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Atanassova M, Martorell M, Sharopov F, Atanassov L, Kumar P, Sharifi-Rad J, Tejada-Gavela S, Iriti M, Pezzani R, Varoni EM. Cocoa as immunomodulatory agent: an update. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37909175 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2272025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is rich in polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, which correlate with several health benefits mediated by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Cocoa and chocolate consumption have been reported to impact the regulation of the immune system, both in preclinical studies and in human trials. The mechanisms for immunomodulation can involve different effects of cocoa polyphenols on the immune system, acting as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-allergic agents, as well as the direct influence of cocoa on innate and acquired immunity, with cytokines production and activation of both lymphocyte-dependent and -independent pathways. Cocoa intake has been also correlated to changes in gut microbiota ecology and composition, also affecting the intestinal immune system. This review summarises the updates of the last two decades on cocoa as immunomodulatory agent and explores the health-related benefits of cocoa and chocolate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Atanassova
- Scientific Consulting, Chemical Engineering, UCTM, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products", Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Lyubomir Atanassov
- Faculty of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Silvia Tejada-Gavela
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), IdISBa, Palma, España
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, Padova, Italy
- Phytotherapy Lab, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
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2
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Morales-Ferré C, Franch À, Castell M, Olivares M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Staphylococcus epidermidis' Overload During Suckling Impacts the Immune Development in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:916690. [PMID: 35859758 PMCID: PMC9289531 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.916690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland occurring in 3-33% of the breastfeeding mothers. The majority of mastitis cases have an infectious etiology. More than 75% of infectious mastitis are caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus and involves breast milk microbiota alteration, which, may have an impact in lactating infant. The aim of this study was to analyze in rats during the suckling period and later in life the impact of a high and a low overload of Staphylococcus epidermidis, similarly as it occurs during the clinical and the subclinical mastitis, respectively. From days 2 to 21 of life, suckling rats were daily supplemented with low (Ls group) or high (Hs group) dose of S. epidermidis. Body weight and fecal humidity were periodically recorded. On days 21 and 42 of life, morphometry, hematological variables, intestinal gene expression, immunoglobulin (Ig) and cytokine profile and spleen cells' phenotype were measured. Although no differences were found in body weight, Ls and Hs groups showed higher body length and lower fecal humidity. Both doses induced small changes in lymphocytes subpopulations, reduced the plasma levels of Ig and delayed the Th1/Th2 balance causing a bias toward the Th2 response. No changes were found in cytokine concentration. The low dose affected the Tc cells intestinal homing pattern whereas the high dose had an impact on the hematological variables causing leukocytosis and lymphocytosis and also influenced the intestinal barrier maturation. In conclusion, both interventions with Staphylococcus epidermidis overload during suckling, affects the immune system development in short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Morales-Ferré
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | | | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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3
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Périz M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Best I, Pastor-Soplin S, Castell M, Massot-Cladera M. Influence of Consumption of Two Peruvian Cocoa Populations on Mucosal and Systemic Immune Response in an Allergic Asthma Rat Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030410. [PMID: 35276769 PMCID: PMC8840350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cocoa populations have demonstrated a protective role in a rat model of allergic asthma by attenuating the immunoglobulin (Ig) E synthesis and partially protecting against anaphylactic response. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of diets containing two native Peruvian cocoa populations (“Amazonas Peru” or APC, and “Criollo de Montaña” or CMC) and an ordinary cocoa (OC) on the bronchial compartment and the systemic and mucosal immune system in the same rat model of allergic asthma. Among other variables, cells and IgA content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum anti-allergen antibody response were analyzed. The three cocoa populations prevented the increase of the serum specific IgG1 (T helper 2 isotype). The three cocoa diets decreased asthma-induced granulocyte increase in the BALF, which was mainly due to the reduction in the proportion of eosinophils. Moreover, both the OC and CMC diets were able to prevent the leukocyte infiltration caused by asthma induction in both the trachea and nasal cavity and decreased the IgA in both fecal and BALF samples. Overall, these results highlight the potential of different cocoa populations in the prevention of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ivan Best
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru;
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Salud, Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-93-402-4505 (M.C.)
| | - Santiago Pastor-Soplin
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru;
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-93-402-4505 (M.C.)
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Sarmadi B, Ismail A, Yusof L, Faridz Mod Yunoh M. Mechanism of action of cocoa on bone metabolism in calcium- and estrogen-deficient rat model of osteoporosis: Evidence for site and dose-related responses and involvement of IGF-I. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Estruel-Amades S, Ruiz-Iglesias P, Périz M, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Camps-Bossacoma M, Castell M. Changes in Lymphocyte Composition and Functionality After Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise in Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1491. [PMID: 31920698 PMCID: PMC6928120 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausting exercise can have a deleterious effect on the immune system. Nevertheless, the impact of exercise intensity on lymphocyte composition and functionality remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of intensive training on lymphoid tissues (blood, thymus, and spleen) in Wistar rats. Two intensive training programs were performed: a short program, running twice a day for 2 weeks and ending with a final exhaustion test (S-TE group), and a longer program, including two exhaustion tests plus three runs per week for 5 weeks. After this last training program, samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session (T group), immediately after an additional exhaustion test (TE group) and 24 h later (TE24 group). The composition of lymphocytes in the blood, thymus, and spleen, the function of spleen cells and serum immunoglobulins were determined. In the blood, only the TE group modified lymphocyte proportions. Mature thymocytes' proportions decreased in tissues obtained just after exhaustion. There was a lower percentage of spleen NK and NKT cells after the longer training program. In these rats, the T group showed a reduced lymphoproliferative activity, but it was enhanced immediately after the final exhaustion. Cytokine secretion was modified after the longer training (T group), which decreased IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion but increased that of IL-6. Higher serum IgG concentrations after the longer training program were detected. In conclusion, the intensive training for 5 weeks changed the lymphocyte distribution among primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and modified their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Raguzzini A, Poce G, Consalvi S, Toti E, Palmacci F, Biava M, Peluso I. Chocolate Consumers and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio: A Working Hypothesis from a Preliminary Report of a Pilot Study in Celiac Subjects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100440. [PMID: 31581490 PMCID: PMC6827035 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) with habitual consumption of dark chocolate in a group of celiac subjects in which chocolate consumption and lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) association had already been observed. Additionally, due to the known anti-nutrient effect on iron absorption, we evaluated red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) values. Methods: Chocolate consumers and non-consumers were matched for sex, menopausal status, NLR values over the previously suggested cut off (2.32) for celiac patients, and co-morbidities. Results: Chocolate consumers had high LMR compared to non-consumers, whereas no differences were observed between chocolate consumers and non-consumers in RBC, MCV, Hb and PLR. However, similar number of subjects had PLR higher than the previously suggested cut off (143.7) for celiac disease. Conclusions: This preliminary report suggests a working hypothesis for larger studies aimed at establishing cut off values for LMR in celiac patients and the modulation of this marker by dietary antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raguzzini
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Consalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Toti
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Palmacci
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Biava
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy.
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Enhancement of immune maturation in suckling rats by leptin and adiponectin supplementation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1786. [PMID: 30742004 PMCID: PMC6370875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin, adipokines present in breast milk, have shown immunomodulatory properties. The current study aimed to ascertain whether a nutritional supplementation with leptin or adiponectin in neonatal rats was able to influence the maturation of the systemic immune response in early life. To achieve this, suckling Wistar rats were supplemented with either leptin (0.7 μg/kg/day) or adiponectin (35 μg/kg/day) during the whole suckling period. Plasmatic immunoglobulins were quantified, and spleen lymphocyte composition and their ability to proliferate and release cytokines were evaluated during (day 14) and at the end (day 21) of the suckling period. Rats fed with either adipokine showed higher plasma IgM and IgG1 concentrations and adiponectin supplementation also increased IgG2a at both studied days (P < 0.05). With regard to the lymphocyte composition, both adipokine supplementations increased T cell proportion and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets after two weeks of supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, only leptin administration increased NK and NKT cell proportions at the end of the suckling period. Finally, both adipokines influenced the cytokine secretion pattern by splenocytes. In conclusion, these results suggest that leptin and adiponectin play a role in the maturation of the systemic immune response during the suckling period.
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Rigo-Adrover MDM, van Limpt K, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Costabile A, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Preventive Effect of a Synbiotic Combination of Galacto- and Fructooligosaccharides Mixture With Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in a Model of Multiple Rotavirus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1318. [PMID: 29942312 PMCID: PMC6004411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes morbidity and mortality among infants worldwide, and there is evidence that probiotics and prebiotics can have a positive influence against infective processes such as that due to RV. The aim of this study was to evidence a preventive role of one prebiotic mixture (of short-chain galactooligosaccharide/long-chain fructooligosaccharide), the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and the combination of the prebiotic and the probiotic, as a synbiotic, in a suckling rat double-RV infection model. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum was used as protection control. The first infection was induced with RV SA11 and the second one with EDIM. Clinical variables and immune response were evaluated after both infections. Dietary interventions ameliorated clinical symptoms after the first infection. The prebiotic and the synbiotic significantly reduced viral shedding after the first infection, but all the interventions showed higher viral load than in the RV group after the second infection. All interventions modulated ex vivo antibody and cytokine production, gut wash cytokine levels and small intestine gene expression after both infections. In conclusion, a daily supplement of the products tested in this preclinical model is highly effective in preventing RV-induced diarrhea but allowing the boost of the early immune response for a future immune response against reinfection, suggesting that these components may be potential agents for modulating RV infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Rigo-Adrover
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | | | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adele Costabile
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Life Science Department, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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9
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Petta I, Fraussen J, Somers V, Kleinewietfeld M. Interrelation of Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Autoantibody Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:439. [PMID: 29559977 PMCID: PMC5845559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells possess a predominant role in adaptive immune responses via antibody-dependent and -independent functions. The microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract is currently being intensively investigated due to its profound impact on various immune responses, including B cell maturation, activation, and IgA antibody responses. Recent findings have demonstrated the interplay between dietary components, gut microbiome, and autoantibody production. "Western" dietary patterns, such as high fat and high salt diets, can induce alterations in the gut microbiome that in turn affects IgA responses and the production of autoantibodies. This could contribute to multiple pathologies including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the influence of various dietary components on B cell function and (auto)antibody production in relation to the gut microbiota, with a particular focus on the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Petta
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt, Belgium
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10
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Camps-Bossacoma M, Massot-Cladera M, Abril-Gil M, Franch A, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Cocoa Diet and Antibody Immune Response in Preclinical Studies. Front Nutr 2017; 4:28. [PMID: 28702458 PMCID: PMC5484773 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cocoa to interact with the immune system in vitro and in vivo has been described. In the latter context, a cocoa-enriched diet in healthy rats was able to modify the immune system's functionality. This fact could be observed in the composition and functionality of lymphoid tissues, such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Consequently, immune effector mechanisms, such as antibody synthesis, were modified. A cocoa-enriched diet in young rats was able to attenuate the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA and also the intestinal IgM and IgA secretion. Moreover, in immunized rats, the intake of cocoa decreased specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c, and IgM concentrations in serum. This immune-regulator potential was then tested in disease models in which antibodies play a pathogenic role. A cocoa-enriched diet was able to partially prevent the synthesis of autoantibodies in a model of autoimmune arthritis in rats and was also able to protect against IgE and T helper 2-related antibody synthesis in two rat models of allergy. Likewise, a cocoa-enriched diet prevented an oral sensitization process in young rats. In this review, we will focus on the influence of cocoa on the acquired branch of the immune function. Therefore, we will focus on how a cocoa diet influences lymphocyte function both in the systemic and intestinal immune system. Likewise, its potential role in preventing some antibody-induced immune diseases is also included. Although further studies must characterize the particular cocoa components responsible for such effects and nutritional studies in humans need to be carried out, cocoa has potential as a nutraceutical agent in some hypersensitivity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malen Massot-Cladera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Angels Franch
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Section of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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11
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Rigo-Adrover MDM, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Preclinical Immunomodulation by the Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in Early Life. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166082. [PMID: 27820846 PMCID: PMC5098803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V on the maturation of the intestinal and circulating immune system during suckling. In order to achieve this purpose, neonatal Lewis rats were supplemented with the probiotic strain from the 6th to the 18th day of life. The animals were weighed during the study, and faecal samples were obtained and evaluated daily. On day 19, rats were euthanized and intestinal wash samples, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, splenocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were obtained. The probiotic supplementation in early life did not modify the growth curve and did not enhance the systemic immune maturation. However, it increased the proportion of cells bearing TLR4 in the MLN and IEL, and enhanced the percentage of the integrin αEβ7+ and CD62L+ cells in the MLN and that of the integrin αEβ7+ cells in the IEL, suggesting an enhancement of the homing process of naïve T lymphocytes to the MLN, and the retention of activated lymphocytes in the intraepithelial compartment. Interestingly, B. breve M-16V enhanced the intestinal IgA synthesis. In conclusion, supplementation with the probiotic strain B. breve M-16V during suckling improves the development of mucosal immunity in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Rigo-Adrover
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Cocoa Diet Prevents Antibody Synthesis and Modifies Lymph Node Composition and Functionality in a Rat Oral Sensitization Model. Nutrients 2016; 8:242. [PMID: 27120615 PMCID: PMC4848710 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa powder, a rich source of polyphenols, has shown immunomodulatory properties in both the intestinal and systemic immune compartments of rats. The aim of the current study was to establish the effect of a cocoa diet in a rat oral sensitization model and also to gain insight into the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) activities induced by this diet. To achieve this, three-week-old Lewis rats were fed either a standard diet or a diet with 10% cocoa and were orally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and with cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Specific antibodies were quantified, and lymphocyte composition, gene expression, and cytokine release were established in MLN. The development of anti-OVA antibodies was almost totally prevented in cocoa-fed rats. In addition, this diet increased the proportion of TCRγδ+ and CD103+CD8+ cells and decreased the proportion of CD62L+CD4+ and CD62L+CD8+ cells in MLN, whereas it upregulated the gene expression of OX40L, CD11c, and IL-1β and downregulated the gene expression of IL-17α. In conclusion, the cocoa diet induced tolerance in an oral sensitization model accompanied by changes in MLN that could contribute to this effect, suggesting its potential implication in the prevention of food allergies.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In modern society, cocoa is being eaten as a confectionery, contrary to its medicinal use in the past. However, since the last decade, there has been a revival of talks about cocoa's health beneficial effects. Development has been made at the molecular level recently. This review discusses the recent progresses on potential health benefits of cocoa and/or its derivatives, with a focus on the areas that have been paid little attention so far, such as the role of cocoa in immune regulation, inflammation, neuroprotection, oxidative stress, obesity, and diabetes control. RECENT FINDINGS Thanks to the advancement in analytical technologies, the cocoa's metabolic pathways have now been properly mapped providing essential information on its roles. Cocoa helps in weight loss by improving mitochondrial biogenesis. It increases muscle glucose uptake by inserting glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscles membrane. Because of its antioxidant properties, cocoa offers neuron protection and enhances cognition and positive mood. It lowers immunoglobulin E release in allergic responses. It can affect the immune response and bacterial growth at intestinal levels. It reduces inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB. SUMMARY Keeping in view the pleiotropic health benefits of cocoa, it may have the potential to be used for the prevention/treatment of allergies, cancers, oxidative injuries, inflammatory conditions, anxiety, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Castellote C, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Cocoa flavonoid-enriched diet modulates systemic and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis in adult Lewis rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:3272-86. [PMID: 23966108 PMCID: PMC3775253 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that a diet containing 10% cocoa, a rich source of flavonoids, has immunomodulatory effects on rats and, among others effects, is able to attenuate the immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in both systemic and intestinal compartments. The purpose of the present study was focused on investigating whether these effects were attributed exclusively to the flavonoid content or to other compounds present in cocoa. To this end, eight-week-old Lewis rats were fed, for two weeks, either a standard diet or three isoenergetic diets containing increasing proportions of cocoa flavonoids from different sources: one with 0.2% polyphenols from conventional defatted cocoa, and two others with 0.4% and 0.8% polyphenols, respectively, from non-fermented cocoa. Diet intake and body weight were monitored and fecal samples were obtained throughout the study to determine fecal pH, IgA, bacteria proportions, and IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum samples collected during the study were quantified. At the end of the dietary intervention no clear changes of serum IgG or IgM concentrations were quantified, showing few effects of cocoa polyphenol diets at the systemic level. However, in the intestine, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets attenuated the age-related increase of both fecal IgA and IgA-coated bacteria, as well as the proportion of bacteria in feces. As these effects were not dependent on the dose of polyphenol present in the diets, other compounds and/or the precise polyphenol composition present in cocoa raw material used for the diets could be key factors in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-93-402-45-05; Fax: +34-93-403-59-01
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15
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Castellote C, Castell M. The effects of cocoa on the immune system. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:71. [PMID: 23759861 PMCID: PMC3671179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a food relatively rich in polyphenols, which makes it a potent antioxidant. Due to its activity as an antioxidant, as well as through other mechanisms, cocoa consumption has been reported to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, brain functions, and cancer prevention. Furthermore, cocoa influences the immune system, in particular the inflammatory innate response and the systemic and intestinal adaptive immune response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that a cocoa-enriched diet modifies T cell functions that conduce to a modulation of the synthesis of systemic and gut antibodies. In this regard, it seems that a cocoa diet in rats produces changes in the lymphocyte composition of secondary lymphoid tissues and the cytokines secreted by T cells. These results suggest that it is possible that cocoa could inhibit the function of T helper type 2 cells, and in line with this, the preventive effect of cocoa on IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model has been reported, which opens up new perspectives when considering the beneficial effects of cocoa compounds. On the other hand, cocoa intake modifies the functionality of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by means of modulating IgA secretion and intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms involved in these influences are discussed here. Further research may elucidate the cocoa compounds involved in such an effect and also the possible medical approaches to these repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Malen Massot-Cladera
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Castellote
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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16
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Pérez-Berezo T, Ramírez-Santana C, Franch A, Ramos-Romero S, Castellote C, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1181-8. [PMID: 23104506 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of fiber and flavonoids with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Wistar rats were fed with either a 5% cocoa diet or standard diet. Colon inflammation was induced by DSS in the drinking water: 5% for six days and 2% over the following nine days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, stool consistency and blood presence in stools. A group of animals fed standard diet was treated with quercitrin (1 mg/kg) after colitis establishment. After two weeks of DSS treatment, the colon oxidative and inflammatory status and lymphocyte composition from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were assessed. The cocoa-fed group did not exhibit amelioration of clinical colitis but displayed higher antioxidant activity than the colitic reference group by the restoration of colon glutathione content and prevention of lipid peroxidation. The cocoa diet showed anti-inflammatory potential because it down-regulated serum tumor necrosis factor-α, colon inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and decreased colon cell infiltration. The lymphocyte composition in MLNs was not modified by drinking DSS, but there was an increase in the proportion of natural killer and regulatory T-cells in the blood. These changes were not modified by cocoa. In conclusion, cocoa intake may help to inhibit the negative oxidative effects consequent to colitis, although this action is not enough to abrogate the intestinal inflammation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pérez-Berezo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abril-Gil M, Massot-Cladera M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castellote C, Franch A, Castell M. A diet enriched with cocoa prevents IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:603-8. [PMID: 22342543 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in young rats reported the impact of cocoa intake on healthy immune status and allow suggesting it may have a role in the prevention of some immune-mediated diseases. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of a cocoa diet in a model of allergy in young rats. Three-week-old Brown Norway rats were immunized by i.p. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) with alum as adjuvant and Bordetella pertussis toxin. During the next 4 weeks rats received either a cocoa diet (containing 0.2% polyphenols, w/w) or a standard diet. Animals fed a standard diet showed high concentrations of anti-OVA IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and high anti-OVA IgE titres, which is the antibody involved in allergic response. In contrast, animals fed a cocoa diet showed significantly lower concentrations of anti-OVA IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Interestingly, the cocoa diet prevented anti-OVA IgE synthesis and decreased total serum IgE concentration. Analysis of cytokine production in lymph node cells at the end of the study revealed that, in this compartment, the cocoa diet decreased the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the interleukin (IL)-10 secretion but not IL-4 production. In conclusion, a cocoa-enriched diet in young rats produces an immunomodulatory effect that prevents anti-allergen IgE synthesis, suggesting a potential role for cocoa flavonoids in the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Abril-Gil
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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