1
|
Omosigho PO, John OO, Adigun OA, Hassan HK, Olabode ON, Micheal AS, Haruna UA, Singh A, Manirambona E. The Re-emergence of Diphtheria Amidst Multiple Outbreaks in Nigeria. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:20-28. [PMID: 38018182 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265251299231117045940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable disease, has resurfaced in Nigeria, where many outbreaks have been reported in recent years. The outbreaks have occurred across the country, including in areas with high vaccination coverage. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal agent, is a highly contagious bacteria that can cause severe respiratory and systemic symptoms and can be fatal if not treated. The reemergence of diphtheria in Nigeria is most likely due to a combination of factors, including gaps in routine immunization regimens. The outbreak is further aggravated by multiple epidemics, which have diverted resources and attention away from the emergency of other infectious diseases. Furthermore, there is a lack of awareness of diphtheria in Nigeria. With a focus on the difficulties in controlling the disease, methods of diagnosis, available treatments, and preventive measures, this study provides a thorough analysis of diphtheria, covering its historical context, clinical presentation, associated complications, and current outbreaks. It emphasizes how important vaccination, early detection, and better access to healthcare are in reducing diphtheria outbreaks. The study highlights the serious effects of diphtheria on public health, particularly in regions with scarce resources and vaccine resistance, and offers a number of suggestions to overcome these challenges and prevent further outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pius Omoruyi Omosigho
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Edo State University Uzairue, Benin, Nigeria
| | - Okesanya Olalekan John
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olaleke Noah Olabode
- Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Abioye Sunday Micheal
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Emery Manirambona
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jima B, Hailu D, Dejene G. The magnitude of health care seeking delay and associated factors for tuberculosis suggestive symptoms in Sidama Region Ethiopia: Community-based cross-sectional study. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2023; 6:100441. [PMID: 38028259 PMCID: PMC10643354 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health care seeking delay for tuberculosis suggestive symptoms is a great challenge for controlling the disease. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the magnitude and identify factors associated with delayed healthcare seeking among presumptive tuberculosis cases for suggestive tuberculosis symptoms. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 476 subjects with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data software version 3.1, and exported to SPSS software version 25.0 for analysis. The multivariable logistic regression models included variables like sex, marital status, knowledge, education level, and distance from health facility that show a significant association with health care seeking delay in the binary logistic regression at a P value 0.25. Tables, graphs, and charts were then used to display the results. Result The proportion of delayed health care seeking was found to be 46.7 % (95 % CI, 43.5-48.9). The study also revealed that being married, not attending formal education, having a lower monthly income, and having poor knowledge of tuberculosis were significantly associated with delayed tuberculosis-suggestive symptoms. Conclusion In this study, delays in health care seeking among TB-suspected patients were high compared to the Ethiopian Ministry of Health target. Different systems should be built to increase community awareness of health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betelihem Jima
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Hailu
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Gebeyehu Dejene
- Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples' Region Health Bureau, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mahmoud A, Oluyemisi A, Uwishema O, Sun J, Jobran AW, David S, Wireko AA, Adanur I, Dost B, Onyeaka H. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of typhoid fever in Africa: A review. Int J Health Plann Manage 2023; 38:317-329. [PMID: 36457176 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, a classical disease of enteric origin caused by Salmonella species of bacteria, is among the most important diseases threatening public health in Africa. The African continent is a marker for both low resources within the healthcare system and poor disease control policy formulations in managing endemic infectious diseases. Since the colonial era, the Widal serological test has been used to confirm typhoid fever in Africa, however recent studies recommend blood culture, and when blood culture cannot be obtained, clinical findings, laboratory Widal test confirmation, and ruling out other febrile illnesses as confirmatory pathway to diagnose typhoid fever in Africa. Managing typhoid fever relies on antimicrobials. In 1980s chloramphenicol was the medication of choice. Years later, amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole were adopted. However, the instantaneous rise of resistant strains of Salmonella enterica confers an important challenge to treat the burdensome enteric fever. The current treatment algorithm of typhoid fever in Africa relies significantly on the use of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and cephalosporins. Developed nations have successfully addressed and controlled typhoid fever via improvement in accessing safe water and food, better sanitary and hygienic behaviours, and vaccines development. Nevertheless, there is significant evidence to infer improvement in the diagnosis management of typhoid fever over the last few decades, and efforts are underway to control the disease spread in Africa. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in typhoid fever diagnosis and management in Africa and provide key recommendations for a coordinated approach to mitigate typhoid in the continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mahmoud
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College KCMUCo, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Adekunbi Oluyemisi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afnan Waleed Jobran
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Success David
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Awuah Wireko
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Irem Adanur
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Burhan Dost
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uwishema O, Wellington J, Berjaoui C, Muoka KO, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104599. [PMID: 36268453 PMCID: PMC9577510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
5
|
Chaaya C, Devi Thambi V, Sabuncu Ö, Abedi R, Osman Ahmed Osman A, Uwishema O, Onyeaka H. Ukraine - Russia crisis and its impacts on the mental health of Ukrainian young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104033. [PMID: 35765517 PMCID: PMC9221679 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russia-Ukraine crisis has been at the center of international talks since early 2022. This conflict, bursting after the sanitary crisis of the covid 19 pandemic, creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and instability, which negatively impacts many aspects, including mental health. Young Ukrainians have been suffering from socio-political instability for decades, and the current war, together with the Covid 19 pandemic, shatters hopes of brighter days. This commentary covers the challenges facing the younger generation in Ukraine and the impact of this situation on their mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chaaya
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vimala Devi Thambi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Özge Sabuncu
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reem Abedi
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- NRC, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Awab Osman Ahmed Osman
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prospect of acute hepatitis E virus outbreak in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: A contingency plan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:104084. [PMID: 35784950 PMCID: PMC9233345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the primary cause of acute viral hepatitis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is transmitted by oral-faecal route via contaminated water or animal products, which is more pronounced in SSA, where inadequate hygiene measures, low socioeconomic situation, and frail healthcare system increase HEV susceptibility. During the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), numerous initiatives concerning viral hepatitis relief in SSA are implemented. However, national programs do not support most services and are neglected when national and local attention rests on the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, hepatitis E prevention and control programs were affected in low-income countries due to economic losses. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach should be adopted to mitigate HEV infections during COVID-19.
Collapse
|