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Tsermoula P, Kristensen NB, Mobaraki N, Engelsen SRB, Khakimov B. Efficient Quantification of Milk Metabolites from 1H NMR Spectra Using the Signature Mapping (SigMa) Approach: Chemical Shift Library Development for Cows' Milk and Colostrum. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1861-1871. [PMID: 38277502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cow milk contains essential nutrients for humans, and its bulk composition is usually analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The higher sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can augment the extractible qualitative and quantitative information from milk to nearly 60 compounds, enabling us to monitor the health of cows and milk quality. Proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy produces complex spectra that require expert knowledge for identifying and quantifying metabolites. Therefore, an efficient and reproducible methodology is required to transform complex milk 1H NMR spectra into annotated and quantified milk metabolome data. In this study, standard operating procedures for screening the milk metabolome using 1H NMR spectra are developed. A chemical shift library of 63 milk metabolites was established and implemented in the open-access Signature Mapping (SigMa) software. SigMa is a spectral analysis tool that transforms 1H NMR spectra into a quantitative metabolite table. The applicability of the proposed methodology to whole milk, skim milk, and ultrafiltered milk is demonstrated, and the method is tested on ultrafiltered colostrum samples from dairy cows (n = 88) to evaluate whether metabolic changes in colostrum may reflect the metabolic status of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Tsermoula
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | | | - Nabiollah Mobaraki
- Institute for Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Technology Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - So Ren B Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
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Bülow J, Khakimov B, Reitelseder S, Bechshøft R, Jensen M, van Hall G, Engelsen SB, Holm L. Effect of 1-year daily protein supplementation and physical exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate and muscle metabolome in healthy older Danes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2673-2685. [PMID: 37266586 PMCID: PMC10421766 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle mass decreases with age and the responsiveness of aging muscles' protein synthesis rate (MPS) to protein intake seems to deteriorate. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the impact of 12 months of protein supplementation with or without physical exercise training on the basal and postprandial MPS and the skeletal muscle metabolome of healthy older Danes (> 65 years, 29 females/37 males). METHODS Subjects were randomized to follow one of five intervention groups: (1) carbohydrate, (2) collagen protein, (3) whey protein, (4) home-based light resistance training with whey protein, and (5) center-based heavy-load resistance training with whey protein. Before and after the intervention, a tracer infusion trial was conducted to measure basal and postprandial MPS in response to intake of a cocktail consisting of 20 g whey hydrolysate + 10 g glucose. In addition, the skeletal muscle metabolome was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at basal state and 4 h after the intake of the cocktail. RESULTS One year of daily protein or carbohydrate supplementation did not alter the basal and protein-stimulated postprandial muscle protein synthesis rate or the muscle metabolome of healthy older Danes. Basal MPS (%/h) at baseline for all subjects were 0.0034 ± 0,011 (mean ± SD). In contrast to previous studies, no difference was observed in basal MPS between males and females (p = 0.75). With the developed untargeted GC-MS methodology, it was possible to detect and tentatively annotate > 70 metabolites from the human skeletal muscle samples. CONCLUSION One year of protein supplementation in comparison to an isocaloric-control supplement seems to affect neither the MPS at basal or postprandial state nor the skeletal muscle metabolome. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Number: NCT02115698, clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02115698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bülow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bechshøft
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Holm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Pigsborg K, Stentoft-Larsen V, Demharter S, Aldubayan MA, Trimigno A, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB, Astrup A, Hjorth MF, Dragsted LO, Magkos F. Predicting weight loss success on a new Nordic diet: an untargeted multi-platform metabolomics and machine learning approach. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1191944. [PMID: 37599689 PMCID: PMC10434509 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1191944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Results from randomized controlled trials indicate that no single diet performs better than other for all people living with obesity. Regardless of the diet plan, there is always large inter-individual variability in weight changes, with some individuals losing weight and some not losing or even gaining weight. This raises the possibility that, for different individuals, the optimal diet for successful weight loss may differ. The current study utilized machine learning to build a predictive model for successful weight loss in subjects with overweight or obesity on a New Nordic Diet (NND). Methods Ninety-one subjects consumed an NND ad libitum for 26 weeks. Based on their weight loss, individuals were classified as responders (weight loss ≥5%, n = 46) or non-responders (weight loss <2%, n = 24). We used clinical baseline data combined with baseline urine and plasma untargeted metabolomics data from two different analytical platforms, resulting in a data set including 2,766 features, and employed symbolic regression (QLattice) to develop a predictive model for weight loss success. Results There were no differences in clinical parameters at baseline between responders and non-responders, except age (47 ± 13 vs. 39 ± 11 years, respectively, p = 0.009). The final predictive model for weight loss contained adipic acid and argininic acid from urine (both metabolites were found at lower levels in responders) and generalized from the training (AUC 0.88) to the test set (AUC 0.81). Responders were also able to maintain a weight loss of 4.3% in a 12 month follow-up period. Conclusion We identified a model containing two metabolites that were able to predict the likelihood of achieving a clinically significant weight loss on an ad libitum NND. This work demonstrates that models based on an untargeted multi-platform metabolomics approach can be used to optimize precision dietary treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pigsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mona Adnan Aldubayan
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessia Trimigno
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Arne Astrup
- Obesity and Nutritional Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads Fiil Hjorth
- Obesity and Nutritional Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Gu F, Larsen N, Pascale N, Petersen SA, Khakimov B, Respondek F, Jespersen L. Age-related effects on the modulation of gut microbiota by pectins and their derivatives: an in vitro study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207837. [PMID: 37476669 PMCID: PMC10354267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigates whether supplementation with pectin-type polysaccharides has potential to improve aging-associated dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. The influence of different types of pectins on the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles of elderly was compared to younger adults. Methods Pectins studied included a pectin polysaccharide (PEC), a partially hydrolyzed pectin (PPH), and a pectin oligosaccharide (POS). Additionally, inulin was used as a reference prebiotic substrate. Individual fecal samples were collected from healthy elderly volunteers (70-75 years) and younger adults (30-35 years). In vitro fermentations were performed using the CoMiniGut model with controlled temperature and pH. Samples were withdrawn at baseline and after 24 h fermentation for measurement of SCFAs production and microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results and Discussion The results showed that fermentations with PEC and PPH resulted in a specific stimulation of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii regardless of the age groups. Collinsella aerofaciens became a dominating species in the young adult group with fermentations of all three pectins, which was not observed in the elderly group. No significant differences in SCFAs production were found among the pectins, indicating a high level of functional redundancy. Pectins boosted various bacterial groups differently from the reference prebiotic substrate (inulin). We also found inulin had reduced butyrogenic and bifidogenic effects in the elderly group compared to the younger adult group. In conclusion, the in vitro modulating effects of pectins on elderly gut microbiota showed potential of using pectins to improve age-related dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Gu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CP Kelco ApS, Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ding L, Liang W, Qu J, Persson S, Liu X, Herburger K, Kirkensgaard JJK, Khakimov B, Enemark-Rasmussen K, Blennow A, Zhong Y. Effects of natural starch-phosphate monoester content on the multi-scale structures of potato starches. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120740. [PMID: 36925255 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenxin Liang
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxun Liu
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Enemark-Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Trimigno A, Khakimov B, Rasmussen MA, Dragsted LO, Larsen TM, Astrup A, Engelsen SB. Human blood plasma biomarkers of diet and weight loss among centrally obese subjects in a New Nordic Diet intervention. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1198531. [PMID: 37396134 PMCID: PMC10308042 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1198531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Scope The New Nordic Diet (NND) has been shown to promote weight loss and lower blood pressure amongst obese people. This study investigates blood plasma metabolite and lipoprotein biomarkers differentiating subjects who followed Average Danish Diet (ADD) or NND. The study also evaluates how the individual response to the diet is reflected in the metabolic differences between NND subjects who lost or maintained their pre-intervention weight. Methods Centrally obese Danes (BMI >25) followed NND (90 subjects) or ADD (56 subjects) for 6 months. Fasting blood plasma samples, collected at three time-points during the intervention, were screened for metabolites and lipoproteins (LPs) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In total, 154 metabolites and 65 lipoproteins were analysed. Results The NND showed a relatively small but significant effect on the plasma metabolome and lipoprotein profiles, with explained variations ranging from 0.6% for lipoproteins to 4.8% for metabolites. A total of 38 metabolites and 11 lipoproteins were found to be affected by the NND. The primary biomarkers differentiating the two diets were found to be HDL-1 cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, phospholipids, and ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, and acetoacetic acid). The increased levels of ketone bodies detected in the NND group inversely associated with the decrease in diastolic blood pressure of the NND subjects. The study also showed that body weight loss among the NND subjects was weakly associated with plasma levels of citrate. Conclusion The main plasma metabolites associated with NND were acetate, methanol and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The metabolic changes associated with the NND-driven weight loss are mostly pronounced in energy and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Trimigno
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Kurmaeva D, Ye Y, Bakhytkyzy I, Aru V, Dalimova D, Turdikulova S, Dragsted LO, Engelsen SB, Khakimov B. Associations between sheep meat intake frequency and blood plasma levels of metabolites and lipoproteins in healthy Uzbek adults. Metabolomics 2023; 19:46. [PMID: 37099187 PMCID: PMC10133350 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uzbekistan is one of the countries with the highest number of diet-related chronic diseases, which is believed to be associated with high animal fat intake. Sheep meat is high in fats (~ 5% in muscle), including saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and it contains nearly twice the higher amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids compared to beef. Nevertheless, sheep meat is considered health promoting by the locals in Uzbekistan and it accounts for around 1/3 of red meat intake in the country. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to apply a metabolomics approach to investigate if sheep meat intake frequency (SMIF) is associated with alterations in fasting blood plasma metabolites and lipoproteins in healthy Uzbek adults. METHODS The study included 263 subjects, 149 females and 114 males. For each subject a food intake questionnaire, including SMIF, was recorded and fasting blood plasma samples were collected for metabolomics. Blood plasma metabolites and lipoprotein concentrations were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results showed that SMIF was confounded by nationality, sex, body mass index (BMI), age, intake frequency of total meat and fish in ascending order (p < 0.01). Multivariate and univariate data analyses showed differences in the levels of plasma metabolites and lipoproteins with respect to SMIF. The effect of SMIF after statistical adjustment by nationality, sex, BMI, age, intake frequency of total meat and fish decreased but remained significant. Pyruvic acid, phenylalanine, ornithine, and acetic acid remained significantly lower in the high SMIF group, whereas choline, asparagine, and dimethylglycine showed an increasing trend. Levels of cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, as well as low- and high-density lipoprotein subfractions all displayed a decreasing trend with increased SMIF although the difference were not significant after FDR correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyora Kurmaeva
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Talabalar Shaharchasi 3A, 100041, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Yongxin Ye
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inal Bakhytkyzy
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Violetta Aru
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dilbar Dalimova
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Talabalar Shaharchasi 3A, 100041, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Shahlo Turdikulova
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Talabalar Shaharchasi 3A, 100041, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Tsermoula P, Rostved Bechshøft M, Friis C, Balling Engelsen S, Khakimov B. Molecular profiling of whey permeate reveals new insights into molecular affinities related to industrial unit operations during lactose production. Food Chem 2023; 420:136060. [PMID: 37086610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactose powder production from whey permeate generates various side-streams. Molecular profiling of these side-streams and lactose powder can help to detect minor compounds affecting lactose crystallization, lactose powder properties and document the composition of the underutilized side-streams. In this study, whey permeate, lactose powder and intermediate streams from trial lactose productions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. In total, 110 compounds were identified and 49 were quantified. Linking the molecular profiles to in-process steps revealed differential compositional attenuation by the unit operations. Small molecules (e.g. methanol) and a few larger molecules (e.g. fatty acids) permeated reverse osmosis membrane, while twenty-three compounds (e.g. hydroxypyruvic acid, malonic acid, gluconic acid and ribonic acid) co-crystallized with lactose and ended up in lactose power. These results help to better understand and control lactose powder production and highlights possibilities to develop new food ingredients.
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Lin S, Xu X, Holck J, Wittrup Agger J, Wilkens C, Xie Z, Khakimov B, Nielsen DS, Meyer AS. Soluble, Diferuloylated Corn Bran Glucuronoarabinoxylans Modulate the Human Gut Microbiota In Vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:3885-3897. [PMID: 36787634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Corn bran is exceptionally rich in substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan polysaccharides, which are monoferuloylated and cross-linked by diferulic acid moieties. Here, we assessed the potential prebiotic activity of three enzymatically solubilized corn bran glucuronoarabinoxylans: medium feruloylated (FGAX-M), laccase cross-linked FGAX-M (FGAX-H), and alkali-treated FGAX-M devoid of feruloyl substitutions (FGAX-B). We examined the influence of these soluble FGAX samples on the gut microbiome composition and functionality during in vitro simulated colon fermentations, determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and assessment of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production. All FGAX samples induced changes in the relative composition of the microbiota and the SCFA levels after 24 h of in vitro fermentation. The changes induced by FGAX-M and FGAX-H tended to be more profound and more similar to the changes induced by inulin than changes conferred by FGAX-B. The microbiota changes induced by FGAX-M and FGAX-H correlated with an increase in the relative abundance of Anaerostipes and with increased butyric acid production, while the changes induced by the FGAX-B sample were less compelling. The results imply that solubilized, substituted diferuloylated corn bran glucuronoarabinoxylans may be potential prebiotic candidates and that both single feruloylations and diferuloyl cross-links influence the prebiotic potential of these arabinoxylan compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xinming Xu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane Wittrup Agger
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Casper Wilkens
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhuqing Xie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Krogdahl Å, Chikwati EM, Krasnov A, Dhanasiri A, Berge GM, Aru V, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB, Vinje H, Kortner TM. Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar, L.). Aquac Nutr 2023; 2023:5422035. [PMID: 36860972 PMCID: PMC9973201 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5422035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fishmeal (FM) levels (8 levels from 0 to 40%) and supplementation (Suppl) with a mixture of choline (3.0 g/kg), β-glucan (0.5 g/kg), and nucleotides (0.5 g/kg) might reduce the symptoms. Salmon (186 g) were fed for 62 days in 16 saltwater tanks before samples were taken from 12 fish per tank for observation of biochemical, molecular, metabolome, and microbiome indicators of function and health. Steatosis but no inflammation was observed. Lipid digestibility increased and steatosis decreased with increasing FM levels and supplementation, seemingly related to choline level. Blood metabolites confirmed this picture. Genes in intestinal tissue affected by FM levels are mainly involved in metabolic and structural functions. Only a few are immune genes. The supplement reduced these FM effects. In gut digesta, increasing FM levels increased microbial richness and diversity, and changed the composition, but only for unsupplemented diets. An average choline requirement of 3.5 g/kg was indicated for Atlantic salmon at the present life stage and under the present condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åshild Krogdahl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anusha Dhanasiri
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Violetta Aru
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Hilde Vinje
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Ås, Norway
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11
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Almeida A, Dong L, Thorsen TH, Raadam MH, Khakimov B, Carreno-Quintero N, Kampranis SC, Bak S. Metabolic engineering of cucurbitacins in Cucurbita pepo hairy roots. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1021907. [PMID: 36544867 PMCID: PMC9760960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1021907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that metabolic engineering in Cucurbita pepo hairy roots can be used to both effectively increase and modify cucurbitacins. Cucurbitacins are highly-oxygenated triterpenoids originally described in the Cucurbitaceae family, but have since been found in 15 taxonomically distant plant families. Cucurbitacin B, D, E and I are the most widespread amongst the Cucurbitaceae and they have both important biological and pharmacological activities. In this study C. pepo hairy roots were used as a platform to boost production and alter the structures of the afore mentioned cucurbitacins by metabolic engineering to potentially provide new or more desirable bioactivities. We report that the ability to induce cucurbitacin biosynthesis by basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors is partially conserved within the Cucurbitaceae and therefore can potentially be used as a biotechnological tool to increase cucurbitacins in several genera of this family. Additionally, overexpression of a novel acyltransferase from cucurbitacin producing Iberis amara generates a hitherto undescribed acetylation at the C3-hydroxyl group of the cucurbitadienol backbone. While overexpression of the cytochromes P450 CsCYP88L2 and McCYP88L7 from Cucumis sativus and Momordica charantia (respectively), results in accumulation of new spectral feature as revealed by High resolution liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis; the m/z of the new peak supports it might be a cucurbitacin hydroxylated at the C19 position in C. pepo hairy roots. Finally, this paper is a case study of how hairy roots can be used to metabolically engineer and introduce novel modifications in metabolic pathways that have not been fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Almeida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theis H. Thorsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten H. Raadam
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Sotirios C. Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Ye Y, Khushvakov J, Boboev A, Akramova R, Yunusov O, Dalimova D, Turdikulova S, Mirzaakhmedov S, Engelsen SB, Khakimov B. Effect of refinement and production technology on the molecular composition of edible cottonseed oils from a large industrial scale production. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Tsermoula P, Rostved Bechshøft M, Friis C, Balling Engelsen S, Khakimov B. Screening of non-protein nitrogen compounds in lactose refining streams from industrial whey permeate processing. Food Chem 2022; 405:134716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Pedersen NC, Khushvakov J, Ye Y, Dhakal R, Hansen HH, Ahrné L, Khakimov B. Effect of Supplementing Dairy Goat Diets With Rapeseed Oil or Sunflower Oil on Performance, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and in vitro Fermentation Kinetics. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899314. [PMID: 35782564 PMCID: PMC9244143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing dairy goat diets with rapeseed oil and sunflower oil on performance, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Nine Danish Landrace goats with 42 ± 5 days in milk were allocated to three treatment groups for 42 days. Animals received a basal diet, formulated with 85:15 forage:concentrate ratio, and the basal diet was supplemented with either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil at 4% of dry matter. Goat milk was sampled on days 14, 21, and 42. Milk composition was similar between treatments. From day 14 to day 42, milk yield increased (1.03 vs. 1.34 kg/d), while milk fat (2.72 vs. 1.82 g/d) and total solids (11.2 vs. 9.14 %) were reduced. Compared to control and rapeseed oil, sunflower decreased (P < 0.05) C4:0 (1.56, and 1.67 vs. 1.36 g/100 g) and both oils decreased (P < 0.05) C18:3n3 (0.60 vs. 0.20 and 0.10 g/100g). Rapeseed oil increased (P < 0.05) C18:2 cis9, trans11 compared to control and sunflower oil (0.37 vs. 0.13 and 0.19 g/100 g). Untargeted milk foodomics revealed slightly elevated (P < 0.05) gluconic acid and decreased hippuric acid (P < 0.05) in the milk of oil-fed goats compared to control. In vitro dry matter degradation (63.2 ± 0.02 %) was not affected by dietary treatments, while individual volatile fatty acid proportions, total volatile fatty acids (35.7 ± 2.44 mmol/l), CO2 (18.6 ± 1.15 mol), and CH4 (11.6 ± 1.16 mol) were not affected by dietary treatments. Sunflower oil and rapeseed oil decreased (P < 0.05) total gas production at 24 and 48 h compared with control. Overall, the use of sunflower oil or rapeseed oil at 4% DM inclusion did not compromise animal performance and milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
| | - Nanna Camilla Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jaloliddin Khushvakov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Yongxin Ye
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rajan Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne H. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lilia Ahrné
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Bekzod Khakimov
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15
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Khushvakov J, Ye Y, Pedersen NC, Hansen HH, Ahrné L, Khakimov B. Goat Milk Foodomics. Dietary Supplementation of Sunflower Oil and Rapeseed Oil Modify Milk Amino Acid and Organic Acid Profiles in Dairy Goats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:837229. [PMID: 35400103 PMCID: PMC8987497 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.837229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplementation of vegetable oils is known to improve the dietary energy density as well as milk fatty acid profile; however, the impacts on the milk foodome is largely unknown. This study investigated the effect of two different sources of unsaturated fatty acids, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil, as a feeding supplement on the milk foodome from dairy goats. Nine Danish Landrace goats at 42 ± 5 days in milk were allocated to three treatment groups for 42 days with three animals per group. A control group received a basal diet made of forage and concentrate at an 85:15 ratio. On top of the basal diet, the second and third groups received rapeseed oil or sunflower oil supplements at 4% of dry matter, respectively. Goat milk was sampled on days 14, 21, and 42. The milk foodome was measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The milk levels of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, oxaloacetic acid, and taurine were higher in the milk from goats fed with sunflower oil compared to the control group. More glucose-1-phosphate was found in the milk from goats fed with rapeseed oil compared to the control group. Amino acids, valine and tyrosine, and 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid and oxaloacetic acid were higher in the sunflower group compared to the rapeseed group, while the milk from the rapeseed-fed goats had greater levels of ethanol and 2-oxoglutaric acid compared to the sunflower group. Thus, results show that foodomics is suitable for studying how milk chemistry changes as a function of feeding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
| | - Jaloliddin Khushvakov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Yongxin Ye
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Camilla Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Helene Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lilia Ahrné
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Bekzod Khakimov
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16
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Trimigno A, Khakimov B, Lauge Quaade M, Honoré OL, Clausen T, Blaabjerg K, Balling Engelsen S, Vedsted Hammer AS. Urinary and plasma metabolome of farm mink ( Neovison vison) after an intervention with raw or cooked poultry offal: a 1H NMR investigation. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:74-91. [PMID: 35289194 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2003682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of high amounts of cooked poultry offal in mink feed has been associated with health problems in growing mink. Cooking mink feed is a convenient way of reducing microbiological activity, but it may have a negative effect on raw material quality and animal welfare. This study investigates growth and health of mink fed raw or cooked poultry offal and describes urinary and blood plasma metabolic changes related to the feeding. A total of 65 male mink were divided in three feeding groups, two fed cooked offal and one group fed raw offal, and the plasma and urine samples were collected at 3 time points during the growth. Both bio-fluids and feed samples were measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy and resulted metabolomics data were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods that revealed dominating effect of the mink growth stages and to a less extent the feeding regime. Metabolome differences in relation to low body mass index (BMI) and kidney lesions were observed in plasma. Disease and decrease in BMI was associated with high creatinine and dimethylglycine content in plasma. These molecules were also particularly indicative of the cooked feeds. Moreover, low urinary taurine levels were also associated with disease and low BMI. Individual mink appeared to show negative effects of the cooked feed diet, including impaired growth and gross pathological lesions involving the kidneys. This may be related to the absorption of essential metabolites such as amino acids and fats, necessary for mink growth, that are negatively impacted by the cooking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Trimigno
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michelle Lauge Quaade
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Legarth Honoré
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tove Clausen
- Danish Fur Breeders Research Centre, Holstebro, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anne Sofie Vedsted Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Günther J, Erthmann PØ, Khakimov B, Bak S. Reciprocal mutations of two multifunctional β-amyrin synthases from Barbarea vulgaris shift α/β-amyrin ratios. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1483-1495. [PMID: 34865155 PMCID: PMC8896598 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the wild cruciferous wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris), β-amyrin-derived saponins are involved in resistance against insect herbivores like the major agricultural pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Enzymes belonging to the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase family have been identified and characterized in B. vulgaris G-type and P-type plants that differ in their natural habitat, insect resistance and saponin content. Both G-type and P-type plants possess highly similar 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes that mainly produce β-amyrin (Barbarea vulgaris Lupeol synthase 5 G-Type; BvLUP5-G) or α-amyrin (Barbarea vulgaris Lupeol synthase 5 P-Type; BvLUP5-P), respectively. Despite the difference in product formation, the two BvLUP5 enzymes are 98% identical at the amino acid level. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate determinants of product formation, using the B. vulgaris 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes as a model for studying amino acid residues that determine differences in product formation. In this study, we identified two amino acid residues at position 121 and 735 that are responsible for the dominant changes in generated product ratios of β-amyrin and α-amyrin in both BvLUP5 enzymes. These amino acid residues have not previously been highlighted as directly involved in 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase product specificity. Our results highlight the functional diversity and promiscuity of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes. These enzymes serve as important mediators of metabolic plasticity throughout plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Østerbye Erthmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Author for communication:
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18
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Khakimov B, Bakhytkyzy I, Fauhl-Hassek C, Engelsen SB. Non-volatile molecular composition and discrimination of single grape white of chardonnay, riesling, sauvignon blanc and silvaner using untargeted GC-MS analysis. Food Chem 2022; 369:130878. [PMID: 34469837 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and applied a GC-MS method aiming at molecular fingerprinting of 120 commercial single grape white wines (Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc and Silvaner) for possible authentication according to grape variety. The method allowed detection of 372 peaks and tentative identification of 146 metabolites including alcohols, organic acids, esters, amino acids and sugars. The grape variety effect explained 8.3% of the total metabolite variation. Univariate tests showed two-thirds of the metabolites being different between grape varieties. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis based classification models were developed for each grape variety and a panel of classifiers (42 metabolites) was established. All the classification models for grape variety showed a high certainty (>91%) for an independent test set. Riesling contained the highest relative concentrations of sugars and organic acids, while concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and gallic acid, common antioxidants in wine, decreased in the order of Chardonnay > Riesling > Sauvignon Blanc > Silvaner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark.
| | - Inal Bakhytkyzy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Head of Unit Product Identity, Supply Chains and Traceability Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
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19
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Zhong Y, Herburger K, Xu J, Kirkensgaard JJK, Khakimov B, Hansen AR, Blennow A. Ethanol pretreatment increases the efficiency of maltogenic α-amylase and branching enzyme to modify the structure of granular native maize starch. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Khakimov B, Hoefsloot HCJ, Mobaraki N, Aru V, Kristensen M, Lind MV, Holm L, Castro-Mejía JL, Nielsen DS, Jacobs DM, Smilde AK, Engelsen SB. Human Blood Lipoprotein Predictions from 1H NMR Spectra: Protocol, Model Performances, and Cage of Covariance. Anal Chem 2021; 94:628-636. [PMID: 34936323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein subfractions are biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. The reference method, ultracentrifugation, for measuring lipoproteins is time-consuming, and there is a need to develop a rapid method for cohort screenings. This study presents partial least-squares regression models developed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and concentrations of lipoproteins as measured by ultracentrifugation on 316 healthy Danes. This study explores, for the first time, different regions of the 1H NMR spectrum representing signals of molecules in lipoprotein particles and different lipid species to develop parsimonious, reliable, and optimal prediction models. A total of 65 lipoprotein main and subfractions were predictable with high accuracy, Q2 of >0.6, using an optimal spectral region (1.4-0.6 ppm) containing methylene and methyl signals from lipids. The models were subsequently tested on an independent cohort of 290 healthy Swedes with predicted and reference values matching by up to 85-95%. In addition, an open software tool was developed to predict lipoproteins concentrations in human blood from standardized 1H NMR spectral recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Huub C J Hoefsloot
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94215, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Nabiollah Mobaraki
- Institute for Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Technology Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Violetta Aru
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mads V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Josué L Castro-Mejía
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Age K Smilde
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94215, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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21
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Zhong Y, Herburger K, Kirkensgaard JJK, Khakimov B, Hansen AR, Blennow A. Sequential maltogenic α-amylase and branching enzyme treatment to modify granular corn starch. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Papantoniou D, Vergara F, Weinhold A, Quijano T, Khakimov B, Pattison DI, Bak S, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Cascading Effects of Root Microbial Symbiosis on the Development and Metabolome of the Insect Herbivore Manduca sexta L. Metabolites 2021; 11:731. [PMID: 34822389 PMCID: PMC8622251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root mutualistic microbes can modulate the production of plant secondary metabolites affecting plant-herbivore interactions. Still, the main mechanisms underlying the impact of root mutualists on herbivore performance remain ambiguous. In particular, little is known about how changes in the plant metabolome induced by root mutualists affect the insect metabolome and post-larval development. By using bioassays with tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), we analyzed the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the plant interaction with the specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. We found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes impaired insect development, including metamorphosis. By using untargeted metabolomics, we found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes altered the secondary metabolism of tomato shoots, leading to enhanced levels of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed that root colonization by the mutualists affected the metabolome of the herbivore, leading to an enhanced accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids and altered patterns of fatty acid amides and carnitine-derived metabolites. Our results indicate that the changes in the shoot metabolome triggered by root mutualistic microbes can cascade up altering the metabolome of the insects feeding on the colonized plants, thus affecting the insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papantoniou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Quijano
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000, Mexico;
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - David I. Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Cui M, Trimigno A, Castro-Mejía JL, Reitelseder S, Bülow J, Bechshøft RL, Nielsen DS, Holm L, Engelsen SB, Khakimov B. Human Fecal Metabolome Reflects Differences in Body Mass Index, Physical Fitness, and Blood Lipoproteins in Healthy Older Adults. Metabolites 2021; 11:717. [PMID: 34822375 PMCID: PMC8620003 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, and blood plasma lipoprotein levels are related to the fecal metabolome in older adults. The fecal metabolome data were acquired using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on 163 healthy older adults (65-80 years old, 80 females and 83 males). Overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 27) showed higher levels of fecal amino acids (AAs) (valine, alanine, and phenylalanine) compared to normal-weight subjects (BMI ≤ 23.5). Adults classified in the high-fitness group displayed slightly lower concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids, propionic acid, and AAs (methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, and threonine) compared to the low-fitness group. Subjects with lower levels of cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein particles (LDLchol, ≤2.6 mmol/L) displayed higher fecal levels of valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and lactic acid, while subjects with a higher level of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein particles (HDLchol, ≥2.1 mmol/L) showed lower fecal concentration of isovaleric acid. The results from this study suggest that the human fecal metabolome, which primarily represents undigested food waste and metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, carries important information about human health and should be closely integrated to other omics data for a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome and diet on human health and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengni Cui
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Alessia Trimigno
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Josue L. Castro-Mejía
- Food Microbiology & Fermentation Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.L.C.-M.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.R.); (J.B.); (R.L.B.); (L.H.)
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.R.); (J.B.); (R.L.B.); (L.H.)
| | - Rasmus Leidesdorff Bechshøft
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.R.); (J.B.); (R.L.B.); (L.H.)
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Food Microbiology & Fermentation Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.L.C.-M.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.R.); (J.B.); (R.L.B.); (L.H.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.C.); (A.T.)
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24
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Wiese M, Hui Y, Holck J, Sejberg JJP, Daures C, Maas E, Kot W, Borné JM, Khakimov B, Thymann T, Nielsen DS. High throughput in vitro characterization of pectins for pig(let) nutrition. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:69. [PMID: 34627409 PMCID: PMC8501679 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fiber-rich feed components possess prebiotic potential to enhance pig health and are considered a potential solution to the high prevalence of post-weaning diarrhea in pig production under the phased suspension of antibiotics and zinc oxide use. METHODS We screened the gut microbiota modulatory properties of pectin substrates prepared from sugar beet within the freshly weaned piglet gut microbiome using an in vitro colon model, the CoMiniGut. We focused on testing a variety (13) of sugar beet-derived pectin substrates with defined structures, as well as known prebiotics such as inulin, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS), to gain insights on the structure-function related properties of specific substrates on the weaner gut microbial composition as well as shortchain fatty acid production (SCFA). RESULTS Sugar beet-derived pectin and rhamnogalacturonan-I selectively increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, specifically Prevotella copri, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides acidificiens, and an unclassified Bacteroides member. The degree of esterification impacted the relative abundance of these species and the SCFA production during the in vitro fermentations. Modified arabinans derived from sugar beet promoted the growth of Blautia, P. copri, Lachnospiraceae members and Limosilactobacillus mucosae and amongst all oligosaccharides tested yielded the highest amount of total SCFA produced after 24 h of fermentation. Sugar beet-derived substrates yielded higher total SCFA concentrations (especially acetic and propionic acid) relative to the known prebiotics inulin, FOS and GOS. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the molecular structures of pectin, that can be prepared form just one plant source (sugar beet) can selectively stimulate different GM members, highlighting the potential of utilizing pectin substrates as targeted GM modulatory ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- CP Kelco ApS, Lille Skensved, Denmark.
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Department, TNO, Utrechtsweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Celia Daures
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Evy Maas
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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25
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Dong L, Almeida A, Pollier J, Khakimov B, Bassard JE, Miettinen K, Stærk D, Mehran R, Olsen CE, Motawia MS, Goossens A, Bak S. An independent evolutionary origin for insect deterrent cucurbitacins in Iberis amara. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4659-4673. [PMID: 34264303 PMCID: PMC8557398 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pieris rapae and Phyllotreta nemorum are Brassicaceae specialists, but do not feed on Iberis amara spp. that contain cucurbitacins. The cucurbitacins are highly oxygenated triterpenoid, occurring widespread in cucurbitaceous species and in a few other plant families. Using de-novo assembled transcriptomics from I. amara, gene co-expression analysis and comparative genomics, we unraveled the evolutionary origin of the insect deterrent cucurbitacins in I. amara. Phylogenetic analysis of five oxidosqualene cyclases and heterologous expression allowed us to identify the first committed enzyme in cucurbitacin biosynthesis in I. amara, cucurbitadienol synthase (IaCPQ). In addition, two species-specific cytochrome P450s (CYP708A16 and CYP708A15) were identified that catalyse the unique C16 and C22 hydroxylation of the cucurbitadienol backbone, enzymatic steps that have not been reported before. Furthermore, the draft genome assembly of I. amara showed that the IaCPQ was localized to the same scaffold together with CYP708A15 but spanning over 100 kb, this contrasts with the highly organized cucurbitacin gene cluster in the cucurbits. These results reveal that cucurbitacin biosynthesis has evolved convergently via different biosynthetic routes in different families rather than through divergence from an ancestral pathway. This study thus provides new insight into the mechanism of recurrent evolution and diversification of a plant defensive chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Almeida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dan Stærk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rahimi Mehran
- Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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26
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Thøgersen R, Lindahl IEI, Khakimov B, Kjølbæk L, Juhl Jensen K, Astrup A, Hammershøj M, Raben A, Bertram HC. Progression of Postprandial Blood Plasma Phospholipids Following Acute Intake of Different Dairy Matrices: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Metabolites 2021; 11:454. [PMID: 34357348 PMCID: PMC8307057 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that the dairy matrix can affect postprandial responses of dairy products, but little is known about the effect on postprandial plasma phospholipid levels. This study investigated postprandial plasma phospholipid levels following consumption of four different dairy products that are similar in micro and macro nutrients, but different in texture and structure: cheddar cheese (Cheese), homogenized cheddar cheese (Hom. Cheese), micellar casein isolate with cream (MCI Drink) or a gel made from the MCI Drink (MCI Gel). The study was an acute randomized, crossover trial in human volunteers with four test days. Blood samples were collected during an 8 h postprandial period and the content of 53 plasma phospholipids was analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). No meal-time interactions were revealed; however, for nine of the 53 phospholipids, a meal effect was found. Thus, the results indicated a lower plasma level of specific lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) and lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LPCs) following consumption of the MCI Gel compared to the MCI Drink and Hom. Cheese, which might be attributed to an effect of viscosity. However, further studies are needed in order to reveal more details on the effect of the dairy matrix on postprandial phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Thøgersen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (I.E.I.L.); (M.H.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Ida Emilie I. Lindahl
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (I.E.I.L.); (M.H.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Marianne Hammershøj
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (I.E.I.L.); (M.H.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (I.E.I.L.); (M.H.); (H.C.B.)
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Cui M, Trimigno A, Aru V, Rasmussen MA, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB. Influence of Age, Sex, and Diet on the Human Fecal Metabolome Investigated by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3642-3653. [PMID: 34048241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human fecal metabolome is increasingly studied to explore the impact of diet and lifestyle on health and the gut microbiome. However, systematic differences and confounding factors related to age, sex, and diet remain largely unknown. In this study, absolute concentrations of fecal metabolites from 205 healthy Danes (105 males and 100 females, 49 ± 31 years old) were quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopy and the newly developed SigMa software. The largest systemic variation was found to be highly related to age. Fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were higher in the 18 years old group, while amino acids (AA) were higher in the elderly. Sex-related metabolic differences were weak but significant and mainly related to changes in SCFA. The concentrations of butyric, valeric, propionic, and isovaleric acids were found to be higher in males compared to females. Sex differences were associated with a stronger, possibly masking, effect from differential intake of macronutrients. Dietary fat intake decreased levels of SCFA and AA of both sexes, while carbohydrate intake showed weak correlations with valeric and isovaleric acids in females. This study highlights some possible demographic confounders linked to diet, disease, lifestyle, and microbiota that have to be taken into account when analyzing fecal metabolome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengni Cui
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alessia Trimigno
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Violetta Aru
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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28
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Aru V, Khakimov B, Sørensen KM, Chikwati EM, Kortner TM, Midtlyng P, Krogdahl Å, Engelsen SB. The plasma metabolome of Atlantic salmon as studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy using standard operating procedures: effect of aquaculture location and growth stage. Metabolomics 2021; 17:50. [PMID: 33999285 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics applications to the aquaculture research are increasing steadily. The use of standardized proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy can provide the aquaculture industry with an unbiased, reproducible, and high-throughput screening tool, which can help to diagnose nutritional and disease-related metabolic disorders in farmed fish. OBJECTIVE Standard operating procedures developed for analysing (human) plasma by 1H NMR were applied to fingerprint the metabolome in plasma samples collected from Atlantic salmon. The aim was to explore the metabolome of salmon plasma in relation to growth stage and sampling site. METHODS A total of 72 salmon were collected from three aquaculture sites in Norway (Lat. 65, 67, and 70 °N) and over two sampling events (December 2017 and November 2018). Plasma drawn from each salmon was measured by 1H NMR and metabolites were quantified using the SigMa software. The NMR data was analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). RESULTS Important metabolic differences were evidenced, with adult salmon having a much higher content of very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in their plasma, while smolts displayed significantly higher levels of propylene glycol. Overall, 24% of the metabolite variation was due to the growth stage, whereas 12% of the metabolite variation was related to the aquaculture site and practice (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides a baseline investigation of the plasma metabolome of the Atlantic salmon and demonstrates how 1H NMR metabolomics can be used in future investigations for comparing aquaculture practices and their influence on the fish metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Aru
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Klavs Martin Sørensen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elvis Mashingaidze Chikwati
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Aquamedic AS, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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29
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Jiang PP, Muk T, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Khakimov B, Li Y, Juhl SM, Greisen G, Sangild PT. Gut colonization in preterm infants supplemented with bovine colostrum in the first week of life: An explorative pilot study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 46:592-599. [PMID: 33988859 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first weeks after birth, enteral feeding and bacterial colonization interact to influence gut maturation in preterm infants. Bovine colostrum (BC) has been suggested as a relevant supplementary diet when own mother's milk (MM) is insufficient or absent. This pilot trial tests whether the supplement type, BC or donor human milk (DM), affects gut colonization in preterm infants during the first week of life. METHODS On day 7, fecal samples were collected from preterm infants (n = 24) fed BC or DM as a supplement to MM. The gut microbiome (GM) was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Correlations between the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa and blood chemistry variables, including amino acids, were explored. RESULTS BC-supplemented infants showed a lower relative abundance of the families Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcaceae than DM infants. Planococcaceae were more abundant in infants delivered by cesarean birth vs vaginally. The relative abundance of bacterial families, specifically Enterobacteriaceae, correlated negatively with plasma levels of multiple essential and nonessential amino acids (valine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, and arginine). CONCLUSION The nature of nutrition supplements (BC or DM) just after birth may affect GM development and nutrient metabolism in the neonatal period of preterm infants. The exploratory nature of our study calls for confirmation of these results and their possible long-term clinical implications for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Jiang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tik Muk
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Gorm Greisen
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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30
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Jiang YN, Ye YX, Sangild PT, Thymann T, Engelsen SB, Khakimov B, Jiang PP. Plasma Metabolomics to Evaluate Progression of Necrotising Enterocolitis in Preterm Pigs. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050283. [PMID: 33946896 PMCID: PMC8146597 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a microbiome-dependent gut disease in preterm infants in early life. Antibiotic treatment is a common intervention for NEC. How NEC lesions, with or without antibiotics, affect plasma metabolome was explored in this study. Formula-fed preterm pigs were used as a model for human NEC and treated with saline, parenteral or oral antibiotics (n = 15-17) for four days after delivery. Gut tissues were collected for evaluation of NEC-like lesions and plasma for metabolomic analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Metabolites were annotated, quantified and subjected to statistical modelling to delineate the effects of NEC and antibiotic treatment. Presence of severe NEC lesions, not antibiotic treatment, was the main drive for plasma metabolite changes. Relative to other pigs, pigs with severe NEC lesions had higher levels of alanine, histidine and myo-inositol, and lower levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and isobutyric acid. Across NEC lesion states (healthy, mild, severe), antibiotics directly affected only a few metabolites (tryptophan, 3-phenyllactic acid). Together and independently, NEC and antibiotic treatment affected circulating metabolites in preterm pigs. Amino acids and plasma metabolites, partly related to the gut microbiome, may be helpful to monitor progression of NEC lesions after proper validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Nan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.-N.J.); (Y.-X.Y.)
| | - Yong-Xin Ye
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.-N.J.); (Y.-X.Y.)
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.B.E.); (B.K.)
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.B.E.); (B.K.)
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.-N.J.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Aalaei K, Khakimov B, De Gobba C, Ahrné L. Gastric Digestion of Milk Proteins in Adult and Elderly: Effect of High-Pressure Processing. Foods 2021; 10:786. [PMID: 33917309 PMCID: PMC8067359 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced physiological capability of the human gastrointestinal tract with increasing age has recently attracted considerable attention to the potential of novel technologies to modify food digestion. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate gastric digestion of milk proteins after application of high-pressure processing (HPP) at 400 MPa 15 min, 600 MPa 5 min and 600 MPa 15 min using two static in vitro models of adults (INFOGEST) and the elderly in comparison to a fresh untreated raw milk. Peptides distribution classified based on the number of amino acids (AA) (<10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-30, >30 AA) were investigated after 0, 5, 10 and 30 min of digestion using LC-MS and multivariate data analysis. Our results show significantly less efficient protein digestion of all investigated milks in the elderly model indicated by higher percentages of longer peptides during digestion, except for the HPP milk 400 MPa 15 min, which indicated an improved and comparable digestion in the elderly as in the adult model. Furthermore, increasing the pressurization time at 600 MPa did not have a significant effect on the peptides profile during the digestion. More efficient digestion of whey proteins in HPP milks, with the majority of peptides in the 16-20 AA range, compared to fresh milk was also noticed. According to the findings of this study, HPP at 400 MPa 15 min showed the most efficient digestion of major milk proteins and thus may be considered a suitable process to improve bioaccessibility of milk proteins, especially in products intended for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kataneh Aalaei
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (B.K.); (C.D.G.); (L.A.)
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Munck L, Rinnan Å, Khakimov B, Jespersen BM, Engelsen SB. Physiological Genetics Reformed: Bridging the Genome-to-Phenome Gap by Coherent Chemical Fingerprints - the Global Coordinator. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:324-337. [PMID: 33526341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward-focused molecular genetics is successfully framing DNA diversity and mapping primary gene functions. However, abandoning the classic Linnaean fingerprint link between the phenome and genome by suppressing gene interaction (pleiotropy), has resulted in a genome-to-phenome gap and poor utilization of molecular data. We demonstrate how to bridge this gap by using an example of a barley mutant seed model, where pleiotropy is observed as covarying global molecular patterns that define each endosperm. Global coherence was discovered as a covariate coordinator within and between local genotype specific fingerprints. This implies that any of these fingerprints can select its recombinant global phenotype variant, including composition. Introducing the law of coherence, and the movement of gene complexes by chemical fingerprint traits as selectors, introduces a revolution in understanding physiological molecular genetics and plant-breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Munck
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe Møller Jespersen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aalaei K, Khakimov B, De Gobba C, Ahrné L. Digestion patterns of proteins in pasteurized and ultra-high temperature milk using in vitro gastric models of adult and elderly. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Zhong Y, Keeratiburana T, Kain Kirkensgaard JJ, Khakimov B, Blennow A, Hansen AR. Generation of short-chained granular corn starch by maltogenic α-amylase and transglucosidase treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aru V, Motawie MS, Khakimov B, Sørensen KM, Møller BL, Engelsen SB. First-principles identification of C-methyl-scyllo-inositol (mytilitol) - A new species-specific metabolite indicator of geographic origin for marine bivalve molluscs (Mytilus and Ruditapes spp.). Food Chem 2020; 328:126959. [PMID: 32474235 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a level-1 identification of the seven carbon (7-C) sugar C-methyl-scyllo-inositol (mytilitol) in mussels and clams (Mytilus and Ruditapes spp., respectively) purchased in Denmark and Italy. For each sample, the hydrophilic extract of the soft tissue was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy using a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. A first tentative identification of mytilitol was carried out by computing a statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCY) analysis of the 1H NMR spectra, followed by a level-1 identification based on first-principles methods including chemical synthesis, structure elucidation and standard-addition experiments. Mytilitol was quantified in the 1H NMR spectra and its average relative concentration turned out to be significantly lower in clams than in mussels (p-value < 0.001), with Danish mussels having the highest mytilitol concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the NMR dataset brought further evidence to a species-specific and geographic-dependent content of mytilitol in mussels and clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Aru
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Klavs Martin Sørensen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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36
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Gülck T, Booth JK, Carvalho Â, Khakimov B, Crocoll C, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Bohlmann J, Gallage NJ. Synthetic Biology of Cannabinoids and Cannabinoid Glucosides in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:2877-2893. [PMID: 33000946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are a group of plant-derived metabolites that display a wide range of psychoactive as well as health-promoting effects. The production of pharmaceutically relevant cannabinoids relies on extraction and purification from cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plants yielding the major constituents, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids in Nicotiana benthamiana or Saccharomyces cerevisiae may provide cost-efficient and rapid future production platforms to acquire pure and high quantities of both the major and the rare cannabinoids as well as novel derivatives. Here, we used a meta-transcriptomic analysis of cannabis to identify genes for aromatic prenyltransferases of the UbiA superfamily and chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins. Among the aromatic prenyltransferases, CsaPT4 showed CBGAS activity in both N. benthamiana and S. cerevisiae. Coexpression of selected CsaPT pairs and of CHIL proteins encoding genes with CsaPT4 did not affect CBGAS catalytic efficiency. In a screen of different plant UDP-glycosyltransferases, Stevia rebaudiana SrUGT71E1 and Oryza sativa OsUGT5 were found to glucosylate olivetolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. Metabolic engineering of N. benthamiana for production of cannabinoids revealed intrinsic glucosylation of olivetolic acid and cannabigerolic acid. S. cerevisiae was engineered to produce olivetolic acid glucoside and cannabigerolic acid glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Gülck
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Â Carvalho
- River Stone Biotech ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - B Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Crocoll
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M S Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - N J Gallage
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Octarine Bio, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Iaccarino N, Khakimov B, Mikkelsen MS, Nielsen TS, Jensen MG, Randazzo A, Engelsen SB. Structurally different mixed linkage β-glucan supplements differentially increase secondary bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rat faeces. Food Funct 2020; 11:514-523. [PMID: 31833481 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (BG) is a soluble fibre available from oat and barley grains that has been gaining interest due to its health-promoting role in cardiovascular diseases and its ability to modulate the glycaemic index which is beneficial for people with diabetes. This study investigates the effect of three purified barley BGs, with different molecular weight and block structure, on faecal bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Wistar rats (48 male) were divided in four groups: Control group fed with the cellulose-rich diet (CON); Glucagel group fed with the commercial BG (GLU, 100 kDa), and rats fed with low molecular weight BG (LBG, 150 kDa) and medium molecular weight BG (MBG, 530 kDa). The bile acid profiles of rat faecal samples were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A metabolite profiling approach led to the identification of 7 bile acids and 45 other compounds such as sterols, fatty acids and fatty alcohols. Subsequent application of ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis and Principal Component Analysis revealed that all three BG diets increased bile acid faecal excretion compared to the control group. The bile acid excretion was found to be different in all three BG diets and the MBG group showed a significantly higher level of faecal secondary bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. We hypothesise that the hydrophobic surface of the secondary bile acids, which are known to cause colon cancer, has high affinity to the hydrophobic surfaces of cellulosic blocks of the BG. This in vivo study demonstrates that the molecular weight and/or block structures of BG modulate the excretion of secondary bile acids. This finding suggests that developing diets with designed BGs with an optimal molecular structure to trap carcinogenic bile acids can have a significant impact on counteracting cancer and other lifestyle associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Cui M, Trimigno A, Aru V, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB. Human Faecal 1H NMR Metabolomics: Evaluation of Solvent and Sample Processing on Coverage and Reproducibility of Signature Metabolites. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9546-9555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengni Cui
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Alessia Trimigno
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Violetta Aru
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
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39
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Wanat K, Khakimov B, Brzezińska E. Comparison of statistical methods for predicting penetration capacity of drugs into human breast milk using physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and chromatographic descriptors. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2020; 31:457-475. [PMID: 32627677 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1772365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In silico methods are often used for predicting pharmacokinetic properties of drugs due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This study evaluates the penetration of 83 active pharmaceutical ingredients into human breast milk with an experimental milk-to-plasma ratio (M/P) obtained from the literature. Multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS) and random forest (RF) regression methods were compared to uncover the relationship between physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and membrane crossing properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using their rapid reference measurement value (Rf values), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) data from albumin-impregnated plates. Molecular descriptors of APIs proven to be important for their crossing into breast milk, including protein binding, ionisation state and lipophilicity and TLC data, have been included in the development of the prediction models. The best regression results were achieved by MLR (r 2 = 0.83 and r 2 = 0.86, n = 28) and RF (r 2 = 0.85, n = 58). In addition, the discriminant function analysis (DFA) was performed on acidic, basic and neutral drugs separately and showed a prediction accuracy of 93%, with M/P included as the discriminating variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wanat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
| | - B Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - E Brzezińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
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Castro‐Mejía JL, Khakimov B, Krych Ł, Bülow J, Bechshøft RL, Højfeldt G, Mertz KH, Garne ES, Schacht SR, Ahmad HF, Kot W, Hansen LH, Perez‐Cueto FJA, Lind MV, Lassen AJ, Tetens I, Jensen T, Reitelseder S, Jespersen AP, Holm L, Engelsen SB, Nielsen DS. Physical fitness in community-dwelling older adults is linked to dietary intake, gut microbiota, and metabolomic signatures. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13105. [PMID: 31967716 PMCID: PMC7059135 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When humans age, changes in body composition arise along with lifestyle-associated disorders influencing fitness and physical decline. Here we provide a comprehensive view of dietary intake, physical activity, gut microbiota (GM), and host metabolome in relation to physical fitness of 207 community-dwelling subjects aged +65 years. Stratification on anthropometric/body composition/physical performance measurements (ABPm) variables identified two phenotypes (high/low-fitness) clearly linked to dietary intake, physical activity, GM, and host metabolome patterns. Strikingly, despite a higher energy intake high-fitness subjects were characterized by leaner bodies and lower fasting proinsulin-C-peptide/blood glucose levels in a mechanism likely driven by higher dietary fiber intake, physical activity and increased abundance of Bifidobacteriales and Clostridiales species in GM and associated metabolites (i.e., enterolactone). These factors explained 50.1% of the individual variation in physical fitness. We propose that targeting dietary strategies for modulation of GM and host metabolome interactions may allow establishing therapeutic approaches to delay and possibly revert comorbidities of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Łukasz Krych
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
| | - Rasmus L. Bechshøft
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
| | - Kenneth H. Mertz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
| | - Eva Stahl Garne
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Simon R. Schacht
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Hajar F. Ahmad
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyIndustrial Biotechnology ProgramUniversiti Malaysia PahangPahangMalaysia
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Lars H. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | - Mads V. Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Aske J. Lassen
- Copenhagen Center for Health Research in the HumanitiesThe SAXO InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen SVDenmark
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Tenna Jensen
- Copenhagen Center for Health Research in the HumanitiesThe SAXO InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen SVDenmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Astrid P. Jespersen
- Copenhagen Center for Health Research in the HumanitiesThe SAXO InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen SVDenmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen NVDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Søren B. Engelsen
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Dennis S. Nielsen
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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Liu Q, Khakimov B, Cárdenas PD, Cozzi F, Olsen CE, Jensen KR, Hauser TP, Bak S. The cytochrome P450 CYP72A552 is key to production of hederagenin-based saponins that mediate plant defense against herbivores. New Phytol 2019; 222:1599-1609. [PMID: 30661245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously evolve new defense compounds. One class of such compounds is triterpenoid saponins. A few species in the Barbarea genus produce saponins as the only ones in the large crucifer family. However, the molecular mechanism behind saponin biosynthesis and their role in plant defense remains unclear. We used pathway reconstitution in planta, enzymatic production of saponins in vitro, insect feeding assays, and bioinformatics to identify a missing gene involved in saponin biosynthesis and saponin-based herbivore defense. A tandem repeat of eight CYP72A cytochromes P450 colocalise with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for saponin accumulation and flea beetle resistance in Barbarea vulgaris. We found that CYP72A552 oxidises oleanolic acid at position C-23 to hederagenin. In vitro-produced hederagenin monoglucosides reduced larval feeding by up to 90% and caused 75% larval mortality of the major crucifer pest diamondback moth and the tobacco hornworm. Sequence analysis indicated that CYP72A552 evolved through gene duplication and has been under strong selection pressure. In conclusion, CYP72A552 has evolved to catalyse the formation of hederagenin-based saponins that mediate plant defense against herbivores. Our study highlights the evolution of chemical novelties by gene duplication and selection for enzyme innovations, and the importance of chemical modification in plant defense evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pablo D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Federico Cozzi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen Rysbjerg Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thure Pavlo Hauser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Dong L, Pollier J, Bassard JE, Ntallas G, Almeida A, Lazaridi E, Khakimov B, Arendt P, de Oliveira LS, Lota F, Goossens A, Michoux F, Bak S. Co-expression of squalene epoxidases with triterpene cyclases boosts production of triterpenoids in plants and yeast. Metab Eng 2018; 49:1-12. [PMID: 30016654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene cyclases catalyze the first committed step in triterpene biosynthesis, by forming mono- to pentacyclic backbone structures from oxygenated C30 isoprenoid precursors. Squalene epoxidase precedes this cyclization by providing the oxygenated and activated substrate for triterpene biosynthesis. Three squalene epoxidases from Cucurbita pepo (CpSEs) were isolated and shown to have evolved under purifying selection with signs of sites under positive selection in their N- and C-termini. They all localize to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and produce 2,3-oxidosqualene and 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene when expressed in a yeast erg1 (squalene epoxidase) erg7 (lanosterol synthase) double mutant. Co-expression of the CpSEs with four different triterpene cyclases, either transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana or constitutively in yeast, showed that CpSEs boost triterpene production. CpSE2 was the best performing in this regard, which could reflect either increased substrate production or superior channeling of the substrate to the triterpene cyclases. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) analysis with C. pepo cucurbitadienol synthase (CpCPQ) revealed a specific interaction with CpSE2 but not with the other CpSEs. When CpSE2 was transformed into C. pepo hairy root lines, cucurbitacin E production was increased two folds compared to empty vector control lines. This study provides new insight into the importance of SEs in triterpene biosynthesis, suggesting that they may facilitate substrate channeling, and demonstrates that SE overexpression is a new tool for increasing triterpene production in plants and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ntallas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Aldo Almeida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Eleni Lazaridi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 16, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louisi Souza de Oliveira
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lota
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Acar E, Gürdeniz G, Khakimov B, Savorani F, Korndal SK, Larsen TM, Engelsen SB, Astrup A, Dragsted LO. Biomarkers of Individual Foods, and Separation of Diets Using Untargeted LC-MS-based Plasma Metabolomics in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800215. [PMID: 30094970 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Self-reported dietary intake does not represent an objective unbiased assessment. The effect of the new Nordic diet (NND) versus average Danish diet (ADD) on plasma metabolic profiles is investigated to identify biomarkers of compliance and metabolic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 26-week controlled dietary intervention study, 146 subjects followed either NND, a predominantly organic diet high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish, or ADD, a diet higher in imported and processed foods. Fasting plasma samples are analyzed with untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight. It is demonstrated that supervised machine learning with feature selection can separate NND and ADD samples with an average test set performance of up to 0.88 area under the curve. The NND plasma metabolome is characterized by diet-related metabolites, such as pipecolic acid betaine (whole grain), trimethylamine oxide, and prolyl hydroxyproline (both fish intake), while theobromine (chocolate) and proline betaine (citrus) were associated with ADD. Amino acid (i.e., indolelactic acid and hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate) and fat metabolism (butyryl carnitine) characterize ADD whereas NND is associated with higher concentrations of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines. CONCLUSIONS The plasma metabolite profiles are predictive of dietary patterns and reflected good compliance while indicating effects of potential health benefit, including changes in fat metabolism and glucose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Acar
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Francesco Savorani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Polytechnic University of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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44
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Sørensen KM, Aru V, Khakimov B, Aunskjær U, Engelsen SB. Biogenic amines: a key freshness parameter of animal protein products in the coming circular economy. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Trimigno A, Khakimov B, Savorani F, Tenori L, Hendrixson V, Čivilis A, Glibetic M, Gurinovic M, Pentikäinen S, Sallinen J, Garduno Diaz S, Pasqui F, Khokhar S, Luchinat C, Bordoni A, Capozzi F, Balling Engelsen S. Investigation of Variations in the Human Urine Metabolome amongst European Populations: An Exploratory Search for Biomarkers of People at Risk-of-Poverty. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800216. [PMID: 29757492 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE According to Eurostat 2016, approximately 119 million European citizens live at-risk-of-poverty (ROP). This subpopulation is highly diverse by ethnicity, age, and culture in the different EU states, but they all have in common a low income that could represent an increased risk of nutrient deficiencies due to poor nutritional habits. This study aims to investigate the human urine metabolome in the search of common biomarkers representing dietary deficiencies amongst European populations at ROP. METHODS AND RESULTS 2732 urine samples were collected from 1391 subjects across five different European countries, including the United Kingdom, Finland, Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia, and analyzed using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. The resulting urine metabolome data were explored according to study design factors including economic status, country, and gender. CONCLUSION Partitioning of the effects derived from the study design factors using ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) revealed that country and gender effects were responsible for most of the systematic variation. The effect of economic status was, as expected, much weaker than country and gender, but more pronounced in Lithuania than in other countries. Citrate and hippurate were among the most powerful ROP biomarkers. The possible relationship between these markers and nutritional deficiencies amongst the ROP population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Trimigno
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Francesco Savorani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Vaiva Hendrixson
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alminas Čivilis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marija Glibetic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Gurinovic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saara Pentikäinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Janne Sallinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Sara Garduno Diaz
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Francesca Pasqui
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Luchinat
- CERM, Center of Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Piazza G. Goidanich, 60 - 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesco Capozzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Piazza G. Goidanich, 60 - 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology Section, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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46
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Almeida A, Dong L, Khakimov B, Bassard JE, Moses T, Lota F, Goossens A, Appendino G, Bak S. A Single Oxidosqualene Cyclase Produces the Seco-Triterpenoid α-Onocerin. Plant Physiol 2018; 176:1469-1484. [PMID: 29203557 PMCID: PMC5813525 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
8,14-seco-Triterpenoids are characterized by their unusual open C-ring. Their distribution in nature is rare and scattered in taxonomically unrelated plants. The 8,14-seco-triterpenoid α-onocerin is only known from the evolutionarily distant clubmoss genus Lycopodium and the leguminous genus Ononis, which makes the biosynthesis of this seco-triterpenoid intriguing from an evolutionary standpoint. In our experiments with Ononis spinosa, α-onocerin was detected only in the roots. Through transcriptome analysis of the roots, an oxidosqualene cyclase, OsONS1, was identified that produces α-onocerin from squalene-2,3;22,23-dioxide when transiently expressed in Nicotiana bethamiana In contrast, in Lycopodium clavatum, two sequential cyclases, LcLCC and LcLCD, are required to produce α-onocerin in the N. benthamiana transient expression system. Expression of OsONS1 in the lanosterol synthase knockout yeast strain GIL77, which accumulates squalene-2,3;22,23-dioxide, verified the α-onocerin production. A phylogenetic analysis predicts that OsONS1 branches off from specific lupeol synthases and does not group with the known L. clavatum α-onocerin cyclases. Both the biochemical and phylogenetic analyses of OsONS1 suggest convergent evolution of the α-onocerin pathways. When OsONS1 was coexpressed in N. benthamiana leaves with either of the two O. spinosa squalene epoxidases, OsSQE1 or OsSQE2, α-onocerin production was boosted, most likely because the epoxidases produce higher amounts of squalene-2,3;22,23-dioxide. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analysis demonstrated specific protein-protein interactions between OsONS1 and both O. spinosa squalene epoxidases. Coexpression of OsONS1 with the two OsSQEs suggests that OsSQE2 is the preferred partner of OsONS1 in planta. Our results provide an example of the convergent evolution of plant specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Almeida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tessa Moses
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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47
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Wiese M, Khakimov B, Nielsen S, Sørensen H, van den Berg F, Nielsen DS. CoMiniGut-a small volume in vitro colon model for the screening of gut microbial fermentation processes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4268. [PMID: 29372119 PMCID: PMC5777374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by the growing recognition of the influence of the gut microbiota (GM) on human health and disease, there is a rapidly increasing interest in understanding how dietary components, pharmaceuticals and pre- and probiotics influence GM. In vitro colon models represent an attractive tool for this purpose. With the dual objective of facilitating the investigation of rare and expensive compounds, as well as an increased throughput, we have developed a prototype in vitro parallel gut microbial fermentation screening tool with a working volume of only 5 ml consisting of five parallel reactor units that can be expanded with multiples of five to increase throughput. This allows e.g., the investigation of interpersonal variations in gut microbial dynamics and the acquisition of larger data sets with enhanced statistical inference. The functionality of the in vitro colon model, Copenhagen MiniGut (CoMiniGut) was first demonstrated in experiments with two common prebiotics using the oligosaccharide inulin and the disaccharide lactulose at 1% (w/v). We then investigated fermentation of the scarce and expensive human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 3-Fucosyllactose, 3-Sialyllactose, 6-Sialyllactose and the more common Fructooligosaccharide in fermentations with infant gut microbial communities. Investigations of microbial community composition dynamics in the CoMiniGut reactors by MiSeq-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing showed excellent experimental reproducibility and allowed us to extract significant differences in gut microbial composition after 24 h of fermentation for all investigated substrates and fecal donors. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified for all treatments and donors. Fermentations with inulin and lactulose showed that inulin leads to a microbiota dominated by obligate anaerobes, with high relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while the more easily fermented lactulose leads to higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The subsequent study on the influence of HMOs on two infant GM communities, revealed the strongest bifidogenic effect for 3'SL for both infants. Inter-individual differences of infant GM, especially with regards to the occurrence of Bacteroidetes and differences in bifidobacterial species composition, correlated with varying degrees of HMO utilization foremost of 6'SL and 3'FL, indicating species and strain related differences in HMO utilization which was also reflected in SCFAs concentrations, with 3'SL and 6'SL resulting in significantly higher butyrate production compared to 3'FL. In conclusion, the increased throughput of CoMiniGut strengthens experimental conclusions through elimination of statistical interferences originating from low number of repetitions. Its small working volume moreover allows the investigation of rare and expensive bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Nielsen
- Plant Facilities and Workshops, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helena Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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48
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Jæger D, Ndi CP, Crocoll C, Simpson BS, Khakimov B, Guzman-Genuino RM, Hayball JD, Xing X, Bulone V, Weinstein P, Møller BL, Semple SJ. Isolation and Structural Characterization of Echinocystic Acid Triterpenoid Saponins from the Australian Medicinal and Food Plant Acacia ligulata. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:2692-2698. [PMID: 28976773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Australian plant Acacia ligulata has a number of traditional food and medicinal uses by Australian Aboriginal people, although no bioactive compounds have previously been isolated from this species. Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanolic extract of the mature pods of A. ligulata led to the isolation of the two new echinocystic acid triterpenoid saponins, ligulatasides A (1) and B (2), which differ in the fine structure of their glycan substituents. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and saccharide linkage analysis. These are the first isolated compounds from A. ligulata and the first fully elucidated structures of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia sensu stricto having echinocystic acid reported as the aglycone. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against a human melanoma cancer cell line (SK-MEL28) and a diploid fibroblast cell line (HFF), but showed only weak activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jæger
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Chi P Ndi
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Philip Weinstein
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Birger L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susan J Semple
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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49
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Skou PB, Khakimov B, Hansen TH, Aunsbjerg SD, Knøchel S, Thaysen D, van den Berg F. Chemical characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy of membrane permeates from an industrial dairy ingredient production used as process water. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:135-146. [PMID: 29055547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reusing reverse osmosis (RO) membrane permeate instead of potable water in the dairy industry is a very appealing tactic. However, to ensure safe use, the quality of reclaimed water must be guaranteed. To do this, qualitative and quantitative information about which compounds permeate the membranes must be established. In the present study, we provide a detailed characterization of ultrafiltration, RO, and RO polisher (ROP) permeate with regard to organic and inorganic compounds. Results indicate that smaller molecules and elements (such as phosphate, but mainly urea and boron) pass the membrane, and a small set of larger molecules (long-chain fatty acids, glycerol-phosphate, and glutamic acid) are found as well, though in minute concentrations (<0.2 µM). Growth experiments with 2 urease-positive microorganisms, isolated from RO permeate, showed that the nutrient content in the ROP permeate supports limited growth of 1 of the 2 isolates, indicating that the ROP permeate may not be guaranteed to be stable during protracted storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Skou
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stina D Aunsbjerg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dorrit Thaysen
- Arla Foods Ingredients, Sønderupvej 26, DK-6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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50
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Khakimov B, Christiansen LD, Heins A, Sørensen KM, Schöller C, Clausen A, Skov T, Gernaey KV, Engelsen SB. Untargeted GC‐MS Metabolomics Reveals Changes in the Metabolite Dynamics of Industrial Scale Batch Fermentations of
Streptoccoccus thermophilus
Broth. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bekzod Khakimov
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1958 Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | - Anna‐Lena Heins
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 2292800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Klavs M. Sørensen
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1958 Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | | | - Thomas Skov
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1958 Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 2292800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Søren B. Engelsen
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1958 Frederiksberg CDenmark
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