly (32.7 %, 55/168) was the predominant mutation. Isolates with mutations in Asp94Asn and Asp94Gly were associated with high levels of resistance to LFX and MFX. Using broth microdilution method as gold standard, the sensitivities of WGS for LFX and MFX were 93.3 % and 98.0 %, and the specificities were 98.6 % and 95.0 %, respectively. Conclusion The resistance rate of LFX was higher than that of MFX among various drug resistance patterns in RR-TB isolates. The gyrA Asp94Gly was the predominant mutation type underlying FQs resistance. However, no significant difference was observed between mutation patterns in gyrA gene and resistance level of FQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Teng
- Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ya'an People's Hospital, Sichuan, 625000, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Teng
- Centre of Health Management, Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xichao Ou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
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Zhong T, Wu H, Hu J, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Li N, Sun Z, Yin XF, He QY, Sun X. Two synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms promoting fluoroquinolone resistance of Escherichia coli in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133849. [PMID: 38432089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of the core mechanisms that respond to antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is a major issue in environmental pollution. A specific type of SNPs, synonymous SNPs, have been generally considered as the "silent" SNPs since they do not change the encoded amino acid. However, the impact of synonymous SNPs on mRNA splicing, nucleo-cytoplasmic export, stability, and translation was gradually discovered in the last decades. Figuring out the mechanism of synonymous SNPs in regulating antibiotic resistance is critical to improve antimicrobial therapy strategies in clinics and biological treatment strategies of antibiotic-resistant E. coli-polluted materials. With our newly designed antibiotic resistant SNPs prediction algorithm, Multilocus Sequence Type based Identification for Phenotype-single nucleotide polymorphism Analysis (MIPHA), and in vivo validation, we identified 2 important synonymous SNPs 522 G>A and 972 C>T, located at hisD gene, which was previously predicted as a fluoroquinolone resistance-related gene without a detailed mechanism in the E. coli samples with environmental backgrounds. We first discovered that hisD causes gyrA mutation via the upregulation of sbmC and its downstream gene umuD. Moreover, those 2 synonymous SNPs of hisD cause its own translational slowdown and further reduce the expression levels of sbmC and its downstream gene umuD, making the fluoroquinolone resistance determining region of gyrA remains unmutated, ultimately causing the bacteria to lose their ability to resist drugs. This study provided valuable insight into the role of synonymous SNPs in mediating antibiotic resistance of bacteria and a new perspective for the treatment of environmental pollution caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yundan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Feng Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuesong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu A, Liu S, Lv K, Zhu Q, Wen J, Li J, Liang C, Huang X, Gong C, Sun Q, Gu H. Rapid detection of multidrug resistance in tuberculosis using nanopore-based targeted next-generation sequencing: a multicenter, double-blind study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1349715. [PMID: 38495513 PMCID: PMC10940340 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs is a major challenge in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to evaluate the clinical availability of nanopore-based targeted next-generation sequencing (NanoTNGS) for the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Methods This study enrolled 253 patients with suspected DR-TB from six hospitals. The diagnostic efficacy of NanoTNGS for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its susceptibility or resistance to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs was assessed by comparing conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) and Xpert MTB/RIF assays. NanoTNGS can be performed within 12 hours from DNA extraction to the result delivery. Results NanoTNGS showed a remarkable concordance rate of 99.44% (179/180) with the culture assay for identifying the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The sensitivity of NanoTNGS for detecting drug resistance was 93.53% for rifampicin, 89.72% for isoniazid, 85.45% for ethambutol, 74.00% for streptomycin, and 88.89% for fluoroquinolones. Specificities ranged from 83.33% to 100% for all drugs tested. Sensitivity for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis using NanoTNGS increased by 9.73% compared to Xpert MTB/RIF. The most common mutations were S531L (codon in E. coli) in the rpoB gene, S315T in the katG gene, and M306V in the embB gene, conferring resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, and ethambutol, respectively. In addition, mutations in the pncA gene, potentially contributing to pyrazinamide resistance, were detected in 32 patients. Other prevalent variants, including D94G in the gyrA gene and K43R in the rpsL gene, conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones and streptomycin, respectively. Furthermore, the rv0678 R94Q mutation was detected in one sample, indicating potential resistance to bedaquiline. Conclusion NanoTNGS rapidly and accurately identifies resistance or susceptibility to anti-TB drugs, outperforming traditional methods. Clinical implementation of the technique can recognize DR-TB in time and provide guidance for choosing appropriate antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chest Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Sang Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chest Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Kangyan Lv
- Department of Tuberculosis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chest Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingdong Zhu
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Guilin, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Wuzhou, Wuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Baise, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuegang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Fangchenggang, Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunming Gong
- Department of Tuberculosis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chest Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chest Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Sobkowiak A, Scherff N, Schuler F, Bletz S, Mellmann A, Schwierzeck V, van Almsick V. Plasmid-encoded gene duplications of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical bacterial isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1343858. [PMID: 38469349 PMCID: PMC10925753 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1343858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is an urgent and alarming One Health problem. This study aimed to investigate duplications of plasmid-encoded ESBL genes and their impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes in clinical and screening isolates. Methods Multi-drug-resistant bacteria from hospitalized patients were collected during routine clinical surveillance from January 2022 to June 2023, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined. Genotypes were extracted from long-read whole-genome sequencing data. Furthermore, plasmids and other mobile genetic elements associated with ESBL genes were characterized, and the ESBL genes were correlated to ceftazidime minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results In total, we identified four cases of plasmid-encoded ESBL gene duplications that match four genetically similar plasmids during the 18-month surveillance period: five Escherichia coli and three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. As the ESBL genes were part of transposable elements, the surrounding sequence regions were duplicated as well. In-depth analysis revealed insertion sequence (IS)-mediated transposition mechanisms. Isolates with duplicated ESBL genes exhibited a higher MIC for ceftazidime in comparison to isolates with a single gene copy (3-256 vs. 1.5-32 mg/L, respectively). Conclusion ESBL gene duplications led to an increased phenotypic resistance against ceftazidime. Our data suggest that ESBL gene duplications by an IS-mediated transposition are a relevant mechanism for how AMR develops in the clinical setting and is part of the microevolution of plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sobkowiak
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Scherff
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Schuler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bletz
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Vera Schwierzeck
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Vincent van Almsick
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Maitre T, Baulard A, Aubry A, Veziris N. Optimizing the use of current antituberculosis drugs to overcome drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104807. [PMID: 37839674 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis continues to be one of the major threats to global tuberculosis control. After a hiatus of over 40 years in antituberculosis drug development, the last decade has seen a resurgence of research, yielding a number of promising compounds in the tuberculosis drug pipeline, with some that are now game changers in the treatment of MDRTB. Despite this progress, there are still obstacles restricting the use of these molecules as first-line drugs. The quick appearance of bacteria resistant to these new treatments highlights a continuing need to fuel the discovery and development of new molecules. With this in mind, alternative strategies aimed at optimizing the utilization of existing antituberculosis agents are currently under evaluation. They are focused on enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics against their bacterial targets, primarily by augmenting the quantity of antibiotic that engages with these targets. This objective can be achieved through two primary approaches: (1) Provided that toxicity concerns are not a limiting factor, increased dosing is a viable avenue, as demonstrated by rifampicin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolones, for which escalated dosing has been effective; and (2) Employing enhancers such as drug activator boosters (ethionamide), efflux pump inhibitors, or hydrolytic enzyme inhibitors (kanamycin) can elevate the concentration of antibiotics in bacterial cells. These strategies offer the potential to mitigate antibiotic obsolescence and complement the discovery of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Maitre
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), UMR 1135, Paris, France; Service de Pneumologie et d'Oncologie Thoracique, Centre constitutif maladies rares, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Baulard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandra Aubry
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), UMR 1135, Paris, France; AP-HP, Sorbonne-Universite, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiene, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Paris France
| | - Nicolas Veziris
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), UMR 1135, Paris, France; AP-HP, Sorbonne-Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Département de Bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Cannas A, Butera O, Mazzarelli A, Messina F, Vulcano A, Parracino MP, Gualano G, Palmieri F, Di Caro A, Nisii C, Fontana C, Girardi E. Implementation of Whole Genome Sequencing of Tuberculosis Isolates in a Referral Center in Rome: Six Years' Experience in Characterizing Drug-Resistant TB and Disease Transmission. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:134. [PMID: 38391520 PMCID: PMC10885968 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, Tuberculosis (TB) control strategies have been effective in reducing drug-resistant (DR) TB globally; however, a wider implementation of new diagnostic strategies, such as Whole genome sequencing (WGS), would be critical for further improvement. The aim of this study, based on WGS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains isolated in a TB referral center over 6 years, was to evaluate the efficacy of this methodology in improving therapy guidance for clinicians and in improving the understanding of the epidemiology of TB transmission. WGS was performed in addition to pDST on 1001 strains consecutively isolated between January 2016 and December 2021; the results allowed us to improve the quality of data on resistance and to identify possible clusters of transmission. Prediction of rifampicin-resistant (RR) or multi-drug-resistant TB strains (MDR-TB, defined as resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid) was obtained for 50 strains (5%). Mutations predictive of an MDR isolate were further characterized, and Ser450Leu and Ser315Thr were found to be the most frequent mutations in rpoB and katG genes, respectively. Discordances between WGS and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) were found in few strains, and their impact on clinical decisions and outcome was addressed. The introduction of WGS in our Institute improved our diagnostic routine, allowing accurate patient management, and was a valid instrument for epidemiological investigations and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cannas
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Butera
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Messina
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Vulcano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gina Gualano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Medicine, UniCamillus International University, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Nisii
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Fontana
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
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8
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Dorji T, Horan K, Sherry NL, Tay EL, Globan M, Viberg L, Bond K, Denholm JT, Howden BP, Andersson P. Whole genome sequencing of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Victoria, Australia. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 138:46-53. [PMID: 37967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whole genome sequencing (WGS) can identify clusters, transmission patterns, and drug resistance mutations. This is important in low-burden settings such as Australia, as it can assist in efficient contact tracing and surveillance. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using WGS from 155 genomically defined drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DR-TB) isolates collected between 2018-2021 in Victoria, Australia. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify resistance-conferring mutations, lineages, clusters and understand how local sequences compared with international context. RESULTS Of the 155 sequences, 42% were identified as lineage 2 and 35% as lineage 1; 65.8% (102/155) were isoniazid mono-resistant, 8.4% were multi-drug resistant TB and 5.8% were pre-extensively drug-resistant / extensively drug-resistant TB. The most common mutations were observed in katG and fabG1 genes, especially at Ser315Thr and fabG1 -15 C>T for first-line drugs. Ser450Leu was the most frequent mutation in rpoB gene. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Victorian DR-TB were associated with importation events. There was little evidence of local transmission with only five isolate pairs. CONCLUSION Isoniazid-resistant TB is the commonest DR-TB in Victoria, and the mutation profile is similar to global circulating DR-TB. Most cases are diagnosed among migrants with limited transmission. This study highlights the value of WGS in identification of clusters and resistance-conferring mutations. This information is crucial in supporting disease mitigation and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinley Dorji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristy Horan
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Norelle L Sherry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ee Laine Tay
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Health Protection Branch, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda Viberg
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Bond
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Tuberculosis Program. Melbourne Health at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Patiyan Andersson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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García-Marín AM, Cancino-Muñoz I, Torres-Puente M, Villamayor LM, Borrás R, Borrás-Máñez M, Bosque M, Camarena JJ, Colomer-Roig E, Colomina J, Escribano I, Esparcia-Rodríguez O, Gil-Brusola A, Gimeno C, Gimeno-Gascón A, Gomila-Sard B, González-Granda D, Gonzalo-Jiménez N, Guna-Serrano MR, López-Hontangas JL, Martín-González C, Moreno-Muñoz R, Navarro D, Navarro M, Orta N, Pérez E, Prat J, Rodríguez JC, Ruiz-García MM, Vanaclocha H, González-Candelas F, Furió V, Comas I. Role of the first WHO mutation catalogue in the diagnosis of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Valencia Region, Spain: a retrospective genomic analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e43-e51. [PMID: 38061383 PMCID: PMC10790317 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June, 2021, WHO published the most complete catalogue to date of resistance-conferring mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we aimed to assess the performance of genome-based antimicrobial resistance prediction using the catalogue and its potential for improving diagnostics in a real low-burden setting. METHODS In this retrospective population-based genomic study M tuberculosis isolates were collected from 25 clinical laboratories in the low-burden setting of the Valencia Region, Spain. Culture-positive tuberculosis cases reported by regional public health authorities between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2016, were included. The drug resistance profiles of these isolates were predicted by the genomic identification, via whole-genome sequencing (WGS), of the high-confidence resistance-causing variants included in the catalogue and compared with the phenotype. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolates with discordant resistance profiles using the resazurin microtitre assay. FINDINGS WGS was performed on 785 M tuberculosis complex culture-positive isolates, and the WGS resistance prediction sensitivities were: 85·4% (95% CI 70·8-94·4) for isoniazid, 73·3% (44·9-92·2) for rifampicin, 50·0% (21·1-78·9) for ethambutol, and 57·1% (34·0-78·2) for pyrazinamide; all specificities were more than 99·6%. Sensitivity values were lower than previously reported, but the overall pan-susceptibility accuracy was 96·4%. Genotypic analysis revealed that four phenotypically susceptible isolates carried mutations (rpoB Leu430Pro and rpoB Ile491Phe for rifampicin and fabG1 Leu203Leu for isoniazid) known to give borderline resistance in standard phenotypic tests. Additionally, we identified three putative resistance-associated mutations (inhA Ser94Ala, katG Leu48Pro, and katG Gly273Arg for isoniazid) in samples with substantially higher MICs than those of susceptible isolates. Combining both genomic and phenotypic data, in accordance with the WHO diagnostic guidelines, we could detect two new multidrug-resistant cases. Additionally, we detected 11 (1·6%) of 706 isolates to be monoresistant to fluoroquinolone, which had been previously undetected. INTERPRETATION We showed that the WHO catalogue enables the detection of resistant cases missed in phenotypic testing in a low-burden region, thus allowing for better patient-tailored treatment. We also identified mutations not included in the catalogue, relevant at the local level. Evidence from this study, together with future updates of the catalogue, will probably lead in the future to the partial replacement of culture testing with WGS-based drug susceptibility testing in our setting. FUNDING European Research Council and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María García-Marín
- Tuberculosis Genomics Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit Infección y Salud Pública, FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irving Cancino-Muñoz
- Tuberculosis Genomics Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit Infección y Salud Pública, FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Borrás
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Borrás-Máñez
- Microbiology and Parasitology Service, Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Alzira, Spain
| | | | - Juan J Camarena
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Colomer-Roig
- FISABIO Public Health, Valencia, Spain; Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Colomina
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Escribano
- Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Alcoy, Spain
| | | | - Ana Gil-Brusola
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Gimeno
- Microbiology Service, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Bárbara Gomila-Sard
- Microbiology Service, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Coral Martín-González
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario de San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosario Moreno-Muñoz
- Microbiology Service, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital de la Vega Baixa, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Nieves Orta
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Francesc de Borja, Gandía, Spain
| | - Elvira Pérez
- Subdirección General de Epidemiología y Vigilancia de la Salud y Sanidad Ambiental de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Prat
- Microbiology Service, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Spain
| | | | | | - Hermelinda Vanaclocha
- Subdirección General de Epidemiología y Vigilancia de la Salud y Sanidad Ambiental de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Joint Research Unit Infección y Salud Pública, FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Furió
- Tuberculosis Genomics Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Tuberculosis Genomics Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Dreyer V, Sonnenkalb L, Diricks M, Utpatel C, Barilar I, Mohr V, Niemann S, Kohl TA, Merker M. Use of Whole Genome Sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: From Sequence Data to Resistance Profiles. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2833:195-210. [PMID: 38949712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3981-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates has been shown to provide accurate predictions for resistance and susceptibility for many first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, bioinformatic pipelines and mutation catalogs to predict antimicrobial resistances in MTBC isolates are often customized and detailed protocols are difficult to access. Here, we provide a step-by-step workflow for the processing and interpretation of short-read sequencing data and give an overview of available analysis pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Dreyer
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lindsay Sonnenkalb
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Margo Diricks
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Utpatel
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ivan Barilar
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Vanessa Mohr
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kohl
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Matthias Merker
- Evolution of the Resistome, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.
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11
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Wang Z, Tang Z, Heidari H, Molaeipour L, Ghanavati R, Kazemian H, Koohsar F, Kouhsari E. Global status of phenotypic pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chemother 2023; 35:583-595. [PMID: 37211822 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2214473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an essential first-line tuberculosis drug for its unique mechanism of action active against multidrug-resistant-TB (MDR-TB). Thus, the aim of updated meta-analysis was to estimate the PZA weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rate in M. tuberculosis isolates based on publication date and WHO regions. We systematically searched the related reports in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (from January 2015 to July 2022). Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software. The 115 final reports in the analysis investigated phenotypic PZA resistance data. The WPR of PZA was 57% (95% CI 48-65%) in MDR-TB cases. According to the WHO regions, the higher WPRs of PZA were reported in the Western Pacific (32%; 95% CI 18-46%), South East Asian region (37%; 95% CI 31-43%), and the Eastern Mediterranean (78%; 95% CI 54-95%) among any-TB patients, high risk of MDR-TB patients, and MDR-TB patients, respectively. A negligible increase in the rate of PZA resistance were showed in MDR-TB cases (55% to 58%). The rate of PZA resistance has been rising in recent years among MDR-TB cases, underlines the essential for both standard and novel drug regimens development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhihua Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hamid Heidari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Leila Molaeipour
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Faramarz Koohsar
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Rao M, Wollenberg K, Harris M, Kulavalli S, Thomas L, Chawla K, Shenoy VP, Varma M, Saravu K, Hande HM, Shanthigrama Vasudeva CS, Jeffrey B, Gabrielian A, Rosenthal A. Lineage classification and antitubercular drug resistance surveillance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by whole-genome sequencing in Southern India. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0453122. [PMID: 37671895 PMCID: PMC10580826 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Studies mapping genetic heterogeneity of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis for determining their strain lineage and drug resistance by whole-genome sequencing are limited in high tuberculosis burden settings. We carried out whole-genome sequencing of 242 M. tuberculosis isolates from drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis patients, identified and collected as part of the TB Portals Program, to have a comprehensive insight into the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis in Southern India. We report several genetic variations in M. tuberculosis that may confer resistance to antitubercular drugs. Further wide-scale efforts are required to fully characterize M. tuberculosis genetic diversity at a population level in high tuberculosis burden settings for providing precise tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kurt Wollenberg
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Harris
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shrivathsa Kulavalli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Levin Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishnu Prasad Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Muralidhar Varma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - H. Manjunatha Hande
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Brendan Jeffrey
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrei Gabrielian
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex Rosenthal
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Koleske BN, Jacobs WR, Bishai WR. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome at 25 years: lessons and lingering questions. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e173156. [PMID: 37781921 PMCID: PMC10541200 DOI: 10.1172/jci173156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
First achieved in 1998 by Cole et al., the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to provide an invaluable resource to understand tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of global infectious disease mortality. At the 25-year anniversary of this accomplishment, we describe how insights gleaned from the M. tuberculosis genome have led to vital tools for TB research, epidemiology, and clinical practice. The increasing accessibility of whole-genome sequencing across research and clinical settings has improved our ability to predict antibacterial susceptibility, to track epidemics at the level of individual outbreaks and wider historical trends, to query the efficacy of the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and to uncover targets for novel antitubercular therapeutics. Likewise, we discuss several recent efforts to extract further discoveries from this powerful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Koleske
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Vīksna A, Sadovska D, Berge I, Bogdanova I, Vaivode A, Freimane L, Norvaiša I, Ozere I, Ranka R. Genotypic and phenotypic comparison of drug resistance profiles of clinical multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using whole genome sequencing in Latvia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:638. [PMID: 37770850 PMCID: PMC10540372 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major public health problem in many high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) take several weeks or months to result, but line probe assays and Xpert/Rif Ultra assay detect a limited number of resistance conferring gene mutations. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is an advanced molecular testing method which theoretically can predict the resistance of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates to all anti-TB agents through a single analysis. METHODS Here, we aimed to identify the level of concordance between the phenotypic and WGS-based genotypic drug susceptibility (DS) patterns of MDR-TB isolates. Overall, data for 12 anti-TB medications were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 63 MDR-TB Mtb isolates were included in the analysis, representing 27.4% of the total number of MDR-TB cases in Latvia in 2012-2014. Among them, five different sublineages were detected, and 2.2.1 (Beijing group) and 4.3.3 (Latin American-Mediterranean group) were the most abundant. There were 100% agreement between phenotypic and genotypic DS pattern for isoniazid, rifampicin, and linezolid. High concordance rate (> 90%) between phenotypic and genotypic DST results was detected for ofloxacin (93.7%), pyrazinamide (93.7%) and streptomycin (95.4%). Phenotypic and genotypic DS patterns were poorly correlated for ethionamide (agreement 56.4%), ethambutol (85.7%), amikacin (82.5%), capreomycin (81.0%), kanamycin (85.4%), and moxifloxacin (77.8%). For capreomycin, resistance conferring mutations were not identified in several phenotypically resistant isolates, and, in contrary, for ethionamide, ethambutol, amikacin, kanamycin, and moxifloxacin the resistance-related mutations were identified in several phenotypically sensitive isolates. CONCLUSIONS WGS is a valuable tool for rapid genotypic DST for all anti-TB agents. For isoniazid and rifampicin phenotypic DST potentially can be replaced by genotypic DST based on 100% agreement between the tests. However, discrepant results for other anti-TB agents limit their prescription based solely on WGS data. For clinical decision, at the current level of knowledge, there is a need for combination of genotypic DST with modern, validated phenotypic DST methodologies for those medications which did not showed 100% agreement between the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Vīksna
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Ropaži Municipality, Stopiņi Parish, Upeslejas, Latvia
- Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Darja Sadovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Iveta Berge
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Ropaži Municipality, Stopiņi Parish, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | - Ineta Bogdanova
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Ropaži Municipality, Stopiņi Parish, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | - Annija Vaivode
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Lauma Freimane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Inga Norvaiša
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Ropaži Municipality, Stopiņi Parish, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | - Iveta Ozere
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Ropaži Municipality, Stopiņi Parish, Upeslejas, Latvia
- Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Renāte Ranka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia.
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15
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Günther G, Kuhns M, Friesen I. [Update: Diagnostics and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2023; 148:1227-1235. [PMID: 37793615 DOI: 10.1055/a-1937-8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have changed the approach to the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated drug-resistance substantially. PCR-based technologies allow a more rapid detection with higher diagnostic sensitivity in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens. However, a real point of care test, which needs minimal technical resources remains missing. Genome sequencing technologies are currently changing tuberculosis drug resistance testing, and for some questions are replacing phenotypic drug resistance testing, based on culture.New evidence on treatment for drug-sensitive tuberculosis allows shortening of treatment to 4 months, or in selected cases even to 2 months based on the use of fluoroquinolones, high dose rifamycins and newly developed TB medicines.Such developments will very likely simplify the management of tuberculosis, although prevention remains the most important pillar of any tuberculosis related public health strategy.
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16
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de Araujo L, Cabibbe AM, Mhuulu L, Ruswa N, Dreyer V, Diergaardt A, Günther G, Claassens M, Gerlach C, Utpatel C, Cirillo DM, Nepolo E, Niemann S. Implementation of targeted next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in low-resource settings: a programmatic model, challenges, and initial outcomes. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1204064. [PMID: 37674674 PMCID: PMC10478709 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1204064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) from clinical specimens has the potential to become a comprehensive tool for routine drug-resistance (DR) prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains (MTBC), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). However, TB mainly affects low- and middle-income countries, in which the implementation of new technologies have specific needs and challenges. We propose a model for programmatic implementation of tNGS in settings with no or low previous sequencing capacity/experience. We highlight the major challenges and considerations for a successful implementation. This model has been applied to build NGS capacity in Namibia, an upper middle-income country located in Southern Africa and suffering from a high-burden of TB and TB-HIV, and we describe herein the outcomes of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Araujo
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Lusia Mhuulu
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Nunurai Ruswa
- National TB and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Viola Dreyer
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Azaria Diergaardt
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Gunar Günther
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mareli Claassens
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Christiane Gerlach
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Utpatel
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Nepolo
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- Department of Human, Biological & Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
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17
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Hall MB, Lima L, Coin LJM, Iqbal Z. Drug resistance prediction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis with reference graphs. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001081. [PMID: 37552534 PMCID: PMC10483414 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global pandemic disease with a rising burden of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) has a goal of enabling universal access to drug susceptibility testing (DST). Given the slowness of and infrastructure requirements for phenotypic DST, whole-genome sequencing, followed by genotype-based prediction of DST, now provides a route to achieving this. Since a central component of genotypic DST is to detect the presence of any known resistance-causing mutations, a natural approach is to use a reference graph that allows encoding of known variation. We have developed DrPRG (Drug resistance Prediction with Reference Graphs) using the bacterial reference graph method Pandora. First, we outline the construction of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance reference graph. The graph is built from a global dataset of isolates with varying drug susceptibility profiles, thus capturing common and rare resistance- and susceptible-associated haplotypes. We benchmark DrPRG against the existing graph-based tool Mykrobe and the haplotype-based approach of TBProfiler using 44 709 and 138 publicly available Illumina and Nanopore samples with associated phenotypes. We find that DrPRG has significantly improved sensitivity and specificity for some drugs compared to these tools, with no significant decreases. It uses significantly less computational memory than both tools, and provides significantly faster runtimes, except when runtime is compared to Mykrobe with Nanopore data. We discover and discuss novel insights into resistance-conferring variation for M. tuberculosis - including deletion of genes katG and pncA - and suggest mutations that may warrant reclassification as associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Hall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leandro Lima
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Lachlan J. M. Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zamin Iqbal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Zhang M, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Wu K, Chen S, Zhou L, Wang F, Peng Y, Li X, Pan J, Chen B, Liu Z, Wang X. Whole-Genome Sequencing to Predict Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Resistance: A Retrospective Observational Study in Eastern China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1257. [PMID: 37627677 PMCID: PMC10451829 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) holds great promise as an advanced technology for accurately predicting anti-TB drug resistance. The development of a reliable method for detecting drug resistance is crucial in order to standardize anti-TB treatments, enhance patient prognosis, and effectively reduce the risk of transmission. In this study, our primary objective was to explore and determine the potential of WGS for assessing drug resistance based on genetic variants recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A total of 1105 MTB strains were selected from samples collected from 2014-2018 in Zhejiang Province, China. Phenotypic drug sensitivity tests (DST) of the anti-TB drugs were conducted for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), streptomycin, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin and moxifloxacin), amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin, and the drug-resistance rates were calculated. The clean WGS data of the 1105 strains were acquired and analyzed. The predictive performance of WGS was evaluated by the comparison between genotypic and phenotypic DST results. For all anti-TB drugs, WGS achieved good specificity values (>90%). The sensitivity values for INH and RFP were 91.78% and 82.26%, respectively; however, they were ≤60% for other drugs. The positive predictive values for anti-TB drugs were >80%, except for ethambutol and moxifloxacin, and the negative predictive values were >90% for all drugs. In light of the findings from our study, we draw the conclusion that WGS is a valuable tool for identifying genome-wide variants. Leveraging the genetic variants recommended by the WHO, WGS proves to be effective in detecting resistance to RFP and INH, enabling the identification of multi-drug resistant TB patients. However, it is evident that the genetic variants recommended for predicting resistance to other anti-TB drugs require further optimization and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Yewei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Kunyang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Songhua Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Lin Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Ying Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Junhang Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (K.W.); (S.C.); (L.Z.); (F.W.); (Y.P.); (J.P.); (B.C.)
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19
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Li J, Feng S, Chen Y, Yu M, Wei W, Tian GB. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e68. [PMID: 36354021 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Feng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Meiling Yu
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Chen Y, Takiff HE, Gao Q. Phenotypic instability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains harbouring clinically prevalent drug-resistant mutations. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e292. [PMID: 36716755 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwang Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Howard E Takiff
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Qian Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Koshkin IN, Vlasenko VS, Pleshakova VI, Alkhimova LE, Elyshev AV, Kulakov IV. Morphology of Lymphoid Tissue in the Lungs of Guinea Pigs Infected with Mycobacterium bovis against the Background of Vaccine Immunity and the Action of Betulin and Its Derivatives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122084. [PMID: 36560494 PMCID: PMC9784198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a serious problem for animal and human health worldwide. A promising concept for the design of anti-tuberculosis drugs is the conjugation of an immunogenic fraction isolated from bacterial vaccines with a stimulating component. Taking this principle as a basis, conjugates based on BCG antigens with betulin and its derivatives (betulonic and betulinic acids) were designed. The aim of this research was to study the morphological changes in the lymphoid tissue associated with the bronchial mucosa lungs (BALT) in guinea pigs sensitized with experimental conjugates using a model of experimental tuberculosis. The results showed a significant decrease in the BALT response, expressed by a decrease in the diameter of lymphatic follicles and a decrease in their activity when exposed to conjugates based on BCG antigens with betulin and, especially, with betulonic acid, with a visually greater number of plasma cells observed in the lung tissues of guinea pigs of these groups. The absence of tuberculous foci and low BALT activity in the lungs of animals treated with betulin and betulonic acid are probably associated with the activation of humoral immunity under the action of these conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Koshkin
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omsk State Agrarian University Named after P.A. Stolypin, 2 Institutskaya Ploshchad, 644008 Omsk, Russia
| | - Vasily S. Vlasenko
- Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, 26 Koroleva Ave., 644012 Omsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.S.V.); (I.V.K.)
| | - Valentina I. Pleshakova
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omsk State Agrarian University Named after P.A. Stolypin, 2 Institutskaya Ploshchad, 644008 Omsk, Russia
| | - Larisa E. Alkhimova
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Elyshev
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Kulakov
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.S.V.); (I.V.K.)
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