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Li J, Zhang Z, Tang J, Hou Z, Li L, Li B. Emerging roles of nerve-bone axis in modulating skeletal system. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1867-1903. [PMID: 38421080 DOI: 10.1002/med.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, emerging evidence in the literature has demonstrated that the innervation of bone is a crucial modulator for skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. The nerve-bone axis sparked extensive preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at elucidating the contribution of nerve-bone crosstalks to skeleton metabolism, homeostasis, and injury repair through the perspective of skeletal neurobiology. To date, peripheral nerves have been widely reported to mediate bone growth and development and fracture healing via the secretion of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, axon guidance factors, and neurotrophins. Relevant studies have further identified several critical neural pathways that stimulate profound alterations in bone cell biology, revealing a complex interplay between the skeleton and nerve systems. In addition, inspired by nerve-bone crosstalk, novel drug delivery systems and bioactive materials have been developed to emulate and facilitate the process of natural bone repair through neuromodulation, eventually boosting osteogenesis for ideal skeletal tissue regeneration. Overall, this work aims to review the novel research findings that contribute to deepening the current understanding of the nerve-bone axis, bringing forth some schemas that can be translated into the clinical scenario to highlight the critical roles of neuromodulation in the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kiyota M, Iwata T, Hasegawa N, Sasaki S, Taniguchi Y, Hamamoto Y, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Fujita T, Kurihara H, Kawaguchi H, Mizuno N. Periodontal tissue regeneration with cementogenesis after application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 3-wall inflamed intra-bony defect. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:530-541. [PMID: 38501357 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate regenerative process by immunohistochemical analysis and evaluate periodontal tissue regeneration following a topical application of BDNF to inflamed 3-wall intra-bony defects. BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in the survival and differentiation of central and peripheral neurons. BDNF can regulate the functions of non-neural cells, osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, endothelial cells, as well as neural cells. Our previous study showed that a topical application of BDNF enhances periodontal tissue regeneration in experimental periodontal defects of dog and that BDNF stimulates the expression of bone (cementum)-related proteins and proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells. METHODS Six weeks after extraction of mandibular first and third premolars, 3-wall intra-bony defects were created in mandibular second and fourth premolars of beagle dogs. Impression material was placed in all of the artificial defects to induce inflammation. Two weeks after the first operation, BDNF (25 and 50 μg/mL) immersed into atelocollagen sponge was applied to the defects. As a control, only atelocollagen sponge immersed in saline was applied. Two and four weeks after the BDNF application, morphometric analysis was performed. Localizations of osteopontin (OPN) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Two weeks after application of BDNF, periodontal tissue was partially regenerated. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that cells on the denuded root surface were positive with OPN and PCNA. PCNA-positive cells were also detected in the soft connective tissue of regenerating periodontal tissue. Four weeks after application of BDNF, the periodontal defects were regenerated with cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Along the root surface, abundant OPN-positive cells were observed. Morphometric analyses revealed that percentage of new cementum length and percentage of new bone area of experimental groups were higher than control group and dose-dependently increased. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that BDNF could induce cementum regeneration in early regenerative phase by stimulating proliferation of periodontal ligament cells and differentiation into periodontal tissue cells, resulting in enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration in inflamed 3-wall intra-bony defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kiyota
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Iwata
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohiko Hasegawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Sasaki
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuri Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Hamamoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Ge D, Huang Y, Yao Q. The impact and mechanism of nerve injury on bone metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 704:149699. [PMID: 38412668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
With an increasing understanding of the mechanisms of fracture healing, it has been found that nerve injury plays a crucial role in the process, but the specific mechanism is yet to be completely revealed. To address this issue and provide novel insights for fracture treatment, we compiled this review. This review aims to study the impact of nerve injury on fracture healing, exploring the role of neurotrophic factors in the healing process. We first revisited the effects of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) on the skeletal system, and further explained the phenomenon of significantly accelerated fracture healing under nerve injury conditions. Then, from the perspective of neurotrophic factors, we delved into the physiological functions and mechanisms of neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), Neuropeptides (NPs), and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in bone metabolism. These effects include direct actions on bone cells, improvement of local blood supply, regulation of bone growth factors, control of cellular signaling pathways, promotion of callus formation and bone regeneration, and synergistic or antagonistic effects with other endocrine factors, such as Sema3A and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β). Finally, we discussed the treatments of fractures with nerve injuries and the future research directions in this review, suggesting that the relationship between nerve injury and fracture healing, as well as the role of nerve injury in other skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Research Center of Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Research Center of Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Research Center of Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals & Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing & Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Research Center of Digital Medicine and 3D Printing Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
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Palmisano B, Farinacci G, Campolo F, Tavanti C, Stefano A, Donsante S, Ippolito E, Giannicola G, Venneri MA, Corsi A, Riminucci M. A pathogenic role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Bone 2024; 181:117047. [PMID: 38331308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin, expressed in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues, that is regulated by the Gsα/cAMP pathway. In bone, it regulates osteogenesis and stimulates RANKL secretion and osteoclast formation in osteolytic tumors such as Multiple Myeloma. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone is a rare genetic disease of the skeleton caused by gain-of-function mutations of the Gsα gene in which RANKL-dependent enhanced bone resorption is a major cause of bone fragility and clinical morbidity. We observed that BDNF transcripts are expressed in human FD lesions. Specifically, immunolocalization studies performed on biopsies obtained from FD patients revealed the expression of BDNF in osteoblasts and, to a lower extent, in the spindle-shaped cells within the fibrous tissue. Therefore, we hypothesized that BDNF can play a role in the pathogenesis of FD by stimulating RANKL secretion and bone resorption. To test this hypothesis, we used the EF1α-GsαR201C mouse model of the human disease (FD mice). Western blot analysis revealed a higher expression of BDNF in bone segments of FD mice compared to WT mice and the immunolabeling pattern within mouse FD lesions was similar to that observed in human FD. Treatment of FD mice with a monoclonal antibody against BDNF reduced the fibrous tissue along with the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts within femoral lesions. These results reveal BDNF as a new player in the pathogenesis of FD and a potential molecular mechanism by which osteoclastogenesis may be nourished within FD bone lesions. They also suggest that BDNF inhibition may be a new approach to reduce abnormal bone remodeling in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Farinacci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tavanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Stefano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Ippolito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannicola
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico Legal and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Shao M, Wang Q, Lv Q, Zhang Y, Gao G, Lu S. Advances in the research on myokine-driven regulation of bone metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22547. [PMID: 38226270 PMCID: PMC10788812 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional view posits that bones and muscles interact primarily through mechanical coupling. However, recent studies have revealed that myokines, proteins secreted by skeletal muscle cells, play a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Myokines are widely involved in bone metabolism, influencing bone resorption and formation by interacting with factors related to bone cell secretion or influencing bone metabolic pathways. Here, we review the research progress on the myokine regulation of bone metabolism, discuss the mechanism of myokine regulation of bone metabolism, explore the pathophysiological relationship between sarcopenia and osteoporosis, and provide future perspectives on myokine research, with the aim of identify potential specific diagnostic markers and therapeutic entry points.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingHong Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - QiYang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - QiuNan Lv
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - YuQiong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - GuoXi Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics of Yunnan Provincial, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Takahashi I, Watanabe Y, Sonoda H, Tsunoda D, Amano I, Koibuchi N, Iizuka H, Shimokawa N. Calcium sensing and signaling are impaired in the lumbar spine of a rat model of congenital kyphosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:3403-3412. [PMID: 37555955 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kyphosis involves spines curving excessively backward beyond their physiological curvature. Although the normal structure of the spinal vertebrae is extremely important for maintaining posture and the normal function of the thoracic and abdominal organs, our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of the disease is insufficient. We herein report that the downregulation of the calcium signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of congenital kyphosis. METHODS The third to fifth lumbar spine segments, the kyphotic region of Ishibashi (IS) rats, which are used as a model of congenital kyphoscoliosis, were collected. A DNA microarray, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression of genes and proteins related to intracellular calcium signaling. RESULTS We found that the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (Trpv1)-two receptors involved in the calcium signaling-was decreased in the lumbar spine of IS rats. We also observed that the number of CaSR-immunoreactive and Trpv1-immunoreactive cells in the lumbar spine of IS rats was lower than in wild-type rats. Furthermore, the expression of intracellular molecules downstream of these receptors, such as phosphorylated protein kinase C, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and neural EGFL-like 1, was also reduced. In fact, the calcium content in the lumbar spine of IS rats was significantly lower than that in wild-type rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that adequate calcium signaling is extremely important for the regulation of normal bone formation and may also be a key factor for understanding the pathogenesis of congenital kyphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University Graduate Scholl of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-Machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University Graduate Scholl of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-Machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sonoda
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsunoda
- Spine Surgery, Higashi-Maebashi Orthopaedic Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haku Iizuka
- Orthopedic Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University Graduate Scholl of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-Machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Deng L, Lai S, Fan L, Li X, Huang H, Mu Y. miR-210-3p suppresses osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 by targeting brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:418. [PMID: 36104705 PMCID: PMC9476565 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective As an important mediator of intercellular interaction and formation of extracellular bone matrix, porous scaffolds are widely used for bone regeneration. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that microRNA are involved in the regulation of scaffolds-induced bone regeneration. Recently, we revealed that miR-210-3p was highly expressed during osteogenesis induced by HAG. In present study, we further explored the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of miR-210-3p on osteogenic differentiation. Materials and methods In this study, miR-210-3p mimics and inhibitors were synthesized and transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells to explore their effects on osteogenic differentiation. The expression of osteogenic marker (Alp and Runx2) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. After osteogenesis induction for 7 days, Alp staining were used to detected osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. CCK8 and Transwell assays were performed to detected cell proliferation and migration. Then, top ranking list of target genes of miR-210-3p obtained from TargetScan and the expression of BDNF were detected by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The relationship between miR-210-3p and BDNF was verified by luciferase report assay. Furthermore, the effect of BDNF on osteoblast differentiation was verified by transfecting siRNA or adding BDNF to the culture medium. Results MiR-210-3p mimics markedly suppress osteogenic differentiation, cell migration and cell proliferation of MC3T3-E; nevertheless, silencing of miR-210-3p dramatically enhanced MC3T3-E1 osteogenesis, cell migration and proliferation. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay verified that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a directly target of miR-210-3p. Moreover, BDNF siRNA significantly decreased the expression levels of ALP and cell migration. The addition of BDNF partially rescued the inhibition of osteogenesis by miR-210-3p. Conclusion miR-210-3p inhibited the osteogenic differentiation via targeting BDNF. Our Results provide a promising target for regulating osteogenic differentiation.
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Loy TL, Vehlow D, Kauschke V, Müller M, Heiss C, Lips KS. Effects of BDNF and PEC Nanoparticles on Osteocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184151. [PMID: 32927875 PMCID: PMC7570603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone substitute materials loaded with mediators that stimulate fracture healing are demanded in the clinical treatment in trauma surgery and orthopedics. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblast. To load the implants with BDNF, a drug delivery system that allows the release of BDNF under spatiotemporal control would improve functionality. Polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PECNP) have been reported as a suitable drug delivery system. The suitability of PECNP in contact with osteocytes as the main cell type of bone is not known so far. Thus, we aimed to verify that BDNF and PECNP loaded with BDNF (PECNP+BDNF) as well as pure PECNP have no negative effects on osteocytes in vitro. Therefore, the murine osteocyte cell line MLO-Y4 was treated with BDNF and PECNP+BDNF. The effects on proliferation were analyzed by the BrdU test (n = 5). The results demonstrated a significant increase in proliferation 24 h after BDNF application, whereas PECNP+BDNF did not lead to significant changes. Thus, we conclude that BDNF is an appropriate mediator to stimulate osteocytes. Since the addition of PECNP did not affect the viability of osteocytes, we conclude that PECNP are a suitable drug delivery system for bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leonhard Loy
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.L.L.); (V.K.); (C.H.)
| | - David Vehlow
- Department Functional Colloidal Materials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (D.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Vivien Kauschke
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.L.L.); (V.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Martin Müller
- Department Functional Colloidal Materials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (D.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Christian Heiss
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.L.L.); (V.K.); (C.H.)
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.L.L.); (V.K.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-99-30580
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Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle are integrated organs and their coupling has been considered mainly a mechanical one in which bone serves as attachment site to muscle while muscle applies load to bone and regulates bone metabolism. However, skeletal muscle can affect bone homeostasis also in a non-mechanical fashion, i.e., through its endocrine activity. Being recognized as an endocrine organ itself, skeletal muscle secretes a panel of cytokines and proteins named myokines, synthesized and secreted by myocytes in response to muscle contraction. Myokines exert an autocrine function in regulating muscle metabolism as well as a paracrine/endocrine regulatory function on distant organs and tissues, such as bone, adipose tissue, brain and liver. Physical activity is the primary physiological stimulus for bone anabolism (and/or catabolism) through the production and secretion of myokines, such as IL-6, irisin, IGF-1, FGF2, beside the direct effect of loading. Importantly, exercise-induced myokine can exert an anti-inflammatory action that is able to counteract not only acute inflammation due to an infection, but also a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation raised as consequence of physical inactivity, aging or metabolic disorders (i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this review article, we will discuss the effects that some of the most studied exercise-induced myokines exert on bone formation and bone resorption, as well as a brief overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of myokines during the onset pathological conditions characterized by the development a systemic low-grade inflammation, such as sarcopenia, obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomarasca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Gdańsk University of Physical Education & Sport, Gdańsk, Pomorskie, Poland.
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High Concentrations of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles Decrease Activity of Osteoclasts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122346. [PMID: 31242715 PMCID: PMC6630339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture treatment in osteoporotic patients is still challenging. Osteoporosis emerges when there is an imbalance between bone formation and resorption in favor of resorption by osteoclasts. Thus, new implant materials for osteoporotic fracture treatment should promote bone formation and reduce bone resorption. Nanoparticles can serve as drug delivery systems for growth factors like Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), which stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PEC-NPs) consisting of poly(l-lysine) (PLL) and cellulose sulfate (CS), with or without addition of BDNF, were used to analyze their effect on osteoclasts in vitro. Live cell images showed that osteoclast numbers decreased after application of high PLL/CS PEC-NPs concentrations independent of whether BDNF was added or not. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that relative mRNA expression of cathepsin K and calcitonin receptor significantly declined after incubation of osteoclasts with high concentrations of PLL/CS PEC-NPs. Furthermore, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay indicated that tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase 5b activity was significantly reduced in the presence of high PLL/CS PEC-NPs concentrations. Consistent with these results, the pit formation analysis showed that less hydroxyapatite was resorbed by osteoclasts after incubation with high concentrations of PLL/CS PEC-NPs. BDNF had no influence on osteoclasts. We conclude that highly concentrated PLL/CS PEC-NPs dosages decreased osteoclastogenesis and osteoclasts activity. Moreover, BDNF might be a promising growth factor for osteoporotic fracture treatment since it did not increase osteoclast activity.
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Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G. Physical Activity and Bone Health: What Is the Role of Immune System? A Narrative Review of the Third Way. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:60. [PMID: 30792697 PMCID: PMC6374307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue can be seen as a physiological hub of several stimuli of different origin (e.g., dietary, endocrine, nervous, immune, skeletal muscle traction, biomechanical load). Their integration, at the bone level, results in: (i) changes in mineral and protein composition and microarchitecture and, consequently, in shape and strength; (ii) modulation of calcium and phosphorous release into the bloodstream, (iii) expression and release of hormones and mediators able to communicate the current bone status to the rest of the body. Different stimuli are able to act on either one or, as usual, more levels. Physical activity is the key stimulus for bone metabolism acting in two ways: through the biomechanical load which resolves into a direct stimulation of the segment(s) involved and through an indirect load mediated by muscle traction onto the bone, which is the main physiological stimulus for bone formation, and the endocrine stimulation which causes homeostatic adaptation. The third way, in which physical activity is able to modify bone functions, passes through the immune system. It is known that immune function is modulated by physical activity; however, two recent insights have shed new light on this modulation. The first relies on the discovery of inflammasomes, receptors/sensors of the innate immunity that regulate caspase-1 activation and are, hence, the tissue triggers of inflammation in response to infections and/or stressors. The second relies on the ability of certain tissues, and particularly skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, to synthesize and secrete mediators (namely, myokines and adipokines) able to affect, profoundly, the immune function. Physical activity is known to act on both these mechanisms and, hence, its effects on bone are also mediated by the immune system activation. Indeed, that immune system and bone are tightly connected and inflammation is pivotal in determining the bone metabolic status is well-known. The aim of this narrative review is to give a complete view of the exercise-dependent immune system-mediated effects on bone metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Lombardi
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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12
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Marcos-Pasero H, Aguilar-Aguilar E, de la Iglesia R, Espinosa-Salinas I, Gómez-Patiño M, Colmenarejo G, de Molina AR, Reglero G, Loria-Kohen V. Association of calcium and dairy product consumption with childhood obesity and the presence of a Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor-Antisense (BDNF-AS) polymorphism. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2616-2622. [PMID: 30501916 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Calcium and dairy products have multiple health benefits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between calcium/dairy intake, blood pressure, the BDNF-AS rs925946 polymorphism and nutritional status in a group of schoolchildren. METHODS As part of the GENYAL study to childhood obesity prevention, 221 children belonging to different areas of the Community of Madrid were enrolled. Anthropometric and dietary data were collected, and children were genotyped according to the rs925946 polymorphism. Adjusted logistic and linear models were used to describe the data. RESULTS A significantly lower consumption of calcium in overweight versus normal weight children was observed (811.0 ± 174.1; 859.0 ± 195.9; 954.0 ± 223.1 mg; for obesity, overweight and normal weight, respectively, p = 0.010). Moreover, an inverse association between blood pressures and calcium intake was detected (β = -0.006 (-0.011, -3e-4)), p = 0.040. The number of dairy servings/day showed a protective effect against overweight (OR = 0.48 (0.29, 0.75), p = 0.001). Finally, common homozygous children (GG) showed an inverse association between the calcium intake and the BMI (β = -0.003 (-0.006, -0.001), p = 0.004), which was not observed in children carrying the T allele (β = -1.3e-4 (-0.0022, 0.0024), p = 0.93). CONCLUSION Calcium and dairy were strongly associated with the nutritional status and blood pressure. The identification of differential effects of calcium/dairy consumption on the nutritional status according to genetics may contribute to the personalization of future nutritional advice. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.govNCT03419520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Marcos-Pasero
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío de la Iglesia
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Espinosa-Salinas
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gómez-Patiño
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM+CSIC, Calle Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- IMDEA-Food. CEI UAM+CSIC, Pabellón Central del Antiguo Hospital de Cantoblanco (Edificio nº 7), Crta. de Cantoblanco nº 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Kauschke V, Gebert A, Calin M, Eckert J, Scheich S, Heiss C, Lips KS. Effects of new beta-type Ti-40Nb implant materials, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, acetylcholine and nicotine on human mesenchymal stem cells of osteoporotic and non osteoporotic donors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193468. [PMID: 29489907 PMCID: PMC5873971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatment of osteoporotic fractures is still challenging and an urgent need
exists for new materials, better adapted to osteoporotic bone by adjusted
Young’s modulus, appropriate surface modification and pharmaceuticals. Materials and methods Titanium-40-niobium alloys, mechanically ground or additionally etched and
titanium-6-aluminium-4-vanadium were analyzed in combination with
brain-derived neurotrophic factor, acetylcholine and nicotine to determine
their effects on human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro over
21 days using lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase assays, live
cell imaging and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results Cell number of human mesenchymal stem cells of osteoporotic donors was
increased after 14 d in presence of ground titanium-40-niobium or
titanium-6-aluminium-4-vanadium, together with brain-derived neurotrophic
factor. Cell number of human mesenchymal stem cells of non osteoporotic
donors increased after 21 d in presence of titanium-6-aluminium-4-vanadium
without pharmaceuticals. No significant increase was measured for ground or
etched titanium-40-niobium after 21 d. Osteoblast differentiation of
osteoporotic donors was significantly higher than in non osteoporotic donors
after 21 d in presence of etched, ground titanium-40-niobium or
titanium-6-aluminium-4-vanadium accompanied by all pharmaceuticals tested.
In presence of all alloys tested brain-derived neurotrophic factor,
acetylcholine and nicotine increased differentiation of cells of
osteoporotic donors and accelerated it in non osteoporotic donors. Conclusion We conclude that ground titanium-40-niobium and brain-derived neurotrophic
factor might be most suitable for subsequent in vivo
testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Kauschke
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annett Gebert
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden,
Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Calin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden,
Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of
Sciences, Leoben, Austria
- Department Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben,
Austria
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
- Department of Trauma Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital
of Giessen-Marburg, Campus: Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
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Camerino C, Conte E, Caloiero R, Fonzino A, Carratù M, Lograno MD, Tricarico D. Evaluation of Short and Long Term Cold Stress Challenge of Nerve Grow Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Osteocalcin and Oxytocin mRNA Expression in BAT, Brain, Bone and Reproductive Tissue of Male Mice Using Real-Time PCR and Linear Correlation Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1101. [PMID: 29375393 PMCID: PMC5768886 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between the Ngf/p75ntr-Ntrk1 and Bdnf, Osteocalcin-Ost/Gprc6a and Oxytocin-Oxt/Oxtr genes, was challenged investigating their mRNA levels in 3 months-old mice after cold-stress (CS). Uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp-1) was used as positive control. Control mice were maintained at room temperature T = 25°C, CS mice were maintained at T = 4°C for 6 h and 5-days (N = 15 mice). RT-PCR experiments showed that Ucp-1 and Ngf genes were up-regulated after 6 h CS in brown adipose tissues (BAT), respectively, by 2 and 1.5-folds; Ucp-1 was upregulated also after 5-days, while Ngfr (p75ntr) and Ntrk1 genes were downregulated after 6 h and 5-days CS in BAT. NGF and P75NTR were upregulated in bone and testis following 5-days, and P75NTR in testis after 6 h CS. Bdnf was instead up-regulated in bone following 5-days CS and down-regulated in testis. OST was upregulated by 16 and 3-fold in bone and BAT, respectively, following 5-days CS. Gprc6a was upregulated after 6 h in brain, while Bglap (Ost) gene was downregulated. Oxt gene was upregulated by 5-fold following 5-days CS in bone. Oxtr was upregulated by 0.5 and 0.3-fold, respectively, following 6 h and 5-days CS in brain. Oxtr and Oxt were downregulated in testis and in BAT. The changes in the expression levels of control genes vs. genes following 6 h and 5-days CS were correlated in all tissues, but not in BAT. Correlation in BAT was improved eliminating Ngfr (p75ntr) data. The correlation in brain was lost eliminating Oxtr data. In sum, Ucp-1 potentiation in BAT after cold stress is associated with early Ngf-response in the same tissue and trophic action in bone and testis. In contrast, BDNF exerts bone and neuroprotective effects. Similarly to Ucp-1, Bglap (Ost) signaling is enhanced in bone and BAT while it may exert local neuroprotective effects thought its receptor. Ngfr (p75ntr) regulates the adaptation to CS through a feed-back loop in BAT. Oxtr regulates the gene-response to CS through a feed-forward loop in brain. Overall these results expand the understanding of the physiology of these molecules under metabolic thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Caloiero
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Carratù
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello D Lograno
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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15
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Colitti M. Distribution of BDNF and TrkB isoforms in growing antler tissues of red deer. Ann Anat 2017; 213:33-46. [PMID: 28602824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antlers are the cranial appendages of deer that regenerate each year. This renewal provides a model to explore molecules involved in mammalian organ regeneration. The cellular distributions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the isoforms of its cognate receptor Trk tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkB) were localized by immunohistochemistry in sections of growing red deer antler. BDNF and TrkB full length were widely expressed in the integument, perichondrium, periosteum and bone. The truncated isoform receptor was particularly evidenced in integument and vascular inner dermis, but very light reaction was observed in cartilage and bone, both at the site of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. These observations were also assessed at transcriptional level by RT-PCR analyses. The highest expression of all genes significantly occurred in chondroprogenitor cells; however the full-length TrkB receptor was down regulated in osteocartilaginous compartments, in which the truncated isoform was up regulated. The truncated isoform is a dominant-negative receptor that inhibits the full length receptor signalling, even if the truncated isoform not only has this function. This study establishes the presence of BDNF and its receptor in the different cellular compartments of growing antler. Their transcripts assessed by RT-PCR indicate a local synthesis of these molecules that may contribute to the modulation of antler growth, acting as autocrine and/or paracrine factors independently of nerve supply. Among the plethora of other molecular signals and growth factors affecting the antler growth, the local production of BDNF and its cognate receptor could be of interest in understanding their role in antler renewal and to delineate the different involvement of the receptor isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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16
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Su YW, Zhou XF, Foster BK, Grills BL, Xu J, Xian CJ. Roles of neurotrophins in skeletal tissue formation and healing. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2133-2145. [PMID: 28370021 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins and their receptors are key molecules that are known to be critical in regulating nervous system development and maintenance and have been recognized to be also involved in regulating tissue formation and healing in skeletal tissues. Studies have shown that neurotrophins and their receptors are widely expressed in skeletal tissues, implicated in chondrogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis, and are also involved in regulating tissue formation and healing events in skeletal tissue. Increased mRNA expression for neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, and their Trk receptors has been observed in injured bone tissues, and NT-3 and its receptor, TrkC, have been identified to have the highest induction at the injury site in a drill-hole injury repair model in both bone and the growth plate. In addition, NT-3 has also recently been shown to be both an osteogenic and angiogenic factor, and this neurotrophin can also enhance expression of the key osteogenic factor, BMP-2, as well as the major angiogenic factor, VEGF, to promote bone formation, vascularization, and healing of the injury site. Further studies, however, are needed to investigate if different neurotrophins have differential roles in skeletal repair, and if NT-3 can be a potential target of intervention for promoting bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Su
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce K Foster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Yamada Y, Yoshikawa H, Seo K. Locally Produced BDNF Promotes Sclerotic Change in Alveolar Bone after Nerve Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169201. [PMID: 28072837 PMCID: PMC5224970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is released due to nerve injury, is known to promote the natural healing of injured nerves. It is often observed that damage of mandibular canal induces local sclerotic changes in alveolar bone. We reported that peripheral nerve injury promotes the local production of BDNF; therefore, it was possible to hypothesize that peripheral nerve injury affects sclerotic changes in the alveolar bone. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BDNF on osteogenesis using in vitro osteoblast-lineage cell culture and an in vivo rat osteotomy model. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with BDNF and were examined for cell proliferative activity, chemotaxis and mRNA expression levels of osteoblast differentiation markers. For in vivo study, inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury experiments and mandibular cortical osteotomy were performed using a rat model. In the osteotomy model, exogenous BDNF was applied to bone surfaces after corticotomy of the mandible, and we morphologically analyzed the new bone formation. As a result, mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation marker, osteocalcin, was significantly increased by BDNF, although cell proliferation and migration were not affected. In the in vivo study, osteopontin-positive new bone formation was significantly accelerated in the BDNF-grafted groups, and active bone remodeling, involving trkB-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes, continued after 28 days. In conclusion, BDNF stimulated the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and it promoted new bone formation and maturation. These results suggested that local BDNF produced by peripheral nerve injury contributes to accelerating sclerotic changes in the alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamada
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Lombardi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Implications of exercise-induced adipo-myokines in bone metabolism. Endocrine 2016; 54:284-305. [PMID: 26718191 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has been recognized, by the World Health Organization as the fourth cause of death (5.5 % worldwide). On the contrary, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved quality of life and decreased risk of several diseases (i.e., stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, malignancies). Bone turnover is profoundly affected from PA both directly (load degree is the key determinant for BMD) and indirectly through the activation of several endocrine axes. Several molecules, secreted by muscle (myokines) and adipose tissues (adipokines) in response to exercise, are involved in the fine regulation of bone metabolism in response to the energy availability. Furthermore, bone regulates energy metabolism by communicating its energetic needs thanks to osteocalcin which acts on pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. The beneficial effects of exercise on bone metabolism depends on the intermittent exposure to myokines (i.e., irisin, IL-6, LIF, IGF-I) which, instead, act as inflammatory/pro-resorptive mediators when chronically elevated; on the other hand, the reduction in the circulating levels of adipokines (i.e., leptin, visfatin, adiponectin, resistin) sustains these effects as well as improves the whole-body metabolic status. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest findings about the exercise-dependent regulation of these molecules and their role in the fine regulation of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Camerino C, Conte E, Cannone M, Caloiero R, Fonzino A, Tricarico D. Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Osteocalcin Gene Relationship in Energy Regulation, Bone Homeostasis and Reproductive Organs Analyzed by mRNA Quantitative Evaluation and Linear Correlation Analysis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:456. [PMID: 27790153 PMCID: PMC5061807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)/Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and osteocalcin share common effects regulating energy, bone mass, reproduction and neuronal functions. To investigate on the gene-relationship between NGF, BDNF, and Osteocalcin we compared by RT-PCR the transcript levels of Ngf, Bdnf and Osteocalcin as well as of their receptors p75NTR/NTRK1, NTRK2, and Gprc6a in brain, bone, white/brown adipose tissue (WAT/BAT) and reproductive organs of 3 months old female and male mice. Brain and bone were used as positive controls for NGF/BDNF and Osteocalcin respectively. The role of oxitocin(Oxt) and its receptor(Oxtr) was also investigated. Ngf expression shows an opposite trend compared to Bdnf. Ngf /p75NTR expression is 50% higher in BAT than brain, in both genders, but lower in bone. In contrast, Bdnf expression in bone is higher than in brain, but low in BAT/WAT. We found Osteocalcin gene expressed in brain in both genders, but Gprc6a expression is low in brain and BAT/WAT. As expected, Gprc6a gene is expressed in bone. Oxt gene was markedly expressed in brain, Oxtr in the ovaries and in fat and bone in both genders. Ngf is highly expressed in reproductive tissues and p75NTR mRNA levels are respectively 300, 100, and 50% higher in testis/ovaries/uterus than in brain. In contrast, BDNF genes are not expressed in reproductive tissues. As expected, Gprc6a is expressed in testis but not in the ovaries/uterus. A significant correlation was found between the expression levels of the gene ligands and their receptors in brain, BAT and testis suggesting a common pathway of different genes in these tissues in either male and female. Changes in the expression levels of osteocalcin, Ngf, or Bdnf genes may mutually affect the expression levels of the others. Moreover, it may be possible that different ligands may operate through different receptor subtypes. Oxt and Oxtr failed to show significant correlation. The up-regulation of Ngf /p75NTR in BAT is consistent with NGF as an energy regulator and with BDNF regulating bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of BariBari, Italy; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Cannone
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Caloiero
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
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Guo Y, Dong SS, Chen XF, Jing YA, Yang M, Yan H, Shen H, Chen XD, Tan LJ, Tian Q, Deng HW, Yang TL. Integrating Epigenomic Elements and GWASs Identifies BDNF Gene Affecting Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30558. [PMID: 27465306 PMCID: PMC4964617 DOI: 10.1038/srep30558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify susceptibility genes for osteoporosis, we conducted an integrative analysis that combined epigenomic elements and previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) data, followed by validation at population and functional levels, which could identify common regulatory elements and predict new susceptibility genes that are biologically meaningful to osteoporosis. By this approach, we found a set of distinct epigenomic elements significantly enriched or depleted in the promoters of osteoporosis-associated genes, including 4 transcription factor binding sites, 27 histone marks, and 21 chromatin states segmentation types. Using these epigenomic marks, we performed reverse prediction analysis to prioritize the discovery of new candidate genes. Functional enrichment analysis of all the prioritized genes revealed several key osteoporosis related pathways, including Wnt signaling. Genes with high priority were further subjected to validation using available GWASs datasets. Three genes were significantly associated with spine bone mineral density, including BDNF, PDE4D, and SATB2, which all closely related to bone metabolism. The most significant gene BDNF was also associated with osteoporotic fractures. RNA interference revealed that BDNF knockdown can suppress osteoblast differentiation. Our results demonstrated that epigenomic data could be used to indicate common epigenomic marks to discover additional loci with biological functions for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Aisha Jing
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Man Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shen
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiang-Ding Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Qing Tian
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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21
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Hong SH, Tilan JU, Galli S, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Polk T, Horton M, Mahajan A, Christian D, Jenkins S, Acree R, Connors K, Ledo P, Lu C, Lee YC, Rodriguez O, Toretsky JA, Albanese C, Kitlinska J. High neuropeptide Y release associates with Ewing sarcoma bone dissemination - in vivo model of site-specific metastases. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7151-65. [PMID: 25714031 PMCID: PMC4466675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) develops in bones or soft tissues of children and adolescents. The presence of bone metastases is one of the most adverse prognostic factors, yet the mechanisms governing their formation remain unclear. As a transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1, the fusion protein driving ES transformation, neuropeptide Y (NPY) is highly expressed and released from ES tumors. Hypoxia up-regulates NPY and activates its pro-metastatic functions. To test the impact of NPY on ES metastatic pattern, ES cell lines, SK-ES1 and TC71, with high and low peptide release, respectively, were used in an orthotopic xenograft model. ES cells were injected into gastrocnemius muscles of SCID/beige mice, the primary tumors excised, and mice monitored for the presence of metastases. SK-ES1 xenografts resulted in thoracic extra-osseous metastases (67%) and dissemination to bone (50%) and brain (25%), while TC71 tumors metastasized to the lungs (70%). Bone dissemination in SK-ES1 xenografts associated with increased NPY expression in bone metastases and its accumulation in bone invasion areas. The genetic silencing of NPY in SK-ES1 cells reduced bone degradation. Our study supports the role for NPY in ES bone invasion and provides new models for identifying pathways driving ES metastases to specific niches and testing anti-metastatic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyeok Hong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jason U Tilan
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Susana Galli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Taylor Polk
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Meredith Horton
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - David Christian
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Shari Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rachel Acree
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Katherine Connors
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Phuong Ledo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Congyi Lu
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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22
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Wee NKY, Kulkarni RN, Horsnell H, Baldock PA. The brain in bone and fuel metabolism. Bone 2016; 82:56-63. [PMID: 26545334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis have become major public health challenges worldwide. The brain is well established as a pivotal regulator of energy homeostasis, appetite and fuel metabolism. However, there is now clear evidence for regulation between the brain and bone. Similarly, evidence also indicates that the involvement of the brain in bone and adipose regulation is both related and interdependent. The hypothalamus, with its semi-permeable blood brain barrier, is one of the most powerful regulatory regions within the body, integrating and relaying signals not only from peripheral tissues but also from within the brain itself. Two main neuronal populations within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus regulate energy homeostasis: The orexigenic, appetite-stimulating neurons that co-express neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide and the anorexigenic, appetite-suppressing neurons that co-express proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine related transcript. From within the arcuate, these four neuropeptides encompass some of the most powerful control of energy homeostasis in the entire body. Moreover, they also regulate skeletal homeostasis, identifying a co-ordination network linking the processes of bone and energy homeostasis. Excitingly, the number of central neuropeptides and neural factors known to regulate bone and energy homeostasis continues to grow, with cannabinoid receptors and semaphorins also involved in bone homeostasis. These neuronal pathways represent a growing area of research that is identifying novel regulatory axes between the brain and the bone, and links with other homeostatic networks; thereby revealing a far more complex, and interdependent bone biology than previously envisioned. This review examines the current understanding of the central regulation of bone and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Y Wee
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rishikesh N Kulkarni
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Harry Horsnell
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath University, Bath, UK
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Kashiwai K, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Takata T, Kitagawa M, Fujita T, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Distinction Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Signals Regulated by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells and Gingival Epithelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1543-55. [PMID: 26581032 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances periodontal tissue regeneration by inducing periodontal ligament cell proliferation in vivo. In addition, the down growth of gingival epithelial cells, which comprises a major obstacle to the regeneration, was not observed. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of BDNF on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells and human gingival epithelial cells (OBA9 cells) and to explore the molecular mechanism in vitro. HPL cells dominantly expressed a BDNF receptor, TrkB, and BDNF increased cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation. However, its proliferative effect was diminished by a MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and TrkB siRNA transfection. Otherwise, OBA9 cells showed a higher expression level of p75, which is a pan-neurotrophin receptor, than that of HPL cells. BDNF facilitated not cell proliferation but cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation in OBA9 cells. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and p75 siRNA transfection attenuated the BDNF-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, OBA9 cells pretreated with SP600125 or p75 siRNA showed cell proliferation by BDNF stimulation, though it was reduced by U0126 and TrkB siRNA. Interestingly, overexpression of p75 in HPL cells upregulated cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation by BDNF treatment. These results indicated that TrkB-ERK signaling regulates BDNF-induced cell proliferation, whereas p75-JNK signaling plays roles in cell apoptotic and cytostatic effect of BDNF. Overall, BDNF activates periodontal ligament cells proliferation and inhibits the gingival epithelial cells growth via the distinct pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1543-1555, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kashiwai
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masae Kitagawa
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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24
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The Trk family of neurotrophin receptors is downregulated in the lumbar spines of rats with congenital kyphoscoliosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:11-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:373765. [PMID: 25587209 PMCID: PMC4283396 DOI: 10.1155/2014/373765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophic factor family. Outside the nervous system, BDNF has been shown to be expressed in various nonneural tissues, such as periodontal ligament, dental pulp, and odontoblasts. Although a role for BDNF in periodontal regeneration has been suggested, a function for BDNF in periodontal disease has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the BDNF levels in periodontal tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and periodontally healthy controls (HC). All subjects were genotyped for the rs4923463 and rs6265 BDNF polymorphisms. Periodontal tissues were collected for ELISA, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and microscopic analysis from 28 CP patients and 29 HC subjects. BDNF levels were increased in CP patients compared to HC subjects. A negative correlation was observed when analyzing concentration of BDNF and IL-10 in inflamed periodontium. No differences in frequencies of BDNF genotypes between CP and HC subjects were observed. However, BDNF genotype GG was associated with increased levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and CXCL10 in CP patients. In conclusion, BDNF seems to be associated with periodontal disease process, but the specific role of BDNF still needs to be clarified.
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26
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Tilan JU, Krailo M, Barkauskas DA, Galli S, Mtaweh H, Long J, Wang H, Hawkins K, Lu C, Jeha D, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Lawlor ER, Toretsky JA, Kitlinska JB. Systemic levels of neuropeptide Y and dipeptidyl peptidase activity in patients with Ewing sarcoma--associations with tumor phenotype and survival. Cancer 2014; 121:697-707. [PMID: 25387699 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma (ES) is driven by fusion of the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 gene (EWSR1) with an E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factor (EWS-ETS), most often the Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an EWS-FLI1 transcriptional target; it is highly expressed in ES and exerts opposing effects, ranging from ES cell death to angiogenesis and cancer stem cell propagation. The functions of NPY are regulated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), a hypoxia-inducible enzyme that cleaves the peptide and activates its growth-promoting actions. The objective of this study was to determine the clinically relevant functions of NPY by identifying the associations between patients' ES phenotype and their NPY concentrations and DPP activity. METHODS NPY concentrations and DPP activity were measured in serum samples from 223 patients with localized ES and 9 patients with metastatic ES provided by the Children's Oncology Group. RESULTS Serum NPY levels were elevated in ES patients compared with the levels in a healthy control group and an osteosarcoma patient population, and the elevated levels were independent of EWS-ETS translocation type. Significantly higher NPY concentrations were detected in patients with ES who had tumors of pelvic and bone origin. A similar trend was observed in patients with metastatic ES. There was no effect of NPY on survival in patients with localized ES. DPP activity in sera from patients with ES did not differ significantly from that in healthy controls and patients with osteosarcoma. However, high DPP levels were associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Systemic NPY levels are elevated in patients with ES, and these high levels are associated with unfavorable disease features. DPPIV in serum samples from patients with ES is derived from nontumor sources, and its high activity is correlated with improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason U Tilan
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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27
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Matsuda S, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Kashiwai K, Takeda K, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:444-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - T. Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - M. Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - K. Kashiwai
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - K. Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - H. Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - H. Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine; Division of Applied Life Sciences; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
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28
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BDNF and its TrkB receptor in human fracture healing. Ann Anat 2014; 196:286-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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BDNF mimetic compound LM22A-4 regulates cementoblast differentiation via the TrkB–ERK/Akt signaling cascade. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Jimbo R, Tovar N, Janal MN, Mousa R, Marin C, Yoo D, Teixeira HS, Anchieta RB, Bonfante EA, Konishi A, Takeda K, Kurihara H, Coelho PG. The effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on periodontal furcation defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84845. [PMID: 24454754 PMCID: PMC3891769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to observe the regenerative effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a non-human primate furcation defect model. Class II furcation defects were created in the first and second molars of 8 non-human primates to simulate a clinical situation. The defect was filled with either, Group A: BDNF (500 µg/ml) in high-molecular weight-hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA), Group B: BDNF (50 µg/ml) in HMW-HA, Group C: HMW-HA acid only, Group D: empty defect, or Group E: BDNF (500 µg/ml) in saline. The healing status for all groups was observed at different time-points with micro computed tomography. The animals were euthanized after 11 weeks, and the tooth-bone specimens were subjected to histologic processing. The results showed that all groups seemed to successfully regenerate the alveolar buccal bone, however, only Group A regenerated the entire periodontal tissue, i.e., alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament. It is suggested that the use of BDNF in combination with a scaffold such as the hyaluronic acid in periodontal furcation defects may be an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Jimbo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nick Tovar
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Ramy Mousa
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles Marin
- Department of Dentistry, UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Prosthodontics, Integrated Center for Research, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hellen S. Teixeira
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo B. Anchieta
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Estevam A. Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics, Integrated Center for Research, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akihiro Konishi
- Department of Dentistry, UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Prosthodontics, Integrated Center for Research, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
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31
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Involvement of BDNF in knee osteoarthritis: the relationship with inflammation and clinical parameters. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34:1153-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Deng FY, Tan LJ, Shen H, Liu YJ, Liu YZ, Li J, Zhu XZ, Chen XD, Tian Q, Zhao M, Deng HW. SNP rs6265 regulates protein phosphorylation and osteoblast differentiation and influences BMD in humans. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:2498-507. [PMID: 23712400 PMCID: PMC4127979 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a major index for diagnosing osteoporosis. PhosSNPs are nonsynonymous SNPs that affect protein phosphorylation. The relevance and significance of phosSNPs to BMD and osteoporosis is unknown. This study aimed to identify and characterize phosSNPs significant for BMD in humans. We conducted a pilot genomewide phosSNP association study for BMD in three independent population samples, involving ∼5000 unrelated individuals. We identified and replicated three phosSNPs associated with both spine BMD and hip BMD in Caucasians. Association with hip BMD for one of these phosSNPs, ie, rs6265 (major/minor allele: G/A) in BDNF gene, was also suggested in Chinese. Consistently in both ethnicities, individuals carrying the AA genotype have significantly lower hip BMD than carriers of the GA and GG genotypes. Through in vitro molecular and cellular studies, we found that compared to osteoblastic cells transfected with wild-type BDNF-Val66 (encoded with allele G at rs6265), transfection of variant BDNF-Met66 (encoded with allele A at rs6265) significantly decreased BDNF protein phosphorylation (at amino acid residue T62), expression of osteoblastic genes (OPN, BMP2, and ALP), and osteoblastic activity. The findings are consistent with and explain our prior observations in general human populations. We conclude that phosSNP rs6265, by regulating BDNF protein phosphorylation and osteoblast differentiation, influences hip BMD in humans. This study represents our first endeavor to dissect the functions of phosSNPs in bone, which might stimulate extended large-scale studies on bone or similar studies on other human complex traits and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yan Deng
- Center of Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Li-Jun Tan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yao-Zhong Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xue-Zhen Zhu
- Center for Systematic Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ding Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
- Center for Systematic Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-enhanced cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in human chondrosarcoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15459-78. [PMID: 23892595 PMCID: PMC3759868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the primary malignancy of bone that is characterized by a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis, and is therefore associated with poor prognoses. Chondrosarcoma further shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small molecule in the neurotrophin family of growth factors that is associated with the disease status and outcome of cancers. However, the effect of BDNF on cell motility in human chondrosarcoma cells is mostly unknown. Here, we found that human chondrosarcoma cell lines had significantly higher cell motility and BDNF expression compared to normal chondrocytes. We also found that BDNF increased cell motility and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human chondrosarcoma cells. BDNF-mediated cell motility and MMP-1 up-regulation were attenuated by Trk inhibitor (K252a), ASK1 inhibitor (thioredoxin), JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Furthermore, BDNF also promoted Sp1 activation. Our results indicate that BDNF enhances the migration and invasion activity of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing MMP-1 expression through a signal transduction pathway that involves the TrkB receptor, ASK1, JNK/p38, and Sp1. BDNF thus represents a promising new target for treating chondrosarcoma metastasis.
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Lin CY, Chen HJ, Li TM, Fong YC, Liu SC, Chen PC, Tang CH. β5 integrin up-regulation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes cell motility in human chondrosarcoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67990. [PMID: 23874483 PMCID: PMC3706611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a primary malignant bone cancer, with a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis; it has a poor prognosis and shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small-molecule protein from the neurotrophin family of growth factors that is associated with the disease status and outcomes of cancers. However, the effect of BDNF on migration activity in human chondrosarcoma cells is mostly unknown. Here, we found that human chondrosarcoma tissues showed significant expression of BDNF, which was higher than that in normal cartilage and primary chondrocytes. We also found that BDNF increased the migration and expression of β5 integrin in human chondrosarcoma cells. In addition, knockdown of BDNF expression markedly inhibited migratory activity. BDNF-mediated migration and β5 integrin up-regulation were attenuated by antibody, inhibitor, or siRNA against the TrkB receptor. Pretreatment of chondrosarcoma cells with PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB inhibitors or mutants also abolished BDNF-promoted migration and integrin expression. The PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathway was activated after BDNF treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that BDNF enhances the migration of chondrosarcoma by increasing β5 integrin expression through a signal transduction pathway that involves the TrkB receptor, PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB. BDNF thus represents a promising new target for treating chondrosarcoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jye Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hutchison MR. Mice with a conditional deletion of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB are dwarfed, and are similar to mice with a MAPK14 deletion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66206. [PMID: 23776632 PMCID: PMC3679073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long bone growth results from ordered chondrocyte development within the cartilagenous growth plate. Chondrocytes are recruited from a resting pool to proliferate along the long axis of the bone, until various signals trigger differentiation and hypertrophy. We have shown previously that the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is expressed in growth plate chondrocytes, where the tyrosine kinase receptor regulates the pace of hypertrophic differentiation by modulating the activities of ERK and p38 MAP kinases. To investigate the physiological relevance of TrkB to bone growth in vivo, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of the receptor, and compared them to mice targeted for MAPK14, the gene for p38α. The TrkB mutant and p38α mutant mice showed a similar degree of dwarfism and delayed hypertrophic differentiation. To extend these findings, we showed that both the TrkB and p38α mutant mice have altered expression of Runx2 and Sox9, two key transcription factors required for skeletogenesis. The data provides in vivo evidence for the role of TrkB in bone growth, supports the role of p38 downstream of TrkB, and suggests that Runx2 and Sox9 expression is regulated by this pathway at the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Hutchison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
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Camerino C, Zayzafoon M, Rymaszewski M, Heiny J, Rios M, Hauschka PV. Central depletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice results in high bone mass and metabolic phenotype. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5394-405. [PMID: 23011922 PMCID: PMC3685798 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays important roles in neuronal differentiation/survival, the regulation of food intake, and the pathobiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BDNF and its receptor are expressed in osteoblasts and chondrocyte. BDNF in vitro has a positive effect on bone; whether central BDNF affects bone mass in vivo is not known. We therefore examined bone mass and energy use in brain-targeted BDNF conditional knockout mice (Bdnf(2lox/2lox)/93). The deletion of BDNF in the brain led to a metabolic phenotype characterized by hyperphagia, obesity, and increased abdominal white adipose tissue. Central BDNF deletion produces a marked skeletal phenotype characterized by increased femur length, elevated whole bone mineral density, and bone mineral content. The skeletal changes are developmentally regulated and appear concurrently with the metabolic phenotype, suggesting that the metabolic and skeletal actions of BDNF are linked. The increased bone development is evident in both the cortical and trabecular regions. Compared with control, Bdnf(2lox/2lox)/93 mice show greater trabecular bone volume (+50% for distal femur, P < 0.001; +35% for vertebral body, P < 0.001) and midfemoral cortical thickness (+11 to 17%, P < 0.05), measured at 3 and 6 months of age. The skeletal and metabolic phenotypes were gender dependent, with female being more affected than male mice. However, uncoupling protein-1 expression in brown fat, a marker of sympathetic tone, was not different between genotypes. We show that deletion of central BDNF expression in mice results in increased bone mass and white adipose tissue, with no significant changes in sympathetic signaling or peripheral serotonin, associated with hyperphagia, obesity, and leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Camerino
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Matsuda S, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Takeda K, Shiba H, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces migration of endothelial cells through a TrkB-ERK-integrin αVβ3-FAK cascade. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2123-9. [PMID: 21769870 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the regeneration of periodontal tissue. Since angiogenesis is important for tissue regeneration, investigating effect of BDNF on endothelial cell function may help to reveal its mechanism, whereby, BDNF promotes periodontal tissue regeneration. In this study, we examined the influence of BDNF on migration in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs), focusing on the effects on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), integrin α(V)β(3), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The migration of endothelial cells was assessed with a modified Boyden chamber and a wound healing assay. The expression of integrin α(V)β(3) and the phosphorylation of ERK and FAK were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. BDNF (25 ng/ml) induced cell migration. PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, K252a, a specific inhibitor for TrkB, a high affinity receptor of BDNF, and an anti-integrin α(V)β(3) antibody suppressed the BDNF-induced migration. BDNF increased the levels of integrin α(V)β(3) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and FAK. The ERK inhibitor and TrkB inhibitor also reduced levels of integrin α(V)β(3) and phosphorylated FAK. We propose that BDNF stimulates endothelial cell migration by a process involving TrkB/ERK/integrin α(V)β(3)/FAK, and this may help to enhance the regeneration of periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Murakami T, Fukunaga T, Takeshita N, Hiratsuka K, Abiko Y, Yamashiro T, Takano-Yamamoto T. Expression of Ten-m/Odz3 in the fibrous layer of mandibular condylar cartilage during postnatal growth in mice. J Anat 2010; 217:236-44. [PMID: 20636325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been speculated that the mandibular condyle develops via the differentiation of the fibroblast-like cells covering the condyle into chondrocytes; however, the developmental mechanisms behind this process have not been revealed. We used laser-capture microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis to elucidate the genes that are highly expressed in these fibroblast-like cells. Among these genes, the transcription of Ten-m/Odz3 was significantly increased in the fibroblast-like cells compared with other cartilage tissues. For the first time, we describe the temporal and spatial expression of Ten-m/Odz3 mRNA in relation to the expression of type I, II, and X collagen mRNA, as determined by in-situ hybridization in mouse mandibular condylar cartilage and mouse femoral cartilage during the early stages of development. Ten-m/Odz3 was expressed in the fibrous layer and the proliferating and mature chondrocyte layers, which expressed type I and II collagen, respectively, but was not detected in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer. Furthermore, we evaluated the in-vitro expression of Ten-m/Odz3 using ATDC5 cells, a mouse chondrogenic cell line. Ten-m/Odz3 was expressed during the early stage of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. These findings suggest that Ten-m/Odz3 is involved in the differentiation of chondrocytes and that it acts as a regulatory factor in the early stages of the development of mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Kajiya M, Shiba H, Fujita T, Takeda K, Uchida Y, Kawaguchi H, Kitagawa M, Takata T, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects cementoblasts from serum starvation-induced cell death. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:696-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Decreased BDNF levels are a major contributor to the embryonic phenotype of huntingtin knockdown zebrafish. J Neurosci 2009; 29:1343-9. [PMID: 19193881 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6039-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative condition caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion that is translated into an abnormally long polyglutamine tract in the protein huntingtin. Genetic and transgenic studies suggest that the mutation causes disease predominantly via gain-of-function mechanisms. However, loss of normal huntingtin function resulting from the polyglutamine expansion might also contribute to the pathogenesis of HD. Here, we have studied the effects of huntingtin knockdown in zebrafish using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, as its huntingtin orthologue has 70% amino acid identity with the human protein. Reduced huntingtin levels did not impact on gastrulation and early development, but caused massive apoptosis of neuronal cells by 24 hpf. This was accompanied by impaired neuronal development, resulting in small eyes and heads and enlargement of brain ventricles. Older huntingtin knockdown fish developed lower jaw abnormalities with most branchial arches missing. Molecular analysis revealed that BDNF expression was reduced by approximately 50%. Reduction of BDNF levels by injection of a BDNF morpholino resulted in phenotypes very similar to those seen in huntingtin knockdown zebrafish. The phenotypes of both huntingtin- and BDNF-knockdown zebrafish showed significant rescue when treated with exogenous BDNF protein. This underscores the physiological importance of huntingtin as a regulator of BDNF production and suggests that loss of BDNF is a major cause of the developmental abnormalities seen with huntingtin knockdown in zebrafish. Increasing BDNF expression may represent a useful strategy for Huntington's disease treatment.
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Expression and regulation of neurotrophins in the nondegenerate and degenerate human intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R99. [PMID: 18727839 PMCID: PMC2575613 DOI: 10.1186/ar2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been identified in the human intervertebral disc (IVD) and have been implicated in the mechanisms associated with nerve ingrowth and nociception in degeneration of the IVD. The aim of the current study was to investigate an association between neurotrophin expression in the IVD and the severity of disc degeneration, including the effect of disc-related proinflammatory cytokines on neurotrophin and neuropeptide expression in cells derived from the human IVD. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the expression of NGF, BDNF and their high-affinity receptors Trk-A and Trk-B in human IVD samples, divided into three categories: non-degenerate, moderate degeneration and severe degeneration. In order to study the effect of disc-related cytokines on neurotrophin/neuropeptide gene expression, nucleus pulposus cells derived from non-degenerate and degenerate IVD samples were seeded in alginate and were stimulated with either IL-1β or TNFα for 48 hours. RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesised and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of NGF, BDNF and substance P. Results Immunohistochemistry showed expression of NGF and BDNF in the native chondrocyte-like cells in all regions of the IVD and in all grades of degeneration. Interestingly only BDNF significantly increased with the severity of degeneration (P < 0.05). Similar expression was observed for Trk-A and Trk-B, although no association with disease severity was demonstrated. In cultured human nucleus pulposus cells, stimulation with IL-1β led to significant increases in NGF and BDNF gene expression (P < 0.05). Treatment with TNFα was associated with an upregulation of substance P expression only. Conclusion Our findings show that both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells of the IVD express the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF, factors that may influence and enhance innervation and pain in the degenerate IVD. Expression of Trk-A and Trk-B by cells of the nondegenerate and degenerate IVD suggests an autocrine role for neurotrophins in regulation of disc cell biology. Furthermore, modulation of neurotrophin expression by IL-1β and modulation of substance P expression by TNFα, coupled with their increased expression in the degenerate IVD, highlights novel roles for these cytokines in regulating nerve ingrowth in the degenerate IVD and associated back pain.
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Kajiya M, Shiba H, Fujita T, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Mizuno N, Kawaguchi H, Kitagawa M, Takata T, Tsuji K, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates bone/cementum-related protein gene expression in cementoblasts. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16259-67. [PMID: 18390540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800668200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), recognized as essential in the developing nervous system, is involved in differentiation and proliferation in non-neuronal cells, such as endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament cells. We have focused on the application of BDNF to the regeneration of periodontal tissue and indicated that BDNF promotes the regeneration of experimentally created periodontal defects. Cementoblasts form cementum, mineralized tissue, which is key to establishing a functional periodontium. The application of BDNF to the regeneration of periodontal tissue requires elucidation of the mechanism by which BDNF regulates the functions of cementoblasts. In this study, we examined how BDNF regulates the mRNA expression of bone/cementum-related proteins (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)) in cultures of immortalized human cementoblast-like (HCEM) cells. BDNF elevated the mRNA levels of ALP, OPN, and BMP-2 in HCEM cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TRKB, a high affinity receptor of BDNF, siRNA for ELK-1, which is a downstream target of ERK1/2, and PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, obviated the increase in the mRNA levels. BDNF increased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Elk-1, and the blocking of BDNF signaling by treatment with siRNA for TRKB and PD98059 suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1. Furthermore, BDNF increased the levels of phosphorylated c-Raf, which activates the ERK signaling pathway. These findings provide the first evidence that the TrkB-c-Raf-ERK1/2-Elk-1 signaling pathway is required for the BDNF-induced mRNA expression of ALP, OPN, and BMP-2 in HCEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 34-8553, Japan
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Foster BL, Popowics TE, Fong HK, Somerman MJ. Advances in defining regulators of cementum development and periodontal regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007; 78:47-126. [PMID: 17338915 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)78003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial advancements have been made in defining the cells and molecular signals that guide tooth crown morphogenesis and development. As a result, very encouraging progress has been made in regenerating crown tissues by using dental stem cells and recombining epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of specific developmental ages. To date, attempts to regenerate a complete tooth, including the critical periodontal tissues of the tooth root, have not been successful. This may be in part due to a lesser degree of understanding of the events leading to the initiation and development of root and periodontal tissues. Controversies still exist regarding the formation of periodontal tissues, including the origins and contributions of cells, the cues that direct root development, and the potential of these factors to direct regeneration of periodontal tissues when they are lost to disease. In recent years, great strides have been made in beginning to identify and characterize factors contributing to formation of the root and surrounding tissues, that is, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This review focuses on the most exciting and important developments over the last 5 years toward defining the regulators of tooth root and periodontal tissue development, with special focus on cementogenesis and the potential for applying this knowledge toward developing regenerative therapies. Cells, genes, and proteins regulating root development are reviewed in a question-answer format in order to highlight areas of progress as well as areas of remaining uncertainty that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Foster
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Takeda K, Shiba H, Mizuno N, Hasegawa N, Mouri Y, Hirachi A, Yoshino H, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances periodontal tissue regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1618-29. [PMID: 16259615 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To address whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could be involved in periodontal tissue regeneration, we examined the effects of BDNF on proliferation and the expression of bone (cementum)- related proteins (osteopontin, bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]-2, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase [ALPase], and osteocalcin) in cultures of human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells, which are thought to be prerequisite for periodontal tissue regeneration, and on proliferation and angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, we examined the effect of BDNF on the regeneration of periodontal tissues in experimentally induced periodontal defects in dogs. BDNF elevated the expression of ALPase and osteocalcin mRNAs and increased the synthesis of osteopontin, BMP-2, and type I collagen DNA in HPL cells. BDNF stimulated mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-B and tenascin-X, and proliferation and angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. In vivo studies showed that BDNF stimulated the formation of new alveolar bone cementum and connective new fibers, which were inserted into the newly formed cementum and bone. BDNF also stimulated blood capillary formation. These findings suggest that the regulation of functioning of periodontal ligament cells and endothelial cells by BDNF results in the promotion of periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nakamura H, Kato R, Hirata A, Inoue M, Yamamoto T. Localization of CD44 (hyaluronan receptor) and hyaluronan in rat mandibular condyle. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:113-20. [PMID: 15637344 DOI: 10.1177/002215540505300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that binds to hyaluronan (HA), type I collagen, and fibronectin. We investigated localization of CD44 and HA in mandibular condylar cartilage compared with the growth plate and the articular cartilage, to clarify the characteristics of chondrocytes. We also performed Western blotting using a lysate of mandibular condyle. In mandibular condyle, CD44-positive cells were seen in the surface region of the fibrous cell layer and in the proliferative cell layer. Western blotting revealed that the molecular weight of CD44 in condyle was 78 to 86 kD. Intense reactivity for HA was detected on the surface of the condyle and the lacunae of the hypertrophic cell layer. Moderate labeling was seen in cartilage matrix of the proliferative and maturative layer. Weak labeling was also seen in the fibrous cell layer. In growth plate and articular cartilage, HA was detected in all cell layers. However, chondrocytes of these cartilages did not exhibit reactivity for CD44. These results suggest that chondrocytes in the mandibular condylar cartilage differ in expression of CD44 from those in tibial growth plate and articular cartilage. Cell-matrix interaction between CD44 and HA may play an important role in the proliferation of chondrocytes in the mandibular condyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nakamura
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Hirooka-Gohara, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan.
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Fukunaga T, Yamashiro T, Oya S, Takeshita N, Takigawa M, Takano-Yamamoto T. Connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression pattern in cartilages is associated with their type I collagen expression. Bone 2003; 33:911-8. [PMID: 14678850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2003.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been identified as a secretory protein encoded by an immediate early gene and is a member of the CCN family. In vitro CTGF directly regulates the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes; however, a previous study showed that it was localized only in the hypertrophic chondrocytes in the costal cartilages of E 18 mouse embryos. We described the expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in chondrocytes of different types of cartilages, including femoral growth plate cartilage, costal cartilage, femoral articular cartilage, mandibular condylar cartilage, and cartilage formed during the healing of mandibular ramus fractures revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. To characterize the CTGF-expressing cells, we also analyzed the distribution of the type I, type II, and type X collagen mRNA expression. Among these different types of cartilages we found distinct patterns of CTGF mRNA and protein expression. Growth plate cartilage and the costal cartilage showed localization of CTGF mRNA and protein in the hypertrophic chondrocytes that expressed type X collagen mRNA with less expression in proliferating chondrocytes that expressed type II collagen mRNA, whereas it was also expressed in the proliferating chondrocytes that expressed type I collagen mRNA in the condylar cartilage, the articular cartilage, and the cartilage appearing during fracture healing. In contrast, the growth plate cartilages or the costal cartilages were negative for type I collagen and showed sparse expression of CTGF mRNA in the proliferating chondrocytes. We found for the first time that CTGF mRNA could be differentially expressed in five different types of cartilage associated with those expressing type I collagen. Moreover, the spatial distribution of CTGF mRNA in the cartilages with type I collagen mRNA suggested its roles in the early differentiation, as well as in the proliferation and the terminal differentiation, of those cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Whitfield JF, Morley P, Willick GE. Bone growth stimulators. New tools for treating bone loss and mending fractures. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2003; 65:1-80. [PMID: 12481542 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(02)65059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the new millennium, humans will be traveling to Mars and eventually beyond with skeletons that respond to microgravity by self-destructing. Meanwhile in Earth's aging populations growing numbers of men and many more women are suffering from crippling bone loss. During the first decade after menopause all women suffer an accelerating loss of bone, which in some of them is severe enough to result in "spontaneous" crushing of vertebrae and fracturing of hips by ordinary body movements. This is osteoporosis, which all too often requires prolonged and expensive care, the physical and mental stress of which may even kill the patient. Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is caused by the loss of estrogen. The slower development of osteoporosis in aging men is also due at least in part to a loss of the estrogen made in ever smaller amounts in bone cells from the declining level of circulating testosterone and is needed for bone maintenance as it is in women. The loss of estrogen increases the generation, longevity, and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The destructive osteoclast surge can be blocked by estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) as well as antiosteoclast agents such as bisphosphonates and calcitonin. But these agents stimulate only a limited amount of bone growth as the unaffected osteoblasts fill in the holes that were dug by the now suppressed osteoclasts. They do not stimulate osteoblasts to make bone--they are antiresorptives not bone anabolic agents. (However, certain estrogen analogs and bisphosphates may stimulate bone growth to some extent by lengthening osteoblast working lives.) To grow new bone and restore bone strength lost in space and on Earth we must know what controls bone growth and destruction. Here we discuss the newest bone controllers and how they might operate. These include leptin from adipocytes and osteoblasts and the statins that are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol and cardiovascular damage. But the main focus of this article is necessarily the currently most promising of the anabolic agents, the potent parathyroid hormone (PTH) and certain of its 31- to 38-aminoacid fragments, which are either in or about to be in clinical trial or in the case of Lilly's Forteo [hPTH-(1-34)] tentatively approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating osteoporosis and mending fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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