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Potential Role of ROS in Butyrate- and Dietary Fiber-Mediated Growth Inhibition and Modulation of Cell Cycle-, Apoptosis- and Antioxidant-Relevant Proteins in LT97 Colon Adenoma and HT29 Colon Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020440. [PMID: 36672389 PMCID: PMC9857069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to chemopreventive effects of fermentation supernatants (FS) of different dietary fibers (Synergy1®, oat-, barley-, yeast β-glucan, Curdlan) and butyrate as a fermentation metabolite. LT97 and HT29 cells were treated with butyrate and FS alone or with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and their impact on ROS formation, cell growth, and protein expression (Cyclin D2, p21, PARP, Bid, GPx2) was investigated. Butyrate and FS significantly decreased cell growth. ROS levels were significantly increased, particularly in LT97 cells, while co-treatment with NAC decreased ROS formation and growth inhibitory effects in both cell lines. After treatment with butyrate and FS, Cyclin D2 expression was reduced in LT97 cells and p21 expression was increased in both cell lines. Levels of full-length PARP and Bid were decreased, while levels of cleaved PARP were enhanced. GPx2 expression was significantly reduced by fiber FS in HT29 cells. A notable effect of NAC on butyrate- and FS-modulated protein expression was observed exclusively for PARP and Bid in HT29 cells. From the present results, a contribution of ROS to growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of butyrate and FS on LT97 and HT29 cells cannot be excluded.
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Mittag A, Singer A, Hoera C, Westermann M, Kämpfe A, Glei M. Impact of in vitro digested zinc oxide nanoparticles on intestinal model systems. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:39. [PMID: 35644618 PMCID: PMC9150335 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) offer beneficial properties for many applications, especially in the food sector. Consequently, as part of the human food chain, they are taken up orally. The toxicological evaluation of orally ingested ZnO NP is still controversial. In addition, their physicochemical properties can change during digestion, which leads to an altered biological behaviour. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the fate of two different sized ZnO NP (< 50 nm and < 100 nm) during in vitro digestion and their effects on model systems of the intestinal barrier. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were used in mono- and coculture with mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells. The cellular uptake, the impact on the monolayer barrier integrity and cytotoxic effects were investigated after 24 h exposure to 123–614 µM ZnO NP. Results
In vitro digested ZnO NP went through a morphological and chemical transformation with about 70% free zinc ions after the intestinal phase. The cellular zinc content increased dose-dependently up to threefold in the monoculture and fourfold in the coculture after treatment with digested ZnO NP. This led to reactive oxygen species but showed no impact on cellular organelles, the metabolic activity, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Only very small amounts of zinc (< 0.7%) reached the basolateral area, which is due to the unmodified transepithelial electrical resistance, permeability, and cytoskeletal morphology. Conclusions Our results reveal that digested and, therefore, modified ZnO NP interact with cells of an intact intestinal barrier. But this is not associated with serious cell damage.
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Schlörmann W, Bockwoldt JA, Mayr MF, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C, Rohn S, Ehrmann MA, Glei M. Fermentation profile, cholesterol-reducing properties and chemopreventive potential of β-glucans from Levilactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus claussenii - a comparative study with β-glucans from different sources. Food Funct 2021; 12:10615-10631. [PMID: 34585204 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether β-glucans obtained from the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Levilactobacillus (L.) brevis and Pediococcus (P.) claussenii exhibit similar physiological effects such as cholesterol-binding capacity (CBC) as the structurally different β-glucans from oat, barley, and yeast as well as curdlan. After in vitro fermentation, fermentation supernatants (FSs) and/or -pellets (FPs) were analyzed regarding the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ammonia, bile acids, the relative abundance of bacterial taxa and chemopreventive effects (growth inhibition, apoptosis, genotoxicity) in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Compared to other glucans, the highest CBC was determined for oat β-glucan (65.9 ± 8.8 mg g-1, p < 0.05). Concentrations of SCFA were increased in FSs of all β-glucans (up to 2.7-fold). The lowest concentrations of ammonia (down to 0.8 ± 0.3 mmol L-1) and bile acids (2.5-5.2 μg mL-1) were detected in FSs of the β-glucans from oat, barley, yeast, and curdlan. The various β-glucans differentially modulated the relative abundance of bacteria families and reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Treatment of LT97 cells with the FSs led to a significant dose-dependent growth reduction and increase in caspase-3 activity without exhibiting genotoxic effects. Though the different β-glucans show different fermentation profiles as well as cholesterol- and bile acid-reducing properties, they exhibit comparable chemopreventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schlörmann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany. .,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - J A Bockwoldt
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M F Mayr
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - S Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Dawczynski
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Ehrmann
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Glei
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Applied Nutritional Toxicology, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany. .,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Schneider T, Mittag A, Westermann M, Glei M. Impact of pH changes on metal oxide nanoparticle behaviour during artificial digestion. Food Funct 2021; 12:1452-1457. [PMID: 33522539 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02842h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of orally ingested metal nanoparticles can be influenced by the conditions prevailing in the digestive tract. In our work, we demonstrate the strong influence of the pH value on particle fate using a simplified digestion approach to analyze magnesium oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles and show why a separate consideration of the digestion parameters is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schneider
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, Jena, Germany.
| | - Anna Mittag
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, Jena, Germany.
| | - Martin Westermann
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, Jena, Germany.
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Schlörmann W, Atanasov J, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C, Glei M. Thermal Processing has no Impact on Chemopreventive Effects of Oat and Barley Kernels in LT97 Colon Adenoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2708-2719. [PMID: 33305613 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1856892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The unique dietary fiber composition with high contents of β-glucan contributes to the health-promoting properties of oat and barley and may mediate a reduction of colon cancer risk. In the present study, chemopreventive effects of oat and barley (beta®barley) kernels were investigated. In order to address the impact of thermal processing on these effects, kernels were roasted (150-180 °C, approx. 20 min), digested and fermented using an In Vitro human digestion model. Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia were determined in fermentation supernatants (FS). Growth inhibition, apoptosis, DNA integrity and gene expression of catalase were analyzed in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Concentrations of SCFA, particularly butyrate, were higher in oat/barley FS (2.2-fold, on average), while ammonia levels were significantly lower (0.7-fold, on average) than in the fermentation control. Treatment of LT97 cells with FS of oat/barley kernels led to a significant time- and dose-dependent growth reduction, a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and enhanced levels of catalase mRNA, without exhibiting genotoxic effects. In general, the results indicate a chemopreventive potential of In Vitro fermented oat and waxy winter barley mediated mainly by growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects, which are preserved after thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schlörmann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition, Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Atanasov
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition, Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition, Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition, Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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Schlörmann W, Atanasov J, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C, Glei M. Study on chemopreventive effects of raw and roasted β-glucan-rich waxy winter barley using an in vitro human colon digestion model. Food Funct 2020; 11:2626-2638. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation supernatants of barley flakes exhibit chemopreventive effects in LT97 colon adenoma cells without impact of roasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Schlörmann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - J. Atanasov
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - S. Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)
- Halle-Jena-Leipzig
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences
| | - C. Dawczynski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)
- Halle-Jena-Leipzig
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences
| | - M. Glei
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
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Deroover L, Tie Y, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Verbeke K. Modifying wheat bran to improve its health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1104-1122. [PMID: 30632785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1558394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of wheat bran (WB) has been associated with improved gastrointestinal health and a reduced risk for colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. These benefits are likely mediated by a combination of mechanisms, including colonic fermentation of the WB fiber, fecal bulking and the prevention of oxidative damage due to its antioxidant capacities. The relative importance of those mechanisms is not known and may differ for each health effect. WB has been modified by reducing particle size, heat treatment or modifying tissue composition to improve its technological properties and facilitate bread making processes. However, the impact of those modifications on human health has not been fully elucidated. Some modifications reinforce whereas others attenuate the health effects of coarse WB. This review summarizes available WB modifications, the mechanisms by which WB induces health benefits, the impact of WB modifications thereon and the available evidence for these effects from in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Deroover
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yaxin Tie
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wiese M, Khakimov B, Nielsen S, Sørensen H, van den Berg F, Nielsen DS. CoMiniGut-a small volume in vitro colon model for the screening of gut microbial fermentation processes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4268. [PMID: 29372119 PMCID: PMC5777374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by the growing recognition of the influence of the gut microbiota (GM) on human health and disease, there is a rapidly increasing interest in understanding how dietary components, pharmaceuticals and pre- and probiotics influence GM. In vitro colon models represent an attractive tool for this purpose. With the dual objective of facilitating the investigation of rare and expensive compounds, as well as an increased throughput, we have developed a prototype in vitro parallel gut microbial fermentation screening tool with a working volume of only 5 ml consisting of five parallel reactor units that can be expanded with multiples of five to increase throughput. This allows e.g., the investigation of interpersonal variations in gut microbial dynamics and the acquisition of larger data sets with enhanced statistical inference. The functionality of the in vitro colon model, Copenhagen MiniGut (CoMiniGut) was first demonstrated in experiments with two common prebiotics using the oligosaccharide inulin and the disaccharide lactulose at 1% (w/v). We then investigated fermentation of the scarce and expensive human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 3-Fucosyllactose, 3-Sialyllactose, 6-Sialyllactose and the more common Fructooligosaccharide in fermentations with infant gut microbial communities. Investigations of microbial community composition dynamics in the CoMiniGut reactors by MiSeq-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing showed excellent experimental reproducibility and allowed us to extract significant differences in gut microbial composition after 24 h of fermentation for all investigated substrates and fecal donors. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified for all treatments and donors. Fermentations with inulin and lactulose showed that inulin leads to a microbiota dominated by obligate anaerobes, with high relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while the more easily fermented lactulose leads to higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The subsequent study on the influence of HMOs on two infant GM communities, revealed the strongest bifidogenic effect for 3'SL for both infants. Inter-individual differences of infant GM, especially with regards to the occurrence of Bacteroidetes and differences in bifidobacterial species composition, correlated with varying degrees of HMO utilization foremost of 6'SL and 3'FL, indicating species and strain related differences in HMO utilization which was also reflected in SCFAs concentrations, with 3'SL and 6'SL resulting in significantly higher butyrate production compared to 3'FL. In conclusion, the increased throughput of CoMiniGut strengthens experimental conclusions through elimination of statistical interferences originating from low number of repetitions. Its small working volume moreover allows the investigation of rare and expensive bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Nielsen
- Plant Facilities and Workshops, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helena Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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In vitro–fermented raw and roasted walnuts induce expression of CAT and GSTT2 genes, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Nutr Res 2017; 47:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Schlörmann W, Lamberty J, Lorkowski S, Ludwig D, Mothes H, Saupe C, Glei M. Chemopreventive potential ofin vitrofermented nuts in LT97 colon adenoma and primary epithelial colon cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1461-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schlörmann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD); Halle-Jena-Leipzig Germany
| | - Julia Lamberty
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD); Halle-Jena-Leipzig Germany
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
| | - Diana Ludwig
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
| | - Henning Mothes
- Department of General; Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Christian Saupe
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition; Jena Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD); Halle-Jena-Leipzig Germany
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Campos-Vega R, Vázquez-Sánchez K, López-Barrera D, Loarca-Piña G, Mendoza-Díaz S, Oomah B. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic fermentation of spent coffee (Coffea arabica L.): Bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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In vitro fermentation of nuts results in the formation of butyrate and c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid as chemopreventive metabolites. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2063-73. [PMID: 26286349 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The consumption of foods rich in dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as nuts can contribute to a healthy diet. Therefore, the formation of fermentation end-products which might exert chemopreventive effects regarding colon cancer was investigated after an in vitro simulated digestion and fermentation of nuts using human fecal microbiota. METHODS Fermentation supernatants (FS) and pellets (FP) were obtained after an in vitro fermentation of hazelnuts, almonds, macadamia, pistachios and walnuts. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bile acids (BA) in FS as well as fatty acids in FP were analyzed via gas chromatography. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in FS were determined photometrically. RESULTS Fermentation of nuts resulted in 1.9- to 2.8-fold higher concentrations of SCFA compared to the control and a shift of molar ratios toward butyrate production. In vitro fermentation resulted in the formation of vaccenic acid (C18:1t11, 32.1 ± 3.2 % FAME; fatty acid methyl ester) and conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11 CLA, 2.4 ± 0.7 % FAME) exclusively in fermented walnut samples. Concentrations of secondary BA deoxycholic-/iso-deoxycholic acid (6.8-24.1-fold/4.9-10.9-fold, respectively) and levels of MDA (1.3-fold) were significantly reduced in fermented nut samples compared to the control. CONCLUSION This is the first study that demonstrates the ability of the human fecal microbiota to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids from walnuts to c9,t11 CLA as a potential chemopreventive metabolite. In addition, the production of butyrate and reduction in potential carcinogens such as secondary BA and lipid peroxidation products might contribute to the protective effects of nuts regarding colon cancer development.
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Brouns F, Hemery Y, Price R, Anson NM. Wheat Aleurone: Separation, Composition, Health Aspects, and Potential Food Use. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:553-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.589540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Wilhelm A, Jahns F, Böcker S, Mothes H, Greulich K, Glei M. Culturing explanted colon crypts highly improves viability of primary non-transformed human colon epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
It is proven that nuts contain essential macro- and micronutrients, e.g. fatty acids, vitamins and dietary fibre (DF). Fermentation of DF by the gut microflora results in the formation of SCFA which are recognised for their chemopreventive potential, especially by influencing cell growth. However, little is known about cellular response to complex fermentation samples of nuts. Therefore, we prepared and analysed (pH, SCFA, bile acids, tocopherol, antioxidant capacity) fermentation supernatant (fs) fractions of nuts (almonds, macadamias, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts) after in vitro fermentation and determined their effects on growth of HT29 cells as well as their genotoxic/anti-genotoxic potential. The fermented nut samples contained 2- to 3-fold higher amounts of SCFA than the faeces control, but considerable reduced levels of bile acids. While most of the investigated native nuts comprised relatively high amounts of tocopherol (α-tocopherol in almonds and hazelnuts and γ- and δ-tocopherol in pistachios and walnuts), rather low concentrations were found in the fs. All nut extracts and nut fs showed a strong antioxidant potential. Furthermore, all fs, except the fs pistachio, reduced growth of HT29 cells significantly. DNA damage induced by H₂O₂ was significantly reduced by the fs of walnuts after 15 min co-incubation of HT29 cells. In conclusion, this is the first study which presents the chemopreventive effects (reduction of tumour-promoting desoxycholic acid, rise in chemopreventive SCFA, protection against oxidative stress) of different nuts after in vitro digestion and fermentation, and shows the potential importance of nuts in the prevention of colon cancer.
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