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de Oliveira AC, Macedo AP, Shimano AC. Effects of Cannabidiol on Bone Quality in Ovariectomized Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2024:10.1007/s00223-024-01281-6. [PMID: 39245783 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of osteoporosis and related fractures increases significantly with age, impacting public health and associated costs. Postmenopausal osteoporosis results from increased bone resorption due to decreased estrogen levels. The endocannabinoid system, especially cannabidiol (CBD), has shown therapeutic potential in modulating bone formation. This study investigated the effects of administration of CBD in rats after the onset of with ovariectomy-induced osteopenia (OVX). Forty-eight female Sprague‒Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 12): OVX + CBD, SHAM + CBD, OVX + vehicle, and SHAM + vehicle. CBD was administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. After euthanasia, the bone quality, mechanical properties, and bone microarchitecture of the femurs and lumbar vertebrae were assessed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), bone densitometry, mechanical tests, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. CBD treatment improved the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and increased the BV/TV% and Tb.N in the femoral neck. There were also improvements in the mechanical properties, such as the maximum force and stiffness of the femurs and vertebrae. CBD significantly increased the bone matrix in osteopenic femurs and vertebrae, Although did not significantly influence the expression of RANKL and OPG, in ovariectomized animals, there was an increase in osteoblasts and a decrease in osteoclasts. Determining the optimal timing for CBD use in relation to postovariectomy bone loss remains a crucial issue. Understanding when and how CBD can be most effective in preventing or treating bone loss is essential to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. However, further studies are needed to explore in more detail the efficacy and safety of CBD in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara de Oliveira
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Pedreira de Freitas, s/n, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14090092, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Macedo
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Shimano
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Pedreira de Freitas, s/n, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14090092, Brazil
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Chen C, Huang L, Chen Y, Jin J, Xu Z, Liu F, Li K, Sun Y. Hydrolyzed egg yolk peptide prevented osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ovariectomized rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10227. [PMID: 38702443 PMCID: PMC11068896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzed egg yolk peptide (YPEP) was shown to increase bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats. However, the underlying mechanism of YPEP on osteoporosis has not been explored. Recent studies have shown that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and gut microbiota may be involved in the regulation of bone metabolism and the progression of osteoporosis. The present study aimed to explore the preventive effect of the YPEP supplementation on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and to verify whether YPEP can improve osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and gut microbiota. The experiment included five groups: sham surgery group (SHAM), ovariectomy group (OVX), 17-β estradiol group (E2: 25 µg /kg/d 17β-estradiol), OVX with low-dose YPEP group (LYPEP: 10 mg /kg/d YPEP) and OVX with high-dose YPEP group (HYPEP: 40 mg /kg/d YPEP). In this study, all the bone samples used were femurs. Micro-CT analysis revealed improvements in both bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure by YPEP treatment. The three-point mechanical bending test indicated an enhancement in the biomechanical properties of the YPEP groups. The serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), bone gla protein (BGP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were markedly higher in the YPEP groups than in the OVX group. The LYPEP group had markedly lower levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) than the OVX group. The YPEP groups had significantly higher protein levels of the Wnt3a, β-catenin, LRP5, RUNX2 and OPG of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway compared with the OVX group. Compared to the OVX group, the ratio of OPG/RANKL was markedly higher in the LYPEP group. At the genus level, there was a significantly increase in relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and a decrease in Escherichia_Shigella in YPEP groups, compared with the OVX group. However, in the correlation analysis, there was no correlation between these two bacteria and bone metabolism and microstructure indexes. These findings demonstrate that YPEP has the potential to improve osteoporosis, and the mechanism may be associated with its modulating effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjing Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ludi Huang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jin Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ze Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Fine Biotechnological R&D Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelei Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yongye Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Yılmaz S, Betül Baygeldi S, Aslan Kanmaz Y, Can Güzel B, Yılmaz Y, Karan M, Güzel F. Physical and chemical characterization of femur during and after body development period in male and female rats. Anat Histol Embryol 2023. [PMID: 36843058 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the bone structures during four developmental periods. Forty Wistar Albino rats (20 male and 20 female) were divided into four groups including prepubertal period (group I), period between adolescence and adulthood (group II) and later (young adult period as group III and old adult period as group IV). The bones were analysed by morphometric measurements, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis for mineral levels and BET analysis (Brunaurer-Emmett-Teller) for surface area and porosity. In morphometric measurements, the GL (greatest length) and the GLC (greatest length from caput femoris) values increased gradually from the first to the fourth group, and these values were higher in the males than the females. Phosphorus and calcium values were higher in the males in adult groups (third and fourth) compared to that for the females; however, they were higher in the females in groups up to adulthood (first and second). While the Ca/P ratio reached the highest value in the second group in the male, it decreased gradually afterwards. In females, the rate, which was close to each other in the first three groups, increased in the fourth group. Surface area size in the female and the male rats was the highest in the second group. In conclusion, changes in the rat bone structure during the development and adulthood periods of the body were revealed, and it was determined that the gender factor was effective in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadık Yılmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Saime Betül Baygeldi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Aslan Kanmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Yücehan Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of İnönü, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Meryem Karan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fuat Güzel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Bone cutting efficiency and heat generation using a traditional fluted Burr and a novel fluteless resurfacing tool. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 102:105898. [PMID: 36764102 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powered instrumentation is often used for bone preparation and/or removal in many orthopaedic procedures but does risk thermogenesis. This study compares biomechanical properties of a fluted burr and a novel fluteless resurfacing tool. METHODS Twenty cadaveric metatarsals were tested with four predetermined cutting forces to evaluate heat generation and cutting rate for the fluted burr and fluteless resurfacing tool over 40 s or until a depth of 4 mm was reached. Cutting rate was calculated from displacement transducer data. Heat generation was measured by thermocouples placed in the bone adjacent to the burring site. Assuming a body temperature of 37 °C, a 10 °C increase in heat was used as the threshold of inducing osteonecrosis. FINDINGS At 1.0 N and 1.7 N, the thermal osteonecrosis threshold was reached at comparable times between burrs, while the bone removed by the resurfacing tool was on average five times greater than fluted burr at 1.0 N and over twice as great at 1.7 N. Statistical analysis of these common cutting forces showed the resurfacing tool had significantly higher cutting rates (P < 0.01). As a result, the fluted burr produced higher temperatures for the same amount of bone removal (P < 0.01). INTERPRETATION In a cadaveric study, the fluteless resurfacing tool demonstrated higher bone cutting rates and lower heat generation for the same amount of bone removed than a traditional fluted burr.
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Yılmaz Y, Aslan Kanmaz Y, Baygeldi SB, Güzel BC, Karan M, Güzel F, Yılmaz S. Physical and chemical characterization of the femur during and after the body development period in male and female guinea pigs. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13848. [PMID: 37392144 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to reveal the physical and chemical characterization of the bone structures during body development periods (prepubertal period, period between adolescence and adulthood) and after (young adult period and old adult period) in male and female guinea pigs. In this study, 40 guinea pigs (20 male, 20 female) were used. Morphometric measurements, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for mineral levels, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis for surface area, and porosity analysis were applied to the bones. The male guinea pigs had greater values than females in the other three categories, with the exception of the second group, when the females have higher values in morphometric measurements. Ca levels rose up to the third group, as did P levels in the males, peaking in the third group and declining in the fourth. As with phosphorus, there was a progressive rise in females from the first to the fourth group. Fe, Zn, and Sr elements had the greatest values in both genders in the first group. In all four groups, the females had greater Zn levels than males. The highest Ca/P ratio was found in the third male group and the fourth female group. This study revealed that adolescence, adulthood, and gender are effective in the physical and chemical characterization of bone structure in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yücehan Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of İnönü, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Aslan Kanmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Saime Betül Baygeldi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Meryem Karan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fuat Güzel
- Department of Chemical, Faculty of, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sadık Yılmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazığ, Turkey
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Campion SN, Nowland WS, Gropp K, Liu C, Ritenour HN, Syed J, Catlin N, Stethem CM, Coskran TM, Cappon GD. Assessment of postnatal femur development in Wistar Han rats. Birth Defects Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Campion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
| | | | - Kathryn Gropp
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Chang‐Ning Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
| | | | - Jameel Syed
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Natasha Catlin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
| | | | | | - Gregg D. Cappon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical Groton Connecticut USA
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Impact of Whole Body Vibration and Zoledronic Acid on Femoral Structure after Ovariectomy: Morphological Evaluation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092441. [PMID: 35566566 PMCID: PMC9101134 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) treatment as an non-pharmacological method of treatment for early osteopenia in ovariectomized female rats. In total, 48 female Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: sham-operated control (SHAM, n = 12) and ovariectomized (n = 36). Four weeks after ovariectomy, the animals were divided into three experimental groups (n = 12 each): ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized subjected to whole body vibration with acceleration level of 0.3 g (OVX + WBV), or ovariectomized subjected to i.m. injection of Zoledronic acid at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg (OVX + ZOL). After the 8th and 16th week of treatment n = 6 rats from each group were euthanized and isolated femora were subjected to histological examination of trabecular bone and analysis of the expression of collagen 1 (Col1), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) involved in bone turnover. The obtained results indicated that widespread vibration therapy can provide negative outcomes such as deterioration of trabecular bone histomorphometry.
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Brommage R, Jeter-Jones S, Xiong W, Liu J. MicroCT analyses of mouse femoral neck architecture. Bone 2021; 145:115040. [PMID: 31437568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hip fractures at the femoral neck are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, but aside from biomechanical strength testing, little is known about femoral neck architecture in mice. Procedures were optimized to analyze high-resolution (6 μm voxel size) microCT scans of the mouse femoral neck to provide bone mass and architectural information. Similar to histomorphometric observations in rats, the boundary between cortical and trabecular bone is difficult to identify in the mouse femoral mid-neck and these compartments were not analyzed separately. Analyses included total area, mineralized bone area, and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). Femoral neck architecture varies in C57BL/6J, 129/SvEv and BALB/c mouse strains. Bone cross sectional area and BV/TV were low in Lrp5 but elevated in Sost gene knockout mice. Sfrp4 gene knockout resulted in high total area, normal bone area, low BV/TV and, as indicated by BS/BV values, greater trabecularization. Femoral neck BV/TV declined with age and ovariectomy, but increased with teriparatide treatment. These findings demonstrate that the architecture of the mouse femoral neck mimics phenotypes and treatment effects observed at other skeletal sites and is a relevant bone site for translational studies examining osteoporosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX, USA.
| | | | - Wendy Xiong
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jeff Liu
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Cho JA, Baek SY, Cheong SH, Kim MR. Spirulina Enhances Bone Modeling in Growing Male Rats by Regulating Growth-Related Hormones. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041187. [PMID: 32344533 PMCID: PMC7231069 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, growth hormone deficiency in children has been treated with hormone therapy despite the possible significant side effects. Therefore, it was deemed beneficial to develop functional foods or dietary supplements for safely improving children's growth. Spirulina platensis is known for its high antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunity-enhancing properties, as well as its high digestibility and high protein content, but little has been reported about its influence on bone development in children with a normal supply of protein. In this study, we evaluated the effects of spirulina on the bone metabolism and antioxidant profiles of three-week-old growing male rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 17 per group) and were fed AIN93G diets with 0% (control), 30% (SP30), 50% (SP50), and 70% (SP70) of casein protein replaced by spirulina, respectively, for seven weeks. We observed that spirulina enhanced bone growth and bone strength by stimulating parathyroid hormone and growth hormone activities, as well its increased antioxidant activity. These results indicate that spirulina provides a suitable dietary supplement and alternative protein source with antioxidant benefits for growth improvement in early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ah Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Seong Yeon Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea;
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6837
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Randall DR, Nativ-Zeltzer N, Cates DJ, Tinling SP, Belafsky PC. Decreased intramuscular calcium hydroxyapatite implant resorption in a murine model of osteoporosis. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:2576-2580. [PMID: 30194683 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) is a common material for vocal fold injection augmentation. Durability is variable, and factors involved in implant longevity are not understood. Animal models of osteoporosis show decreased bone density and increased mineral liberation, suggesting CaHA retention may be altered in these conditions. STUDY DESIGN Prospective murine investigation. METHODS Fourteen skeletally mature, 10-month-old female Sprague-Dewley rats were treated by one of three interventions: oophorectomy, laparotomy without oophorectomy (sham), or monthly risedronate injection (90 μg/kg, subcutaneous). CaHA was implanted into the right lateral thigh muscle in all animals at the time of procedure or first risedronate injection. After 17 weeks, all rats were sacrificed, and the residual CaHA isolated from excised lateral thigh muscle through incubation in a 900 °C calcinator for 9 hours. RESULTS Mean CaHA mass remaining in the oophorectomy group was 65.9 (standard deviation ± 16.1) mg, compared to 44.4 ± 10.0 mg CaHA in the risedronate group and 48.6 ± 7.5 mg in the sham group. One-way analysis of variance found a statistically significant difference between the oophorectomy and risedronate groups but not between the sham and other groups, F(2,11) = 4.404, P = 0.039. CONCLUSION Persistent estrogen deficiency in a murine model of osteoporosis demonstrated decreased rate of CaHA resorption. This suggests that hormone alterations associated with osteoporosis may alter the longevity of CaHA implant resorption through an uncertain mechanism. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 2576-2580, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R Randall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A
- the Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nogah Nativ-Zeltzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Cates
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A
| | - Steve P Tinling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A
| | - Peter C Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A
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Reznikov N, Chase H, Ben Zvi Y, Tarle V, Singer M, Brumfeld V, Shahar R, Weiner S. Inter-trabecular angle: A parameter of trabecular bone architecture in the human proximal femur that reveals underlying topological motifs. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:65-72. [PMID: 27554017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Trabecular bone is an intricate 3D network of struts and plates. Although the structure-function relations in trabecular bone have been studied since the time of Julius Wolff, controversy still exists regarding the architectural parameters responsible for its stability and resilience. We present a parameter that measures the angle between two connected trabeculae - the Inter-Trabecular Angle (ITA). We studied the ITA values derived from μCT scans of different regions of the proximal femora of 5 individuals of different age and sex. We show that the ITA angle distribution of nodes with 3 connecting trabeculae has a mean close to 120°, nodes with 4 connecting trabeculae has a mean close to 109° and nodes of higher connectivity have mean ITA values around 100°. This tendency to spread the ITAs around geometrically symmetrical motifs is highly conserved. The implication is that the ITAs are optimized such that the smallest amount of material spans the maximal 3D volume, and possibly by so doing trabecular bone might be better adapted to multidirectional loading. We also draw a parallel between trabecular bone and tensegrity structures - where lightweight, resilient and stable tetrahedron-based shapes contribute to strain redistribution amongst all the elements and to collective impact dampening. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The Inter-Trabecular Angle (ITA) is a new topological parameter of trabecular bone. The ITA characterizes the way trabeculae connect with each other at nodes, regardless of their thickness and shape. The mean ITA value of nodes with 3 trabeculae is close to 120°, of nodes with 4 trabeculae is just below 109°, and the mean ITA of nodes with 5 and more trabeculae is around 100°. Thus the connections of trabeculae trend towards adopting symmetrical shapes. This implies that trabeculae can maximally span 3D space using the minimal amount of material. We draw a parallel between this motif and the concept of tensegrity - an engineering premise to which many living creatures conform at multiple levels of organization.
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Jokihaara J, Pörsti IH, Sievänen H, Kööbi P, Kannus P, Niemelä O, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Järvinen TLN. Phosphate Binding with Sevelamer Preserves Mechanical Competence of Bone Despite Acidosis in Advanced Experimental Renal Insufficiency. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163022. [PMID: 27658028 PMCID: PMC5033583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphate binding with sevelamer can ameliorate detrimental histomorphometric changes of bone in chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Here we explored the effects of sevelamer-HCl treatment on bone strength and structure in experimental CRI. Methods Forty-eight 8-week-old rats were assigned to surgical 5/6 nephrectomy (CRI) or renal decapsulation (Sham). After 14 weeks of disease progression, the rats were allocated to untreated and sevelamer-treated (3% in chow) groups for 9 weeks. Then the animals were sacrificed, plasma samples collected, and femora excised for structural analysis (biomechanical testing, quantitative computed tomography). Results Sevelamer-HCl significantly reduced blood pH, and final creatinine clearance in the CRI groups ranged 30%-50% of that in the Sham group. Final plasma phosphate increased 2.4- to 2.9-fold, and parathyroid hormone 13- to 21-fold in CRI rats, with no difference between sevelamer-treated and untreated animals. In the femoral midshaft, CRI reduced cortical bone mineral density (-3%) and breaking load (-15%) (p<0.05 for all versus Sham), while sevelamer increased bone mineral density (+2%) and prevented the deleterious changes in bone. In the femoral neck, CRI reduced bone mineral density (-11%) and breaking load (-10%), while sevelamer prevented the decrease in bone mineral density (+6%) so that breaking load did not differ from controls. Conclusions In this model of stage 3–4 CRI, sevelamer-HCl treatment ameliorated the decreases in femoral midshaft and neck mineral density, and restored bone strength despite prevailing acidosis. Therefore, treatment with sevelamer can efficiently preserve mechanical competence of bone in CRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Jokihaara
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Peeter Kööbi
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Bone Research Group, UKK-Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital Laboratory, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Teppo L. N. Järvinen
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Turunen MJ, Kaspersen JD, Olsson U, Guizar-Sicairos M, Bech M, Schaff F, Tägil M, Jurvelin JS, Isaksson H. Bone mineral crystal size and organization vary across mature rat bone cortex. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:337-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Nenda MM, Lewicki M, Mandalunis PM. Histomorphometry of the tibia and mandible of healthy female Wistar rats at different stages of growth. Exp Anim 2015; 65:109-16. [PMID: 26568145 PMCID: PMC4873479 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Female Wistar rats are frequently used in experimental models to study hormone and bone
pathologies and treatments. Most experimental studies involving histomorphometric
evaluation assessed long bones, and few reports also studied mandibular bone. The aim of
this work was to clarify and distinguish the age-related histomorphometric changes that
occur in the tibia (subchondral bone) and in the mandible (interradicular bone), and thus
obtain reference histomorphometric data of healthy female Wistar rats at different growth
stages. Three groups of 8 healthy female Wistar rats were euthanized at 6 (GI), 10 (GII),
and 14 (GIII) weeks. The tibiae and mandible were resected and histologically processed to
obtain H&E stained sections of the tibia and the lower first molar to analyze the
following histomorphometric parameters: Bone volume, trabecular width, trabecular number
(Th.N)(1/mm), growth cartilage width, hypertrophic cartilage width and number of
osteoclasts per area in the tibiae, and bone volume and number of osteoclasts per area
N.Oc/mm2 in the interradicular bone of the first lower molar. A significant
decrease in subchondral bone volume as a result of a decrease in trabecular number and
growth cartilage width was observed in 14-week-old rats. Conversely, interradicular bone
volume was found to increase with age. The results highlight the importance of analyzing
both types of bone to better understand the response of two different trabecular bones,
contributing in turn to decision making regarding treatment strategies and disease
management.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Nenda
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T de Alvear 2142. C1122, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Mathavan N, Turunen MJ, Tägil M, Isaksson H. Characterising bone material composition and structure in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:134-44. [PMID: 25894067 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ovariectomized (OVX) rat model is well established in investigations of osteoporosis and osteoporotic therapies. Advent of techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) facilitate characterization of bone composition and mineral structure, respectively, which are key determinants of bone strength. Limited publications exist on the implementation of these techniques in the OVX rat model. At 12 weeks of age, female Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (n = 6) or ovariectomized (n = 6) and sacrificed 18 weeks later. L2 lumbar vertebrae and proximal tibiae were assessed by µCT, FTIR and SAXS. Presence of extensive trabecular deterioration in the µCT data confirmed the onset of osteoporosis. FTIR compositional parameters were determined including measures of degree of mineralization, crystallinity, collagen maturity and acid phosphate content. Mineral crystal thickness was determined from the SAXS data using two approaches available in literature. Compositionally, a decline in the heterogeneity of acid phosphate content was observed while measures of crystallinity and collagen maturity remained unaltered. Using an iterative curve fitting method, OVX-induced increases in the mineral crystal thickness of 3.8 and 7.8 % (p < 0.05) were noted in the trabecular of the vertebra and tibia, respectively. In conclusion, implementation of FTIR and SAXS techniques in the OVX rat model, identified no significant compositional changes while substantiating thickening of the mineral crystals as a general structural feature of OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neashan Mathavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden,
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17
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Bonneau N, Baylac M, Gagey O, Tardieu C. Functional integrative analysis of the human hip joint: the three-dimensional orientation of the acetabulum and its relation with the orientation of the femoral neck. J Hum Evol 2014; 69:55-69. [PMID: 24602366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the hip joint occupies a central place in the locomotor system, as it plays an important role in body support and the transmission of the forces between the trunk and lower limbs. The study of the three-dimensional biomechanics of this joint has important implications for documenting the morphological changes associated with the acquisition of a habitual bipedal gait in humans. Functional integration at any joint has important implications in joint stability and performance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the functional integration at the human hip joint. Both the level of concordance between the three-dimensional axes of the acetabulum and the femoral neck in a bipedal posture, and patterns of covariation between these two axes were analysed. First, inter-individual variations were quantified and significant differences in the three-dimensional orientations of both the acetabulum and the femoral neck were detected. On a sample of 57 individuals, significant patterns of covariation were identified, however, the level of concordance between the axes of both the acetabulum and the femoral neck in a bipedal posture was lower than could be expected for a key joint such as the hip. Patterns of covariation were explored regarding the complex three-dimensional biomechanics of the full pelvic-femoral complex. Finally, we suggest that the lower degree of concordance observed at the human hip joint in a bipedal posture might be partly due to the phylogenetic history of the human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Bonneau
- UMR 7179, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; JE 2494, University Paris-Sud Orsay, Paris F-91405, France.
| | - Michel Baylac
- UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gagey
- Bicêtre University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris F-94270, France; JE 2494, University Paris-Sud Orsay, Paris F-91405, France
| | - Christine Tardieu
- UMR 7179, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
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18
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Nawathe S, Akhlaghpour H, Bouxsein ML, Keaveny TM. Microstructural failure mechanisms in the human proximal femur for sideways fall loading. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:507-15. [PMID: 23832419 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of hip fractures remains unclear but might be elucidated by an improved understanding of the microstructural failure mechanisms of the human proximal femur during a sideways fall impact. In this context, we biomechanically tested 12 cadaver proximal femurs (aged 76 ± 10 years; 8 female, 4 male) to directly measure strength for a sideways fall and also performed micro-computed tomography (CT)-based, nonlinear finite element analysis of the same bones (82-micron-sized elements, ∼120 million elements per model) to estimate the amount and location of internal tissue-level failure (by ductile yielding) at initial structural failure of the femur. We found that the correlation between the directly measured yield strength of the femur and the finite element prediction was high (R(2) = 0.94, p < 0.0001), supporting the validity of the finite element simulations of failure. In these simulations, the failure of just a tiny proportion of the bone tissue (1.5% to 6.4% across all bones) led to initial structural failure of the femur. The proportion of failed tissue, estimated by the finite element models, decreased with decreasing measured femoral strength (R(2) = 0.88, p < 0.0001) and was more highly correlated with measured strength than any measure of bone volume, mass, or density. Volume-wise, trabecular failure occurred earlier and was more prominent than cortical failure in all femurs and dominated in the very weakest femurs. Femurs with low measured strength relative to their areal bone mineral density (BMD) (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) had a low proportion of trabecular bone compared with cortical bone in the femoral neck (p < 0.001), less failed tissue (p < 0.05), and low structural redundancy (p < 0.005). We conclude that initial failure of the femur during a sideways fall is associated with failure of just a tiny proportion of the bone tissue, failure of the trabecular tissue dominating in the very weakest femurs owing in part to a lack of structural redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Nawathe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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19
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Danz JC, Habegger M, Bosshardt DD, Katsaros C, Stavropoulos A. Virtual tissue alignment and cutting plane definition--a new method to obtain optimal longitudinal histological sections. J Anat 2013; 224:85-94. [PMID: 24266502 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomorphometric evaluation of the buccal aspects of periodontal tissues in rodents requires reproducible alignment of maxillae and highly precise sections containing central sections of buccal roots; this is a cumbersome and technically sensitive process due to the small specimen size. The aim of the present report is to describe and analyze a method to transfer virtual sections of micro-computer tomographic (CT)-generated image stacks to the microtome for undecalcified histological processing and to describe the anatomy of the periodontium in rat molars. A total of 84 undecalcified sections of all buccal roots of seven untreated rats was analyzed. The accuracy of section coordinate transfer from virtual micro-CT slice to the histological slice, right-left side differences and the measurement error for linear and angular measurements on micro-CT and on histological micrographs were calculated using the Bland-Altman method, interclass correlation coefficient and the method of moments estimator. Also, manual alignment of the micro-CT-scanned rat maxilla was compared with multiplanar computer-reconstructed alignment. The supra alveolar rat anatomy is rather similar to human anatomy, whereas the alveolar bone is of compact type and the keratinized gingival epithelium bends apical to join the junctional epithelium. The high methodological standardization presented herein ensures retrieval of histological slices with excellent display of anatomical microstructures, in a reproducible manner, minimizes random errors, and thereby may contribute to the reduction of number of animals needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Danz
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section of Periodontology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Barak MM, Lieberman DE, Hublin JJ. Of mice, rats and men: trabecular bone architecture in mammals scales to body mass with negative allometry. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:123-31. [PMID: 23639903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body mass (BM) in mammal species spans over six orders of magnitude. Although trabecular bone contributes to the mechanical properties of bones, we know much less about how trabecular bone scales with BM than about how cortical bone scales with BM. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of the existing literature to test in rodents, humans and other mammals, predicted scaling properties between BM and several trabecular parameters: bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), connectivity density (ConnD) and degree of anisotropy (DA). Our results show that BV/TV and DA are independent of BM and that Tb.N, Tb.Th and Tb.Sp scale with negative allometry relative to BM. Rodents appear to have relatively thicker and fewer trabeculae than humans, and we propose it that is due to a minimum thickness threshold "imposed" on mechanically functional trabeculae. Consequently, rodents (mice and rats) and humans demonstrate two distinct mechanisms to achieve variations in BV/TV. Although Tb.Th variation is the main contributing factor for differences in BV/TV in humans, Tb.N variation is the main contributing factor for differences in BV/TV in rodents. Our results also demonstrate no correlation between Tb.N and Tb.Th within each taxon (mice, rats and humans). Since rodents are a common animal model for research on bone biomechanics, the evidence that trabecular bone parameters scale and correlate differently in rodents than in humans suggests that care should be applied when extrapolating bone biomechanical results from small animals to large-bodied humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Max Barak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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21
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Carballido-Gamio J, Harnish R, Saeed I, Streeper T, Sigurdsson S, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Therneau TM, Siggeirsdottir K, Cheng X, Melton LJ, Keyak J, Gudnason V, Khosla S, Harris TB, Lang TF. Proximal femoral density distribution and structure in relation to age and hip fracture risk in women. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:537-46. [PMID: 23109068 PMCID: PMC3578081 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hip fracture risk rises exponentially with age, but there is little knowledge about how fracture-related alterations in hip structure differ from those of aging. We employed computed tomography (CT) imaging to visualize the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip in relation to age and incident hip fracture. We used intersubject image registration to integrate 3D hip CT images into a statistical atlas comprising women aged 21 to 97 years (n = 349) and a group of women with (n = 74) and without (n = 148) incident hip fracture 4 to 7 years after their imaging session. Voxel-based morphometry was used to generate Student's t test statistical maps from the atlas, which indicated regions that were significantly associated with age or with incident hip fracture. Scaling factors derived from intersubject image registration were employed as measures of bone size. BMD comparisons of young, middle-aged, and older American women showed preservation of load-bearing cortical and trabecular structures with aging, whereas extensive bone loss was observed in other trabecular and cortical regions. In contrast, comparisons of older Icelandic fracture women with age-matched controls showed that hip fracture was associated with a global cortical bone deficit, including both the superior cortical margin and the load-bearing inferior cortex. Bone size comparisons showed larger dimensions in older compared to younger American women and in older Icelandic fracture women compared to controls. The results indicate that older Icelandic women who sustain incident hip fracture have a structural phenotype that cannot be described as an accelerated pattern of normal age-related loss. The fracture-related cortical deficit noted in this study may provide a biomarker of increased hip fracture risk that may be translatable to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and other clinical images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Carballido-Gamio
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roy Harnish
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isra Saeed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Streeper
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Shreyasee Amin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Terry M. Therneau
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - L. Joseph Melton
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joyce Keyak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas F. Lang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Shirazi-Fard Y, Kupke JS, Bloomfield SA, Hogan HA. Discordant recovery of bone mass and mechanical properties during prolonged recovery from disuse. Bone 2013; 52:433-43. [PMID: 23017660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Profound bone loss at weight bearing sites is a primary effect of long-duration spaceflight. Moreover, a significant increase in estimated fracture risk remains even 1 year after returning to Earth; hence, it is important to define how quickly bone integrity can recover following prolonged disuse. This study characterized the loss and recovery dynamics of bone following a period of rodent hindlimb unloading in three anatomic sites. We hypothesized that the rat femoral neck would exhibit a discordant recovery dynamic most similar to that observed in astronauts' proximal femur; that is, bone mineral content (absolute mass) at this site would recover faster and more completely than would bone density and cortical area, and they will all recover before bone strength does. We characterized loss and long-term recovery of densitometric properties at the femoral neck, proximal tibia metaphysis, and tibia diaphysis, and also mechanical properties at the femoral neck and tibia diaphysis for which mechanical testing is amenable. We assessed the relationship between calculated strength indices and measured mechanical properties. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months) were assigned to baseline, age-matched control (AC), and hindlimb unloaded (HU) groups. The HU group was unloaded for 28 days and then returned to normal cage activity for 84 days of weight bearing recovery (3 times the duration of HU). Fifteen animals were euthanized from each of the HU and AC groups on days 28, 56, 84, and 112 of the study. At baseline and then every 28 days in vivo longitudinal pQCT scans were taken at proximal tibia metaphysis (PTM) and tibia diaphysis (TD); ex vivo pQCT scans were taken later at the femoral neck (FN). TD and FN were tested to failure to measure mechanical properties. The hypothesis that the femoral neck in rats will exhibit a discordant recovery dynamic most similar to that observed in astronauts' proximal femurs was not supported by our data. At the femoral neck, densitometric and geometric variables (total BMC, total vBMD, cancellous vBMD, and cortical area) recovered to age-matched control levels after a recovery period twice the duration of unloading. Contrary to our hypothesis, changes in densitometric variables at the PTM provided a better model for changes in the human femoral neck with prolonged weightlessness. Following 28 days of HU, PTM total BMC recovered to age-matched control levels after roughly two times the duration of unloading; however, total vBMD did not recover even after three recovery periods. Cortical thinning occurred at the PTM following HU likely due to inhibition of periosteal growth; cortical shell thickness did not recover even after three recovery periods. Calculated strength indices suggested a loss in strength at the tibial diaphysis, which was not confirmed with direct testing of mechanical properties. HU had no effect on maximum fracture force at mid-tibia diaphysis; however, femoral neck experienced a significant loss of maximum force due to unloading that fully recovered after 28 days. Estimated strength indices for the femoral neck suggested a recovery period of 56 days in contrast to the 28-day recovery that was observed with mechanical testing. However, the inaccuracy of strength indices vs. directly measured mechanical properties highlights the continued importance of ground based animal models and mechanical testing. Our results demonstrate that the PTM in the rat better matches loss and recovery dynamics observed in astronauts' proximal femur than does the rat FN, at least in terms of densitometric variables. More complete utility of the rat PTM as a model in this case, however, depends upon meaningful characterization of changes in mechanical properties as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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23
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Virgin coconut oil supplementation prevents bone loss in osteoporosis rat model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:237236. [PMID: 23024690 PMCID: PMC3457741 DOI: 10.1155/2012/237236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Therefore, antioxidant compounds have the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of the disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on bone microarchitecture in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. VCO is a different form of coconut oil as it is rich with antioxidants. Three-month-old female rats were randomly grouped into baseline, sham-operated, ovariectomized control (Ovx), and ovariectomized rats fed with 8% VCO in their diet for six weeks (Ovx+VCO). Bone histomorphometry of the right femora was carried out at the end of the study. Rats supplemented with VCO had a significantly greater bone volume and trabecular number while trabecular separation was lower than the Ovx group. In conclusion, VCO was effective in maintaining bone structure and preventing bone loss in estrogen-deficient rat model.
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24
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Maïmoun L, Brennan-Speranza TC, Rizzoli R, Ammann P. Effects of ovariectomy on the changes in microarchitecture and material level properties in response to hind leg disuse in female rats. Bone 2012; 51:586-91. [PMID: 22580391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovariectomy (OVX) and immobilization are known to decrease bone mineral density and alter its microarchitecture. Their effects on the material level properties of bone, a determinant of bone strength, are still largely unknown. We investigated the effect of OVX and/or disuse achieved by sciatic neurectomy (NX) in 6-month-old Sprague Dawley female rats. METHODS At baseline, animals underwent OVX or sham operation. At week 16, NX was performed on the left hindlimb while the right hindlimb was sham-operated. All animals were sacrificed at week 40. Proximal tibiae and vertebral bodies (L4) were evaluated by micro-computed tomographic morphometry (μCT). Material level properties (elastic modulus, hardness, and dissipated energy) were evaluated by a nanoindentation test. RESULTS At the proximal tibia, OVX and NX decreased relative bone volume, the former mainly through a reduction in trabecular number, and the latter through a decrease in trabecular thickness. NX decreased modulus (-10%; p<0.001) and dissipated energy (-13.3%, p<0.001) in cortical bone, and modulus (-16.8%, p=0.004), hardness (-29.3%, p=0.004), and dissipated energy (-17.7%, p=0.01) in trabecular bone, while OVX decreased cortical bone dissipated energy (-14.6%, p<0.001) and trabecular bone hardness (-19.4%, p=0.05). In the vertebral body, OVX altered mainly the trabecular microarchitecture and nanoindentation variables. CONCLUSION These results show that NX with and without OVX markedly alter material level properties in addition to an alteration of bone microarchitecture, although not in the same manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Maïmoun
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 4 Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
A growing interest exists in the diagnosis and treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Although cam morphology of the proximal femur may conceptually appear to be a relatively simple topographical aberrancy, it is actually positioned amid a complex developmental, kinematic, and biomechanical region of the human body. The authors introduce a new classification scheme and review the historical and anthropological considerations, biomechanics, and genetic factors involved in cam morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Y Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
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26
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Luhmann T, Germershaus O, Groll J, Meinel L. Bone targeting for the treatment of osteoporosis. J Control Release 2011; 161:198-213. [PMID: 22016072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis represents a major public health burden especially considering the aging populations worldwide. Drug targeting will be important to better meet these challenges and direct the full therapeutic potential of therapeutics to their intended site of action. This review has been organized in modules, such that scientists working in the field can easily gain specific insight in the field of bone targeting for the drug class they are interested in. We review currently approved and emerging treatment options for osteoporosis and discuss these in light of the benefit these would gain from advanced targeting. In addition, established targeting strategies are reviewed and novel opportunities as well as promising areas are presented along with pharmaceutical strategies how to render novel composites consisting of a drug and a targeting moiety responsive to bone-specific or disease-specific environmental stimuli. Successful implementation of these principles into drug development programs for osteoporosis will substantially contribute to the clinical success of anti-catabolic and anabolic drugs of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Luhmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wurzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wurzburg, Germany
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27
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Tezval M, Banhardt A, Sehmisch S, Kolios L, Schmelz U, Stuermer KM, Stuermer EK. The effects of parathyroid hormone applied at different regimes on the trochanteric region of the femur in ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. J Osteoporos 2011; 2011:363617. [PMID: 21603135 PMCID: PMC3096299 DOI: 10.4061/2011/363617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of two application frequencies of parathyroid hormone on the trochanteric region of rat femur. Forty-three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 10/group). Three groups were ovariectomized, and 8 weeks later they were administered the following treatments (5 weeks): soy-free diet (OVX), subcutaneously injected PTH (0.040 mg/kg) 5 days a week (PTH 5x/w), subcutaneously injected PTH (0.040 mg/kg) every 2 days (PTH e2d), and a sham group. The values of the biomechanical and histomorphometric parameters showed higher results in 5x/w animals in comparison to the OVX and PTH 2ed groups. The ratio between bone diameter/marrow diameter (B.Dm/Ma.Dm) in subtrochanteric cross sections did not show any significant differences between PTH 5x/w and PTH e2d. The increased bone formation rate was observed under PTH treatment in both groups mainly at the endosteal side. The endosteum seems here to be one of the targets of PTH with an accelerate bone formation and a pronounced filling-in of intracortical cavities with higher intensity for the PTH 5x/w in comparison to PTH e2d rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tezval
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany,Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Street No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany,*M. Tezval:
| | - A. Banhardt
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - S. Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - L. Kolios
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - U. Schmelz
- Medical Institute of General Hygiene and Environmental Health, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - K. M. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - E. K. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Tezval M, Biblis M, Sehmisch S, Schmelz U, Kolios L, Rack T, Stuermer KM, Stuermer EK. Improvement of femoral bone quality after low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimulation in the ovariectomized rat as an osteopenia model. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:33-40. [PMID: 21052653 PMCID: PMC3021189 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The treatment and prevention of osteoporosis involve great challenges. Nonpharmacological and supportive therapy procedures, sport, and physical exercises seem to prevent bone loss and improve bone mass. In the present study, we examined the effect of whole-body vertical vibration (WBVV) on femoral intertrochanteric bone quality in the rat osteoporosis model. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats, 3-month old, were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated. After 3 months, each group was divided into two subgroups. In one of the subgroups, rats were treated with WBVV at 90 Hz (3.9 g) for 35 days; the second subgroup remained untreated. After killing the animals, biomechanical strength and trabecular bone architecture of the proximal region of femurs were analyzed. New cortical bone appositions and mineral density of femurs were additionally measured. Treatment with WBVV resulted in improved biomechanical properties. Maximal load and stiffness of the intertrochanteric region of femurs after WBVV were significantly enhanced. Maximal load and stiffness in treated OVX animals reached the levels observed in untreated sham rats. WBVV significantly improved all measured histomorphometric parameters in the trabecular area. Treated rats showed significantly improved mineral content in ashed femurs compared to untreated animals. A comparison of widths of fluorescence bands in cortical bone of subtrochanteric cross sections did not show any significant differences between the groups after WBVV. Low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimulation improves bone strength in the proximal femur and may be a possible nonpharmacologic treatment option for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tezval
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - M. Biblis
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - S. Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - U. Schmelz
- Medical Institute of General Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - L. Kolios
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - T. Rack
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - K. M. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - E. K. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Jee JH, Lee W, Lee BD. The influence of alendronate on the healing of extraction sockets of ovariectomized rats assessed by in vivo micro–computed tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:e47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tezval M, Stuermer EK, Sehmisch S, Rack T, Stary A, Stebener M, Konietschke F, Stuermer KM. Improvement of trochanteric bone quality in an osteoporosis model after short-term treatment with parathyroid hormone: a new mechanical test for trochanteric region of rat femur. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:251-61. [PMID: 19436940 PMCID: PMC2801842 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have examined the changes induced in the trochanteric region of femur of ovariectomized rat after administration of estradiol and parathyroid hormone. We have developed a reproducible biomechanical test and produced trochanteric fractures to evaluate stiffness and strength of this region in addition to histomorphometry. INTRODUCTION We investigated the short-term effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen (E) on the strength of the rat trochanteric region in a new mechanical test. METHODS Forty-four 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and 8 weeks later treated with soy-free diet (C), daily applications of orally supplied E (0.5 mg/kg food) or subcutaneously injected PTH (0.014 mg/kg), for 5 weeks, and an additional untreated group was added as sham-operated. The femurs were examined for biomechanical and histomorphometric changes. RESULTS Our new mechanical test was validated in a right-left comparison. The PTH treatment induced significantly superior biomechanical results (F (max) = 225.3 N, stiffness = 314.9 N/mm) compared to E (F (max) = 182.9 N, stiffness = 237.2 N/mm), C (F (max) = 166.03 N, stiffness = 235.56 N/mm), and sham (F (max) = 192.1 N, stiffness = 267.2 N/mm). Animals of the PTH group demonstrated a significantly improved trabecular bone structure and area (75.67%) in comparison to the E (61.04%) and C (57.18%) groups. CONCLUSION Our new biomechanical test is valid and produces trochanteric fracture. Our results show that the short-term antiosteoporotic effects of PTH are in the trochanteric region of ovariectomized rat superior to E.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tezval
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - E. K. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - S. Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - T. Rack
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A. Stary
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M. Stebener
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - F. Konietschke
- Department of Medical Statistics, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - K. M. Stuermer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Middleton KM, Kelly SA, Garland T. Selective breeding as a tool to probe skeletal response to high voluntary locomotor activity in mice. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:394-410. [PMID: 21669801 PMCID: PMC6515713 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel mouse-model for the study of skeletal structure and evolution, based on selective breeding for high levels of voluntary wheel running. Whereas traditional models (originally inbred strains, more recently knockouts and transgenics) rely on the study of mutant or laboratory-manipulated phenotypes, we have studied changes in skeletal morphometrics resulting from many generations of artificial selection for high activity in the form of wheel running, in which mice engage voluntarily. Mice from the four replicate High Runner (HR) lines run nearly three times as many revolutions during days 5 and 6 of a 6-day exposure to wheels (1.12 m circumference). We have found significant changes in skeletal dimensions of the hind limbs, including decreased directional asymmetry, larger femoral heads, and wider distal femora. The latter two have been hypothesized as evolutionary adaptations for long-distance locomotion in hominids. Exercise-training studies involving experimental groups with and without access to wheels have shown increased diameters of both femora and tibiafibulae, and suggest genetic effects on trainability (genotype-by-environment interactions). Reanalysis of previously published data on bone masses of hind limbs revealed novel patterns of change in bone mass associated with access to wheels for 2 months. Without access to wheels, HR mice have significantly heavier tibiafibulae and foot bones, whereas with chronic access to wheels, a significant increase in foot bone mass that was linearly related to increases in daily wheel running was observed. Mice exhibiting a recently discovered small-muscle phenotype ("mini-muscle," [MM] caused by a Mendelian recessive gene), in which the mass of the triceps surae muscle complex is ∼50% lower than in normal individuals, have significantly longer and thinner bones in the hind limb. We present new data for the ontogenetic development of muscle mass in Control, HR, and MM phenotypes in mice of 1-7 weeks postnatal age. Statistical comparisons reveal highly significant differences both in triceps surae mass and mass-corrected triceps surae mass between normal and MM mice at all but the postnatal age of 1 week. Based on previously observed differences in distributions of myosin isoforms in adult MM mice, we hypothesize that a reduction of myosin heavy-chain type-IIb isoforms with accounts for our observed ontogenetic changes in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Middleton
- *Department of Biology, California State University–San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92507, USA
| | - Scott A. Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Srivastava M, Mandal SK, Sengupta S, Arshad M, Singh MM. Quantification of bone mineral density to define osteoporosis in rat. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:393-9. [PMID: 18560256 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of osteoporosis centers on assessment of bone mass and quality. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines to assess bone status in laboratory animals and unsuitability of use of T-/Z-scores meant for clinical application in animal studies, most investigators involved in new drug research and development employ clinical biomarkers and kits to assess bone turnover rate and portray change in bone mineral density (BMD) as percentage of increase/decrease, making comparative assessment of the effect highly impractical. This study proposes threshold boundaries of BMD (rT-score) in colony-bred Sprague-Dawley rats, distinct from those used clinically. Boundaries were obtained keeping fixed Type-I error (alpha=0.025). Femur neck was considered best for defining bone status using BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Findings demonstrate that BMD<or=-1.96 rT-score signifies osteoporosis and BMD between >-1.96 and <-0.80 rT-score as osteopenia. Performance of boundaries to ascertain bone status was examined through simulation under different physiological/ hormonal states viz. estrogen deficiency, ageing, estrus cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.98 obtained using BMD of femur neck, being close to unity, shows excellent ability of the proposed rT-score to effectively identify osteoporosis. Further studies using certain hierarchical measures of bone quality such as histomorphometry, mechanical testing etc. could supplement these findings. Since, unlike humans, most laboratory animals including rats only exhibit osteopenia and do not fracture their bones, the proposed thresholds are intended to serve as categorical tools to define bone quality and not to predict fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Srivastava
- Division of Biometry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Giro G, Gonçalves D, Sakakura CE, Pereira RMR, Marcantonio Júnior E, Orrico SRP. Influence of estrogen deficiency and its treatment with alendronate and estrogen on bone density around osseointegrated implants: radiographic study in female rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:162-7. [PMID: 18230387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the influence of estrogen deficiency and its treatment on bone density around integrated implants. STUDY DESIGN Implants were placed in female rat tibiae. The animals were assigned to 5 groups: control, sham, ovariectomy, estrogen, and alendronate. The control group was humanely killed to confirm integration of the implant. The others were submitted to ovariectomy or sham surgery. Bone density was measured by digital radiographs at 6 points on sides of the implant. RESULTS The analysis of radiographic bone density revealed estrogen privation had a negative impact only in the cancellous bone. The estrogen group differed significantly (P < .05) from the ovariectomy and alendronate groups. The alendronate group presented the highest density for all evaluated regions. CONCLUSION Ovariectomy caused a decrease in the radiographic bone density in the cancellous region. Estrogen replacement therapy and alendronate were effective treatments in preventing bone mass loss around integrated implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Giro
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, UNESP-São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The relative importance of genetics and phenotypic plasticity in dictating bone morphology and mechanics in aged mice: evidence from an artificial selection experiment. ZOOLOGY 2008; 111:135-47. [PMID: 18221861 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors are known to influence the structure of bone, contributing to its mechanical behavior during, and adaptive response to, loading. We introduce a novel approach to simultaneously address the genetically mediated, exercise-related effects on bone morphometrics and strength, using mice that had been selectively bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running (16 generations). Female mice from high running and control lines were either allowed (n=12, 12, respectively) or denied (n=11, 12, respectively) access to wheels for 20 months. Femoral shaft, neck, and head were measured with calipers and via micro-computed tomography. Fracture characteristics of the femoral head were assessed in cantilever bending. After adjusting for variation in body mass by two-way analysis of covariance, distal width of the femur increased as a result of selective breeding, and mediolateral femoral diameter was reduced by wheel access. Cross-sectional area of the femoral mid-shaft showed a significant linetype x activity effect, increasing with wheel access in high-running lines but decreasing in control lines. Body mass was significantly positively correlated with many of the morphometric traits studied. Fracture load of the femoral neck was strongly positively predicted by morphometric traits of the femoral neck (r2>0.30), but no significant effects of selective breeding or wheel access were found. The significant correlations of body mass with femoral morphometric traits underscore the importance of controlling for body size when analyzing the response of bone size and shape to experimental treatments. After controlling for body mass, measures of the femoral neck remain significant predictors of femoral neck strength.
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Barak MM, Weiner S, Shahar R. Importance of the integrity of trabecular bone to the relationship between load and deformation of rat femora: an optical metrology study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b805661g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Serrat MA, Reno PL, McCollum MA, Meindl RS, Lovejoy CO. Variation in mammalian proximal femoral development: comparative analysis of two distinct ossification patterns. J Anat 2007; 210:249-58. [PMID: 17331175 PMCID: PMC2100278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental anatomy of the proximal femur is complex. In some mammals, including humans, the femoral head and greater trochanter emerge as separate ossification centres within a common chondroepiphysis and remain separate throughout ontogeny. In other species, these secondary centres coalesce within the chondroepiphysis to form a single osseous epiphysis much like the proximal humerus. These differences in femoral ontogeny have not been previously addressed, yet are critical to an understanding of femoral mineralization and architecture across a wide range of mammals and may have key implications for understanding and treating hip abnormalities in humans. We evaluated femora from 70 mammalian species and categorized each according to the presence of a 'separate' or 'coalesced' proximal epiphysis based on visual assessment. We found that ossification type varies widely among mammals: taxa in the 'coalesced' group include marsupials, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, bats, carnivores and several primates, while the 'separate' group includes hominoids, many rodents, tree shrews and several marine species. There was no clear relationship to body size, phylogeny or locomotion, but qualitative and quantitative differences between the groups suggest that ossification type may be primarily an artefact of femoral shape and neck length. As some osseous abnormalities of the human hip appear to mimic the normal morphology of species with coalesced epiphyses, these results may provide insight into the aetiology and treatment of human hip disorders such as femoroacetabular impingement and early-onset osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Serrat
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Fajardo RJ, Müller R, Ketcham RA, Colbert M. Nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck trabecular architecture and its relationship to locomotor mode. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:422-36. [PMID: 17514766 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses of human and nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck structure have largely ignored the trabecular bone. We tested hypotheses regarding differences in the relative distribution and structural anisotropy of trabecular bone in the femoral neck of quadrupedal and climbing/suspensory anthropoids. We used high-resolution X-ray computed tomography to analyze quantitatively the femoral neck trabecular structure of Ateles geoffroyi, Symphalangus syndactylus, Alouatta seniculus, Colobus guereza, Macaca fascicularis, and Papio cynocephalus (n = 46). We analyzed a size-scaled superior and inferior volume of interest (VOI) in the femoral neck. The ratio of the superior to inferior VOI bone volume fraction indicated that the distribution of trabecular bone was inferiorly skewed in most (but not all) quadrupeds and evenly distributed the climbing/suspensory species, but interspecific comparisons indicated that all taxa overlapped in these measurements. Degree of anisotropy values were generally higher in the inferior VOI of all species and the results for the two climbing/suspensory taxa, A. geoffroyi (1.71 +/- 0.30) and S. syndactylus (1.55 +/- 0.04), were similar to the results for the quadrupedal anthropoids, C. guereza (male = 1.64 +/- 0.13; female = 1.68 +/- 0.07) and P. cynocephalus (1.47 +/- 0.13). These results suggest strong trabecular architecture similarity across body sizes, anthropoid phylogenetic backgrounds, and locomotor mode. This structural similarity might be explained by greater similarity in anthropoid hip joint loading mechanics than previously considered. It is likely that our current models of anthropoid hip joint mechanics are overly simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Fajardo
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Barkmann R, Laugier P, Moser U, Dencks S, Padilla F, Haiat G, Heller M, Glüer CC. A method for the estimation of femoral bone mineral density from variables of ultrasound transmission through the human femur. Bone 2007; 40:37-44. [PMID: 16949896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements at peripheral sites can be used to estimate osteoporotic fracture risk. However, measurements at these sites are less suitable to predict bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture risk at the central skeleton. We investigated whether direct QUS measurements at the femur would allow to estimate dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD of the total proximal femur with errors comparable to established DXA accuracy errors. Two independent sets of femora were measured in Kiel (6 f, 4 m, age: 55-90) and Paris (19 f, 20 m age: 45-95) using different benchtop systems in the two laboratories. The femora were scanned in transverse transmission mode using focused US transducers of 500 kHz center frequency. The QUS values were averaged over a region similar to the total hip region of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. BMD was measured using DXA. SOS and BMD correlated significantly (p<0.0001) in both data sets (R2=0.81-0.93). Correlations between BUA and BMD were also significant at p<0.001, but correlation coefficients were lower (R2=0.61-0.75). Residual errors for the estimation of BMD were 8%-10% for SOS as predictor, and 14%-16% for BUA as predictor. The residual error of 8 to 10% for the estimation of BMD from SOS is comparable to variabilities among different DXA femur subregions and accuracy errors of femoral DXA measurements caused by the impact of soft tissue. It is substantially smaller than the errors of 13% for the estimation of total femur BMD from spine BMD, 14% for the estimation of total femur BMD from calcaneus SOS or 16% for the estimation of ash weight from DXA. The results of the study show that SOS is able to predict total BMD with adequate accuracy. If femoral BMD could be obtained in vivo with comparable accuracy, femoral QUS would be suited for the assessment of bone status at one of the main osteoporotic fracture sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barkmann
- Medizinische Physik, Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Sigurdsson G, Aspelund T, Chang M, Jonsdottir B, Sigurdsson S, Eiriksdottir G, Gudmundsson A, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Lang TF. Increasing sex difference in bone strength in old age: The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik study (AGES-REYKJAVIK). Bone 2006; 39:644-51. [PMID: 16790372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is important to identify possible pathological mechanisms that underlie the known sexual dimorphism in bone fragility in old age. In this cross-sectional population-based study, we use data from three different skeletal sites to examine sex differences in volumetric bone density, geometry and strength indices and determine whether sex differences in these bone strength measures continue to increase into very old age. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1715 elderly individuals (807 men and 908 women) age 67-93 years, participants in a population-based study, the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (AGES-REYKJAVIK) and not taking medications affecting bone metabolism, were studied. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was performed in the lumbar spine, hip and mid-femoral shaft to estimate volumetric trabecular, cortical and integral BMD, bone geometry and bone strength indices. Regression models were used to assess the effects of age and gender-adjustment for standing midlife height and current weight. RESULTS At age 67-69 years, men had 24.9-31.7% larger cross-sectional bone size at measured sites than women. At all bone sites, women had two- to fivefold diminution in net bone mass with age compared to men but had comparable increments in bone size (1.8-6.0% per 10 years). This was reflected in significantly worse (more than twofold) bone strength measures with age in women, including compressive strength indices at the spine, femoral neck and trochanter and bending strength indices at the femoral neck. CONCLUSION With the limitations of a cross-sectional study, our data support the hypothesis that sex differences in bone strength continue into old age. These sex differences appear to be due to greater net bone loss in women rather than due to greater bone gain in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Sigurdsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Muniz Renno AC, de Moura FM, dos Santos NSA, Tirico RP, Bossini PS, Parizotto NA. The effects of infrared-830 nm laser on exercised osteopenic rats. Lasers Med Sci 2006; 21:202-7. [PMID: 16937073 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-006-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), 830 nm, on femora of exercised osteopenic rats. Sixty female rats were used, which were divided into six groups: sham-operated control, osteopenic control, sham-operated trained, osteopenic trained, sham-operated trained and irradiated, and osteopenic trained and irradiated. The exercise program and the laser irradiation were performed 48 h over an 8-week period. The exercise program was made in a container, filled with warm water, and consisted of jumps (four series, with ten jumps). The laser irradiation was performed with a Ga-Al-As laser, 830 nm, 100 W/cm2, 120 J/cm2. Femora were submitted to a physical and geometrical properties evaluation, a biomechanical test, and calcium and phosphorus evaluation. Exercised animals showed higher bone strength and physical properties values. However, the LLLT did not improve the stimulatory effects of the exercise on the osteopenic rats. The exercise program was able to increase femora strength and physical properties of osteopenic rats. However, concurrent treatments did not produce a more pronounced effect on femora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Departmento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, 13013002, Brazil.
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Lang TF, Leblanc AD, Evans HJ, Lu Y. Adaptation of the proximal femur to skeletal reloading after long-duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1224-30. [PMID: 16869720 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the proximal femoral BMD and structure of astronauts 1 year after missions lasting 4-6 months. We observed that the readaptation of the proximal femur to Earth's gravity entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of volumetric BMD. INTRODUCTION Bone loss is a well-known result of skeletal unloading in long-duration spaceflight, with the most severe losses occurring in the proximal femur. However, there is little information about the recovery of bone loss after mission completion and no information about effect of reloading on the structure of load-bearing bone. To address these questions, we carried out a study of the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the BMD and structure of the proximal femur 1 year after missions lasting 4-6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 16 crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) making flights of 4.5-6 months, we used QCT imaging to measure the total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the proximal femur. In addition to vBMD, we also quantified BMC, bone volume, femoral neck cross-sectional area (CSA), and femoral neck indices of compressive and bending strength at three time-points: preflight, postflight, and 1 year after mission. RESULTS Proximal femoral bone mass was substantially recovered in the year after spaceflight, but measures of vBMD and estimated bone strength showed only partial recovery. The recovery of BMC, in the absence of a comparable increase in vBMD, was explained by increases in bone volume and CSA during the year after spaceflight. CONCLUSIONS Adaptation of the proximal femur to reloading entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of vBMD. The data indicate that recovery of skeletal density after long-duration space missions may exceed 1 year and supports the evidence in the aging literature for periosteal apposition as a compensatory response for bone loss. The extent to which this compensatory effect protects against fracture remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946, USA.
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Jokihaara J, Järvinen TLN, Jolma P, Kööbi P, Kalliovalkama J, Tuukkanen J, Saha H, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Pörsti I. Renal insufficiency-induced bone loss is associated with an increase in bone size and preservation of strength in rat proximal femur. Bone 2006; 39:353-60. [PMID: 16584934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) results in phosphate retention and secondary hyperparathyroidism, the treatment of which is largely based on the use of calcium salts as phosphate binders. Advanced CRI causes bone fragility, but information about bone geometry and strength in moderate CRI is scarce. We assigned 39 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats to sham-operation (Sham) or 5/6 nephrectomy (NTX). Four weeks later, the rats were randomized to 0.3% calcium (Sham, NTX) or 3.0% calcium diet (Sham + Calcium, NTX + Calcium). After 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, plasma samples collected, and femora excised for neck and midshaft analyses: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and biomechanical testing. The NTX increased plasma urea and PTH 1.6-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, whereas high calcium intake suppressed PTH to 30% of controls. Total femoral bone mineral content decreased (-6.3%) in the NTX group, while this deleterious effect was reversed by high calcium diet. In the site-specific analysis of the femoral neck, the volumetric bone density (-6.5%) was decreased in the NTX group but not NTX + Calcium group. However, in the nephrectomized rats, there was also a concomitant increase in the cross-sectional area (+15%), and, despite the decrease in bone density, the mechanical strength of the femoral neck was maintained. In the midshaft, NTX decreased cortical volumetric bone density (-1.2%), but similar to the femoral neck, no differences were found in the mechanical strength. In conclusion, a decrease in bone mass in moderate experimental CRI was associated with a concomitant increase in bone size, and maintenance of mechanical competence. Although high calcium diet suppressed plasma PTH to under normal physiological levels, it prevented the CRI-induced loss of bone mass without an adverse influence on bone strength.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Blood Urea Nitrogen
- Bone Resorption/diagnostic imaging
- Bone Resorption/etiology
- Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology
- Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Calcium/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Creatinine/blood
- Femur/diagnostic imaging
- Femur/drug effects
- Femur/physiology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/blood
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/etiology
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/physiopathology
- Nephrectomy
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- Phosphates/blood
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Jokihaara
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Mathematical analysis of trabecular 'trajectories' in apparent trajectorial structures: the unfortunate historical emphasis on the human proximal femur. J Theor Biol 2006; 244:15-45. [PMID: 16949618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wolff's "law" of the functional adaptation of bone is rooted in the trajectory hypothesis of cancellous bone architecture. Wolff often used the human proximal femur as an example of a trajectorial structure (i.e. arched trabecular patterns appear to be aligned along tension/compression stress trajectories). We examined two tenets of the trajectory hypothesis; namely, that the trabecular tracts from the tension- and compression-loaded sides of a bending environment will: (1) follow 'lines' (trajectories) of tension/compression stress that resemble an arch with its apex on a neutral axis, and (2) form orthogonal (90 degrees ) intersections. These predictions were analysed in proximal femora of chimpanzees and modern humans, and in calcanei of sheep and deer. Compared to complex loading of the human femoral neck, the chimpanzee femoral neck reputedly receives relatively simpler loading (i.e. temporally/spatially more consistent bending), and the artiodactyl calcaneus is even more simply loaded in bending. In order to directly consider Wolff's observations, measurements were also made on two-dimensional, cantilevered beams and curved beams, each with intersecting compression/tension stress trajectories. Results in the calcanei showed: (1) the same nonlinear equation best described the dorsal ("compression") and plantar ("tension") trabecular tracts, (2) these tracts could be exactly superimposed on the corresponding compression/tension stress trajectories of the cantilevered beams, and (3) trabecular tracts typically formed orthogonal intersections. In contrast, trabecular tracts in human and chimpanzee femoral necks were non-orthogonal (mean approximately 70 degrees ), with shapes differing from trabecular tracts in calcanei and stress trajectories in the beams. Although often being described by the same equations, the trajectories in the curved beams had lower r(2) values than calcaneal tracts. These results suggest that the trabecular patterns in the calcanei and stress trajectories in short beams are consistent with basic tenets of the trajectory hypothesis while those in human and chimpanzee femoral necks are not. Compared to calcanei, the more complexly loaded human and chimpanzee femoral necks probably receive more prevalent/predominant shear, which is best accommodated by non-orthogonal, asymmetric trabecular tracts. The asymmetrical trabecular patterns in the proximal femora may also reflect the different developmental 'fields' (trochanteric vs. neck/head) that formed these regions, of which there is no parallel in the calcanei.
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Meta M, Lu Y, Keyak JH, Lang T. Young-elderly differences in bone density, geometry and strength indices depend on proximal femur sub-region: a cross sectional study in Caucasian-American women. Bone 2006; 39:152-8. [PMID: 16459156 PMCID: PMC1482801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fragility fractures at the trochanter (TR) and the femoral neck (FN) have distinct etiologies, but the underlying age-related structural changes at these proximal femoral sub-regions are poorly understood. 28 young (41+/-3 years) and 124 elderly (74+/-3 years) healthy Caucasian women underwent volumetric quantitative computed tomography at the hip. Integral (i), cortical (c) and trabecular (t) bone mineral density and content (BMD, BMC) were measured. Geometric parameters included cross sectional area (CSA), and volumes of the integral, cortical and trabecular regions (VOL). Structural measures included indices of compressive (Compstr) and bending (BSI) strength. After adjusting for height and weight, an F-test was used to compare the TR and the FN mean values between young and elderly and to test for interaction to compare logarithmic difference of young and elderly (log(Young)-log(Elderly), Y/Ed) between the FN and the TR in an ANOCOVA model. All BMC, iBMD and tBMD values were significantly lower in elderly than in young women, with the largest Y/Ed in the FN tBMC and tBMD (P<0.0011 and P<0.0001). cBMD in young and elderly groups was not significantly different at the TR while at the FN it was greater (P=0.0075) in elderly than young women, showing significant Y/Ed (P=0.0003) dependence on skeletal site. Elderly women had significantly larger iVOL and CSA values (0.0001<P<0.0051), except for the FN iVOL. cVOL values were smaller in elderly than young women (P<0.0001). Y/Ed in bone geometry differed by sub-region only for cVOL measures (P=0.0267). Despite larger CSA and iVOL measures in elderly, the younger women had greater Compstr (P<0.0001) and BSI (P=0.0051). Thus, although both the TR and the FN appear to increase in size with age, this enlargement is insufficient to protect against loss of bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meta
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946, USA.
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45
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Bliziotes M, Sibonga JD, Turner RT, Orwoll E. Periosteal remodeling at the femoral neck in nonhuman primates. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1060-7. [PMID: 16813526 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Periosteal bone turnover is poorly understood. We documented intramembranous periosteal bone turnover in the femoral neck in intact nonhuman primates and an increase in osteoclast numbers at the periosteal surface in sex steroid-deficient animals. Our studies are the first to systematically document periosteal turnover at the femoral neck. INTRODUCTION Bone size is an important determinant of bone strength, and cellular events at the periosteal surface could alter bone dimensions. We characterized periosteal cellular activity with dynamic histomorphometric studies of nonhuman primate femoral neck and shaft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Femur specimens from 16 intact adult male and female nonhuman primates (Rhesus [Macaca mulatta, n = 9] and Japanese Macaque [Macaca fuscata, n = 7]) were analyzed. Animals were double-labeled with tetracycline, and necropsy was performed 2-7 days after the last dose. We characterized periosteal resorptive activity in an additional group of five intact and four castrate female animals. Multiple group comparisons in intact animals were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by a Fisher PLSD posthoc test. In gonadectomized animals, Fisher's exact test was used for dichotomous and Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. RESULTS Bone turnover in the periosteum of the femoral neck in intact animals was more rapid than at the femoral shaft but slower than in femoral neck cancellous bone. Similarly, in these intact animals, the eroded surface of cortical bone at the femoral neck periosteal surface was significantly greater than in the cancellous bone compartment (p < 0.0001) or on the femoral shaft (p < 0.0001). Gonadectomized female animals showed an increase in osteoclast number on the periosteal surface compared with intact controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We documented intramembranous periosteal bone turnover in the femoral neck by histomorphometric analyses. The tissue level bone formation rate was sufficient to add substantively to femoral neck size over time. Periosteal osteoclastic activity was not the result of the emergence of intracortical tunneling at the bone surface. Sex steroid deficiency produced an increase in osteoclast numbers at the periosteal surface. This is the first systematic documentation of periosteal turnover at the femoral neck.
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Zhang G, Qin L, Shi Y, Leung K. A comparative study between axial compression and lateral fall configuration tested in a rat proximal femur model. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005; 20:729-35. [PMID: 15963616 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional testing method for evaluation of rat hip failure force is based on an axial compression approach. However, as the most osteoporotic hip fractures are a result of a lateral fall, it is necessary to establish mechanical testing methods more close to clinical conditions. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the differences in hip mechanical failure force to be tested between 'axial compression' and 'lateral fall configuration' in a rat proximal femur model. METHODS Eighteen 10-month-old female Wistar rats were body-weight matched and divided into ovariectomized group (n = 9) and sham group (n = 9). All rats were euthanized 3 months after surgery. The bilateral proximal femora of each rat were excised. The left femur served for testing to failure in a fall configuration fashion while the right femur was tested using axial compression approach. After mechanical testing, the anterior-posterior radiographs were taken to identify the fracture mode and measure the Pauwel's angle between the fracture line and the line perpendicular to the femoral shaft long axis. FINDINGS The failure force in fall configuration was significantly correlated with but lower than that tested in axial compression. A comparison between the ovariectomized and sham group showed that the failure force in both fall configuration and axial compression was found significantly higher in the sham group than that in the ovariectomized group. However, the logistic regression analysis revealed that the fall configuration approach had larger discrimination power. Radiographs showed that almost all samples fractured at the base of the femur neck. The Pauwel's angle in fall configuration group was significantly larger than that in axial compression group. INTERPRETATION In comparison with the characteristics of axial compression test, the fall configuration approach generated higher shearing stress with larger bending moment to the bone and induced susceptibility to fracture at lower mechanical load. Although the failure force obtained from the two testing configurations revealed significant correlation, the mechanical testing in fall configuration demonstrated higher sensitivity in identifying the estrogen-deficiency induced deterioration of hip mechanical failure force as compared with that in axial compression. These findings suggested the potential application of lateral fall configuration in evaluation of improvement effects of intervention stratagems on hip mechanical failure force involving an ovariectomized rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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47
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Allen MR, Burr DB. Human femoral neck has less cellular periosteum, and more mineralized periosteum, than femoral diaphyseal bone. Bone 2005; 36:311-6. [PMID: 15780957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periosteal expansion enhances bone strength and is controlled by osteogenic cells of the periosteum. The extent of cellular periosteum at the human femoral neck, a clinically relevant site, is unclear. This study was designed to histologically evaluate the human femoral neck periosteal surface. Femoral neck samples from 11 male and female cadavers (ages 34-88) were histologically assessed and four periosteal surface classifications (cellular periosteum, mineralizing periosteum, cartilage, and mineralizing cartilage) were quantified. Femoral mid-diaphysis samples from the same cadavers were used as within-specimen controls. The femoral neck surface had significantly less (P<0.05) cellular periosteum (18.4+/-9.7%) compared to the femoral diaphysis (59.2+/-13.8%). A significant amount of the femoral neck surface was covered by mineralizing periosteal tissue (20-70%). These data may provide an alternate explanation for the apparent femoral neck periosteal expansion with age and suggest the efficiency of interventions that stimulate periosteal expansion may be reduced, albeit still possible, at the femoral neck of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5035 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Jäger M, Sager M, Lensing-Höhn S, Krauspe R. The critical size bony defect in a small animal for bone healing studies (I): Comparative anatomical study on rats' femur / Der kritische Knochendefekt am Kleintier zur Untersuchung der Knochenheilung: Vergleichende Anatomie am Rattenfemur. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2005; 50:107-10. [PMID: 15884707 DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2005.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory rats are small animal models which are often used for scientific investigations in medicine. So far there are only few scientific data about the meaning of these small animal models for in vivo bone healing studies available in literature. Although the rat's femur with its cyclic loadings during gait is an appropriate model for investigations in the field of experimental orthopaedics and traumatology there is a lack of morphometric information with respect to its anatomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anatomy of rat femurs in two species, which are often performed in animal experimental medicine. These morphometric data should contribute to develope an appropriated osseous fragment fixation system in the rat's femur. The femurs of Wistar (WR) and Sprague Dawley (SDR) cadavers were prepared and analysed by x-rays in two standard planes. The results were compared with the corresponding data for humans by literature. It could be demonstrated that SDR showed a higher caput-collum-diaphyseal and antetorsion angle, but a lower transcondylar femur valgus angle compared to WR. Cortical thickness, bone marrow cavity diameter and femur length were higher in WR. Wistar rat's femur anatomy shows more similarities to human anatomy than Sprague Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jäger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany, FRG.
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Allen MR, Hock JM, Burr DB. Periosteum: biology, regulation, and response to osteoporosis therapies. Bone 2004; 35:1003-12. [PMID: 15542024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periosteum contains osteogenic cells that regulate the outer shape of bone and work in coordination with inner cortical endosteum to regulate cortical thickness and the size and position of a bone in space. Induction of periosteal expansion, especially at sites such as the lumbar spine and femoral neck, reduces fracture risk by modifying bone dimensions to increase bone strength. The cell and molecular mechanisms that selectively and specifically activate periosteal expansion, as well as the mechanisms by which osteoporosis drugs regulate periosteum, remain poorly understood. We speculate that an alternate strategy to protect human bones from fracture may be through targeting of the periosteum, either using current or novel agents. In this review, we highlight current concepts of periosteal cell biology, including their apparent differences from endosteal osteogenic cells, discuss the limited data regarding how the periosteal surface is regulated by currently approved osteoporosis drugs, and suggest one potential means through which targeting periosteum may be achieved. Improving our understanding of mechanisms controlling periosteal expansion will likely provide insights necessary to enhance current and develop novel interventions to further reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Lang T, LeBlanc A, Evans H, Lu Y, Genant H, Yu A. Cortical and trabecular bone mineral loss from the spine and hip in long-duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1006-12. [PMID: 15125798 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We measured cortical and trabecular bone loss using QCT of the spine and hip in 14 crewmembers making 4- to 6-month flights on the International Space Station. There was no compartment-specific loss of bone in the spine. Cortical bone mineral loss in the hip occurred primarily by endocortical thinning. INTRODUCTION In an earlier study, areal BMD (aBMD) measurements by DXA showed that cosmonauts making flights of 4- to 12-month duration on the Soviet/Russian MIR spacecraft lost bone at an average rate of 1%/month from the spine and 1.5%/month from the hip. However, because DXA measurements represent the sum of the cortical and trabecular compartments, there is no direct information on how these bone envelopes are affected by spaceflight. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address this, we performed a study of crewmembers (13 males and 1 female; age range, 40-55 years) on long-duration missions (4-6 months) on the International Space Station (ISS). We used DXA to obtain aBMD of the hip and spine and volumetric QCT (vQCT) to assess integral, cortical, and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) in the hip and spine. In the heel, DXA was used to measure aBMD, and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) was used to measure speed of sound (SOS) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS aBMD was lost at rates of 0.9%/month at the spine (p < 0.001) and 1.4-1.5%/month at the hip (p < 0.001). Spinal integral vBMD was lost at a rate of 0.9%/month (p < 0.001), and trabecular vBMD was lost at 0.7%/month (p < 0.05). In contrast to earlier reports, these changes were generalized across the vertebrae and not focused in the posterior elements. In the hip, integral, cortical, and trabecular vBMD was lost at rates of 1.2-1.5%/month (p < 0.0001), 0.4-0.5%/month (p < 0.01), and 2.2-2.7%/month (p < 0.001), respectively. The cortical bone loss in the hip occurred primarily by cortical thinning. Calcaneal aBMD measurements by DXA showed smaller mean losses (0.4%/month) than hip or spine measurements, with SOS and BUA showing no change. In summary, our results show that ISS crewmembers, on average, experience substantial loss of both trabecular and cortical bone in the hip and somewhat smaller losses in the spine. These results do not support the use of calcaneal aBMD or QUS measurements as surrogate measures to estimate changes in the central skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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