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Yue Z, He S, Wang J, Jiang Q, Wang H, Wu J, Li C, Wang Z, He X, Jia N. Glyceollins from soybean: Their pharmacological effects and biosynthetic pathways. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21874. [PMID: 38034638 PMCID: PMC10682181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a highly abundant class of secondary metabolites present in plants. Isoflavonoids, in particular, are primarily synthesized in leguminous plants within the subfamily Papilionoideae. Numerous reports have established the favorable role of isoflavonoids in preventing a range of human diseases. Among the isoflavonoid components, glyceollins are synthesized specifically in soybean plants and have displayed promising effects in mitigating the occurrence and progression of breast and ovarian cancers as well as other diseases. Consequently, glyceollins have become a sought-after natural component for promoting women's health. In recent years, extensive research has focused on investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the preventative properties of glyceollins against various diseases. Substantial progress has also been made toward elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of glyceollins and exploring potential regulatory factors. Herein, we provide a review of the research conducted on glyceollins since their discovery five decades ago (1972-2023). We summarize their pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and advancements in chemical synthesis to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of their function and the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Such knowledge may facilitate improved glyceollin synthesis and the creation of health products based on glyceollins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yue
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Shanhong He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Xuan He
- School of Engineering, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
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Walker RR, Patel JR, Gupta A, Davidson AM, Williams CC, Payton-Stewart F, Boué SM, Burow ME, Khupse R, Tilghman SL. Glyceollins Trigger Anti-Proliferative Effects in Hormone-Dependent Aromatase-Inhibitor-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells through the Induction of Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2887. [PMID: 35270029 PMCID: PMC8911299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are standard treatment for estrogen-dependent postmenopausal breast tumors; however, resistance develops leading to tumor relapse and metastasis. We previously demonstrated that glyceollin inhibits proliferation, survival, and migration of hormone-independent letrozole-resistant breast cancer. Since many AI-resistant tumors remain hormone-dependent, identifying distinctions between estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) and ER-negative (ER-) AI-resistant tumor response to therapy is critical. We hypothesize that treating ER+ letrozole-resistant T47D breast cancer cells (T47DaromLR) with a combination of 10 μM glyceollin and 0.5 μM lapatinib (a dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor) will decrease cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis. The T47DaromLR cells were found to overexpress HER2 and MAPK while maintaining aromatase and ER levels compared to their letrozole-sensitive (T47Darom) counterparts. In the absence of estrogen stimulation, glyceollin ± lapatinib had no effect on the proliferation of the T47Darom cells, while glyceollin treatment caused 46% reduction in the proliferation of T47DaromLR cells, which was further diminished when combined with lapatinib. While neither agent influenced cell migration, glyceollin and lapatinib reduced S and G2/M phase cell entry and exclusively induced apoptosis by 1.29-fold in the T47DaromLR cells. Taken together, these results suggest that glyceollins and lapatinib may have potential as a novel combination therapeutic approach for hormone-dependent, letrozole-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidra R. Walker
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 S. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (R.R.W.); (J.R.P.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Jankiben R. Patel
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 S. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (R.R.W.); (J.R.P.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1500 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - A. Michael Davidson
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 S. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (R.R.W.); (J.R.P.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Christopher C. Williams
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Florastina Payton-Stewart
- Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Stephen M. Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA;
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Rahul Khupse
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main St., Findlay, OH 45840, USA;
| | - Syreeta L. Tilghman
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 S. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (R.R.W.); (J.R.P.); (A.M.D.)
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Luo W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Pang M, Yu X, Tong J. Dynamic mRNA and miRNA expression of the head during early development in bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:168. [PMID: 35232381 PMCID: PMC8887032 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head of fish species, an exquisitely complex anatomical system, is important not only for studying fish evolution and development, but also for economic values. Currently, although some studies have been made on fish growth and body shapes, very limited information is available on the molecular mechanism of head development. Results In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA–Seq) and small RNA sequencing (sRNA–Seq) technologies were used to conduct integrated analysis for the head of bighead carp at different development stages, including 1, 3, 5, 15 and 30 Dph (days post hatch). By RNA-Seq data, 26 pathways related to growth and bone formation were identified as the main physiological processes during early development. Coupling this to sRNA–Seq data, we picked out six key pathways that may be responsible for head development, namely ECM receptor interaction, TNF signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, PI3K–Akt signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction and Jak–STAT signaling pathway. Totally, 114 important candidate genes from the six pathways were obtained. Then we found the top 20 key genes according to the degree value by cytohubba, which regulated cell growth, skeletal formation and blood homeostasis, such as pik3ca, pik3r1, egfr, vegfa, igf1 and itga2b. Finally, we also acquired 19 key miRNAs playing multiple roles in the perfection of various tissues in the head (such as brain, eye and mouth) and mineralization of head bone system, such as let–7e, miR–142a–5p, miR–144–3p, miR–23a–3p and miR–223. Conclusions Results of this study will be informative for genetic mechanisms of head development and also provide potential candidate targets for the interaction regulation during early growth in bighead carp. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08387-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Meixia Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaomu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jingou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Abe C, Zhang Y, Takao K, Sasaki K, Ochiai K, Matsui T. Visualization Analysis of Glyceollin Production in Germinating Soybeans by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Imaging Technique. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7057-7063. [PMID: 34152141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apart from the physiological functions of soybean phytoalexins, the production sites in soybeans remain unknown. In this study, the dynamic production of phytoalexins, glyceollins, in germinating soybeans inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae was visually investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. During a 3-day sensitization using a fungus, glyceollins I-III were produced in germinating soybeans (from 0.03 mg/g for glyceollin III to 0.96 mg/g for glyceollin I). Imaging analysis provided visual evidence that glyceollins were produced only in the regions of seed coat and germinated root of the soybeans, while no production was observed in other regions, including the cotyledons. In contrast, their precursor, isoflavone, was distributed throughout the soybean. The evidence that the inoculation of the inactivated fungi also caused glyceollin production at the seed coat led us to speculate that glyceollins could be produced in the region of soybean attached to the fungus body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizumi Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kuni Sasaki
- DAIZ Inc., 3-14-3 Minami-kumamoto, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0812, Japan
| | - Koji Ochiai
- DAIZ Inc., 3-14-3 Minami-kumamoto, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Sun T, Bi F, Liu Z, Yang Q. TMEM119 facilitates ovarian cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via the PDGFRB/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2021; 19:111. [PMID: 33731124 PMCID: PMC7968362 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OV) is the deadliest gynecological cancer. Transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) has been reported as oncogene in several human cancers. However, the function of TMEM119 in OV is still poorly known. Methods Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to analyze TMEM119 levels. Transwell assays, wound healing assays, CCK-8 assays and EdU cell proliferation assays were designed to explore the function and potential mechanism of TMEM119 in malignant biological behaviors in OV. Results TMEM119 was observed to be overexpressed in OV tissues and associated with poor survival in OV patients. Knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrated that TMEM119 promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration in OV cells in vitro. TMEM119 mRNA expression was related to the pathways of focal adhesion according to Gene Set Enrichment Analyses and was correlated with the mRNA expression level of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB). TMEM119 exerted oncogenic effects partially by regulating the expression of PDGFRB and by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusions Collectively, our findings highlight the potential role of TMEM119 in the malignant biological behavior of OV, which may serve as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic candidate for OV. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02781-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Fangfang Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Pham TH, Lecomte S, Le Guevel R, Lardenois A, Evrard B, Chalmel F, Ferriere F, Balaguer P, Efstathiou T, Pakdel F. Characterization of Glyceollins as Novel Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands and Their Role in Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041368. [PMID: 32085612 PMCID: PMC7072876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies strongly support the use of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Glyceollins, a group of soybean phytoalexins, are known to exert therapeutic effects in chronic human diseases and also in cancer. To investigate the interaction between glyceollin I (GI), glyceollin II (GII) and AhR, a computational docking analysis, luciferase assays, immunofluorescence and transcriptome analyses were performed with different cancer cell lines. The docking experiments predicted that GI and GII can enter into the AhR binding pocket, but their interactions with the amino acids of the binding site differ, in part, from those interacting with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Both GI and GII were able to weakly and partially activate AhR, with GII being more potent. The results from the transcriptome assays showed that approximately 10% of the genes regulated by TCDD were also modified by both GI and GII, which could have either antagonistic or synergistic effects upon TCDD activation. In addition, we report here, on the basis of phenotype, that GI and GII inhibit the migration of triple-negative (ER-, PgR-, HER2NEU-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and that they inhibit the expression of genes which code for important regulators of cell migration and invasion in cancer tissues. In conclusion, GI and GII are AhR ligands that should be further investigated to determine their usefulness in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Remy Le Guevel
- ImPACcell platform (SFR Biosit), Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - François Ferriere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Univ. Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 Rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012 Rennes CEDEX, France;
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; (T.H.P.); (S.L.); (A.L.); (B.E.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)22-323-5132
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Alamgeer, Asif H, Sandhu MZA, Aziz M, Irfan HM, Moreno KGT, Junior AG. Ameliorative Effects and Cellular Aspects of Phytoconstituents in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2574-2582. [PMID: 32056518 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200214161139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that involves vessels through the development of fatty streaks and plaques. Plant-based compounds can help treat or prevent atherosclerosis by affecting various factors that are involved in the disease. The present review discusses our current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms of phytotherapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have evaluated the antiatherosclerotic activity of phytoconstituents to provide preliminary evidence of efficacy, but only a few studies have delineated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Plant-derived phytotherapeutics primarily targets abnormal levels of lipoproteins, endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell migration, foam cell development, and atheromatous plaque formation. Nonetheless, the principal mechanisms that are responsible for their therapeutic actions remain unclear. Further pharmacological studies are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiatherosclerotic response to these phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hira Asif
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Z A Sandhu
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Aziz
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Irfan
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Karyne G T Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Oh J, Jang CH, Kim JS. Soy-derived phytoalexins: mechanism of in vivo biological effectiveness in spite of their low bioavailability. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1-6. [PMID: 30815288 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-demonstrated bioefficacy of phytochemicals in spite of their paradoxically low bioavailability has long puzzled scientists. Glyceollins, a family of soy-derived phytoalexins, have been reported to exert a variety of biological effects in vitro and in vivo systems in spite of poor systemic bioavailability after oral administration, suggesting that secondary messengers generated in gastrointestinal tract would transfer signals to target organs and tissues to manifest any effect. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms of how the poorly bioavailable glyceollins could still exert in vivo biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Jang
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- 1School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 PLUS Program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea.,2Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
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Pham TH, Lecomte S, Efstathiou T, Ferriere F, Pakdel F. An Update on the Effects of Glyceollins on Human Health: Possible Anticancer Effects and Underlying Mechanisms. Nutrients 2019; 11:E79. [PMID: 30609801 PMCID: PMC6357109 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active plant-based compounds, commonly referred to as phytochemicals, can influence the expression and function of various receptors and transcription factors or signaling pathways that play vital roles in cellular functions and are then involved in human health and diseases. Thus, phytochemicals may have a great potential to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Glyceollins, a group of phytoalexins that are isolated from soybeans, have attracted attention because they exert numerous effects on human functions and diseases, notably anticancer effects. In this review, we have presented an update on the effects of glyceollins in relation to their potential beneficial roles in human health. Despite a growing number of studies suggesting that this new family of phytochemicals can be involved in critical cellular pathways, such as estrogen receptor, protein kinase, and lipid kinase signaling pathways, future investigations will be needed to better understand their molecular mechanisms and their specific significance in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Pham
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Francois Ferriere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3549312. [PMID: 30405738 PMCID: PMC6201497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3549312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used widely for preventing intimal hyperplasia (IH), a common cardiovascular disease. Four different cells initiate and progress IH, namely, vascular smooth muscle, adventitial and endothelial cells, and circulation or bone marrow-derived cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in initiation and development of intimal thickening and formation of neointimal hyperplasia. In this review, we describe the different originating cells involved in vascular IH and emphasize the effect of different natural products on inhibiting abnormal cellular functions, such as VSMC proliferation and migration. We further present a classification for the different natural products like phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids that suppress VSMC growth. Abnormal VSMC physiology involves disturbance in MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK-STAT, FAK, and NF-κB signal pathways. Most of the natural isolate studies have revealed G1/S phase of cell cycle arrest, decreased ROS production, induced cell apoptosis, restrained migration, and downregulated collagen deposition. It is necessary to screen optimal drugs from natural sources that preferentially inhibit VSMC rather than vascular endothelial cell growth to prevent early IH, restenosis following graft implantation, and atherosclerotic diseases.
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Park IS, Kim HJ, Jeong YS, Kim WK, Kim JS. Differential abilities of Korean soybean varieties to biosynthesize glyceollins by biotic and abiotic elicitors. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:255-261. [PMID: 30263536 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceollins synthesized in soybeans that are exposed to biotic or abiotic stress have been reported to have health benefits. Considering that glyceollins are de novo synthesized from daidzein via several enzymatic steps and that isoflavone concentration widely varies among soybean varieties, the abilities of 60 soybean cultivars to synthesize glyceollins were compared under different elicitation conditions. Soybeans accumulated glyceollins differentially depending upon the cultivar when elicited with Aspergillus sojae. Contrary to our hypothesis that high isoflavone varieties may accumulate glyceollins more efficiently upon elicitation, glyceollin accumulation in response to fungal elicitation was not related with the concentration of either total isoflavones or daidzein in soybeans. Rather the glyceollin levels were significantly affected by soybean cultivar and most effectively increased by fungal infection. The data suggest that the selection of a strong fungal elicitor and a soybean cultivar with genotype that highly expresses the genes involved in glyceollin biosynthesis is essential for efficient glyceollin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sil Park
- 1School of Food Science and Technology (BK21 program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38540 Korea
| | - Yeon-Shin Jeong
- 3Department of Farm Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- 4System Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- 1School of Food Science and Technology (BK21 program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
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Jin YH, Kim SA. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits the TNF-α-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:191-198. [PMID: 27922672 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial event in the development of atherosclerosis, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is actively involved in this process by enhancing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA) is a natural compound of Cinnamomum cassia. Although 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA), another compound from Cinnamomum cassia, has been widely studied with regard to its antitumor activity, MCA has not attracted researchers' interest due to its mild toxic effects on cancer cells and its mechanisms of action remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of MCA on the TNF-α-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). As shown by our results, MCA inhibited TNF-α-induced cell proliferation by reducing the levels of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, CDK4 and CDK6, and increasing the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, without resulting in cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, MCA decreased the level of secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by inhibiting MMP-9 transcription. Unexpectedly, MCA did not affect the TNF-α-induced levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, by showing that MCA potently inhibited the degradation of IκBα and the subsequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), we demonstrated that MCA exerts its effects through the NF-κB signaling pathway. MCA also effectively inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced HASMC migration. Taken together, these observations suggest that MCA has the potential for use as an anti-atherosclerotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Oriental Medicine, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-A Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Oriental Medicine, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
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Glyceollin I Reverses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Letrozole Resistant Breast Cancer through ZEB1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:ijerph13010010. [PMID: 26703648 PMCID: PMC4730401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although aromatase inhibitors are standard endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with early-stage metastatic estrogen-dependent breast cancer, they are limited by the development of drug resistance. A better understanding of this process is critical towards designing novel strategies for disease management. Previously, we demonstrated a global proteomic signature of letrozole-resistance associated with hormone-independence, enhanced cell motility and implications of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells (LTLT-Ca) were treated with a novel phytoalexin, glyceollin I, and exhibited morphological characteristics synonymous with an epithelial phenotype and decreased proliferation. Letrozole-resistance increased Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) expression (4.51-fold), while glyceollin I treatment caused a -3.39-fold reduction. Immunofluorescence analyses resulted of glyceollin I-induced increase and decrease in E-cadherin and ZEB1, respectively. In vivo studies performed in ovariectomized, female nude mice indicated that glyceollin treated tumors stained weakly for ZEB1 and N-cadherin and strongly for E-cadherin. Compared to letrozole-sensitive cells, LTLT-Ca cells displayed enhanced motility, however in the presence of glyceollin I, exhibited a 68% and 83% decrease in invasion and migration, respectively. These effects of glyceollin I were mediated in part by inhibition of ZEB1, thus indicating therapeutic potential of glyceollin I in targeting EMT in letrozole resistant breast cancer.
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Ricci C, Ferri N. Naturally occurring PDGF receptor inhibitors with potential anti-atherosclerotic properties. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 70:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Kim HJ, Jung CL, Jeong YS, Kim JS. Soybean-derived glyceollins induce apoptosis through ROS generation. Food Funct 2014; 5:688-95. [PMID: 24513878 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glyceollins, which are synthesized from daidzein in soybeans infected with fungi, have been shown to have anti-fungal effects and antioxidant properties. However, the anti-proliferative mechanism of glyceollins against tumor cells is unknown. Glyceollin-induced apoptosis was evidenced by a decrease in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increase in early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine, the sub G1 phase, and DNA fragmentation in hepa1c1c7 cells. Western blot analysis showed that treatment of the hepa1c1c7 cells with the glyceollins decreased the expression of pro-caspase-3, Bcl-2, and cell cycle-related proteins, but increased the expression of p21 and p27, and cytochrome C release into cytosol. At a concentration of 6 μg mL(-1) or higher, glyceollins significantly stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which appear to be responsible for the apoptotic activity of the compounds. Our present study demonstrated that the high dose of glyceollins possibly caused apoptosis in mouse hepatoma cells through the production of ROS, suggesting the potential to exploit glyceollins as anti-tumorigenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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16
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Feng S, Yang X, Huang D. Hormesis of glyceollin I, an induced phytoalexin from soybean, on budding yeast chronological lifespan extension. Molecules 2014; 19:568-80. [PMID: 24399048 PMCID: PMC6270785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceollin I, an induced phytoalexin isolated from soybean, has been reported to have various bioactivities, including anti-bacterial, anti-nematode, anti-fungal, anti-estrogenic and anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin sensitivity enhancing, and attenuation of vascular contractions. Here we show that glyceollin I has hormesis and extends yeast life span at low (nM) doses in a calorie restriction (CR)-dependent manner, while it reduces life span and inhibits yeast cell proliferation at higher (μM) doses. In contrast, the other two isomers (glyceollin II and III) cannot extend yeast life span and only show life span reduction and antiproliferation at higher doses. Our results in anti-aging activity indicate that glyceollin I might be a promising calorie restriction mimetic candidate, and the high content of glyceollins could improve the bioactivity of soybean as functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Ziyun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Shengbao Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuena Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Dejian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of TCM Based Functional Food Quality and Safety, Jing Brand Company, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
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Choi BK, Cha BY, Yagyu T, Woo JT, Ojika M. Sponge-derived acetylenic alcohols, petrosiols, inhibit proliferation and migration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1804-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yoon EK, Jeong YT, Li X, Song-Cui, Park DC, Kim YH, Kim YD, Chang HW, Lee SH, Hwang SL. Glyceollin improves endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced insulin resistance through CaMKK-AMPK pathway in L6 myotubes. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1053-61. [PMID: 23313043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyceollin has been shown to have antidiabetic properties, although its molecular mechanism is not known. Here, we have investigated the metabolic effects of glyceollin in animal models of insulin resistance and in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-responsive muscle cells. db/db mice were treated with glyceollin for 4weeks and triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were measured. Glyceollin reduced serum insulin and triglycerides and increased HDL levels in db/db mice. Furthermore, glyceollin caused a significant improvement in glucose homeostasis without altering body weight and food intake in db/db mice. In muscle cells, glyceollin increased the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as cellular glucose uptake. Fatty acid oxidation was also increased. In parallel, phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) at Ser-79 was increased, consistent with decreased ACC activity. An insulin-resistant state was induced by exposing cells to 5μg/ml of tunicamycin as indicated by decreased insulin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and glucose uptake. Inhibition of insulin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and glucose uptake under ER stress was prevented by glyceollin. Strikingly, glyceollin reduced ER stress-induced, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and subsequently increased insulin signaling via stimulation of AMPK activity in L6 myotubes. Pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase blocked glyceollin-increased AMPK phosphorylation and insulin sensitivity under ER stress conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that glyceollin-mediated enhancement of insulin sensitivity under ER stress conditions is predominantly accomplished by activating AMPK, thereby having beneficial effects on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Dehydroglyasperin C, a component of liquorice, attenuates proliferation and migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor in human arterial smooth muscle cells. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:391-400. [PMID: 23298457 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Liquorice is one of the botanicals used frequently as a traditional medicine in the West and in the East. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB is involved in the development of CVD by inducing abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. In our preliminary study, dehydroglyasperin C (DGC), an active compound of liquorice, showed strong antioxidant activity. Since phytochemicals with antioxidant activities showed beneficial effects on chronic inflammatory diseases, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of DGC on PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). Treatment of HASMC with DGC for 24 h significantly decreased PDGF-induced cell number and DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test and thymidine incorporation. Upon cell cycle analysis, DGC blocked the PDGF-induced progression through the G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle, and down-regulated the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK); 2, cyclin E, CDK4 and cyclin D1. Furthermore, DGC significantly attenuated PDGF-stimulated phosphorylation of PDGF receptor-b, phospholipase C-g1, AKT and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, and DGC inhibited cell migration and the dissociation of actin filaments by PDGF. In a rat vascular balloon injury model, DGC suppressed an excessive reduction in luminal diameters and neointimal formation compared with the control group. These results demonstrate the mechanistic basis for the prevention of CVD and the potential therapeutic properties of DGC.
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Wood CE, Boue SM, Collins-Burow BM, Rhodes LV, Register TC, Cline JM, Dewi FN, Burow ME. Glyceollin-elicited soy protein consumption induces distinct transcriptional effects as compared to standard soy protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:81-86. [PMID: 22126086 PMCID: PMC3750717 DOI: 10.1021/jf2034863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollins are stress-induced compounds in soybeans with bioactive properties distinct from parent soy isoflavones. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of dietary glyceollin-enriched and standard soy protein isolates and identify candidate target pathways of glyceollins on transcriptional profiles within mammary gland tissue. Thirty female postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys were randomized to diets containing one of three protein sources for 3 weeks: (1) control casein/lactalbumin (C/L), (2) standard soy protein containing 194 mg/day isoflavones (SOY), and (3) glyceollin-enriched soy protein containing 189 mg/day isoflavones + 134 mg/day glyceollins (GLY). All diets contained a physiologic dose of estradiol (E2) (1 mg/day). All doses are expressed in human equivalents scaled by caloric intake. Relative to the control C/L diet, the GLY diet resulted in greater numbers of differentially regulated genes, which showed minimal overlap with those of SOY. Effects of GLY related primarily to pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, adipocytokine expression, triglyceride synthesis, and lipase activity. Notable genes upregulated by the GLY diet included PPAR-γ, adiponectin, leptin, lipin 1, and lipoprotein lipase. The GLY diet also resulted in lower serum total cholesterol, specifically nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased serum triglycerides as compared to the C/L diet. No effects of GLY or SOY were seen on serum insulin, adipocytokines, or vascular and bone turnover markers. These preliminary findings suggest that glyceollin-enriched soy protein has divergent effects from standard soy with some specificity for adipocyte activity and nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Wood
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephen M. Boue
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA
| | | | | | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Fitriya N. Dewi
- Department of Pathology (Section on Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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