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Sinclair AJ. Navigating my career in lipid research. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024:10.1038/s41430-024-01452-6. [PMID: 38802606 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sinclair
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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2
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Belide S, Shrestha P, Kennedy Y, Leonforte A, Devine MD, Petrie JR, Singh SP, Zhou X. Engineering docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Brassica juncea. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:19-21. [PMID: 34694688 PMCID: PMC8710832 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James R. Petrie
- CSIRO Agriculture & FoodCanberraACTAustralia
- Present address:
Nourish Ingredients Pty Ltd.CanberraACTAustralia
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Sugasini D, Yalagala PCR, Subbaiah PV. Efficient Enrichment of Retinal DHA with Dietary Lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: Potential Application for Retinopathies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103114. [PMID: 33053841 PMCID: PMC7601701 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although decreased retinal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a known risk factor for retinopathy, currently available omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG), do not significantly enrich retinal DHA. We tested the hypothesis that lysophospahtidylcholine (LPC)-DHA which is absorbed as phospholipid, would efficiently increase retinal DHA because of the presence of LPC-specific transporter at the blood–retina barrier. In normal rats, LPC-DHA and di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC), which generates LPC-DHA during digestion, increased retinal DHA by 101% and 45%, respectively, but TAG-DHA had no significant effect at the same dose (40 mg/kg, 30 days). In normal mice, both sn-1 DHA LPC and sn-2 DHA LPC increased retinal DHA by 80%, but free DHA had no effect. Lipase-treated krill oil (which contains LPC-DHA and LPC-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), but not normal krill oil (which has little LPC), increased both retinal DHA (+76%) and EPA (100-fold). Fish oil, however, had no effect, whether lipase-treated or not. These studies show that retinal DHA can be efficiently increased by dietary LPC-DHA, but not by TAG-DHA or free DHA. Since DHA is known to be protective against retinopathy and other eye diseases, this study provides a novel nutraceutical approach for the prevention/treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavamani Sugasini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.S.); (P.C.R.Y.)
| | - Poorna C. R. Yalagala
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.S.); (P.C.R.Y.)
| | - Papasani V. Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.S.); (P.C.R.Y.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-996-8212; Fax: +1-312-413-0437
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Bazinet RP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Shaikh SR, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Layé S. Brain eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism as a lead for novel therapeutics in major depression. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:21-28. [PMID: 31278982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of several meta-analyses suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation is therapeutic in managing the symptoms of major depression. It was previously assumed that because EPA is extremely low in the brain it did not cross the blood-brain barrier and any therapeutic effects it exerted would be via the periphery. However, more recent studies have established that EPA does enter the brain, but is rapidly metabolised following entry. While EPA does not accumulate within the brain, it is present in microglia and homeostatic mechanisms may regulate its esterification to phospholipids that serve important roles in cell signaling. Furthermore, a variety of signaling molecules from EPA have been described in the periphery and they have the potential to exert effects within the brain. If EPA is confirmed to be therapeutic in major depression as a result of adequately powered randomized clinical trials, future research on brain EPA metabolism could lead to the discovery of novel targets for treating or preventing major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health & School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Yoshinaga K, Beppu F, Yamatani Y, Kubo A, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Kanda J, Gotoh N. Effect of Calcium Treatment on Catabolic Rates of 13C-Labeled Fatty Acids Bound to the α and β Positions of Triacylglycerol. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:1149-1155. [PMID: 31611519 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption efficacies and catabolic rates of fatty acids are affected by their binding position on triacylglycerol (TAG). However, the kind of effect calcium treatment has on the catabolism of fatty acids is unclear. In this study, the catabolic rates of 13C-labeled palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid bound to sn-1, 3 (α) and sn-2 (β) position of TAG in the presence of calcium were compared using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The catabolic rates of 13C-labeled fatty acids were evaluated using the ratio of 13C to 12C in the carbon dioxide expired by mice. The catabolic rate of palmitic acid bound to the α position was significantly lower than that of palmitic acid bound to the β position of TAG. The rates of 13CO2 formation from palmitic acid at the β position remained higher for a long time. In contrast, oleic and linoleic acids at the α position were as well catabolized as those at the β position. These results indicate that in the presence of calcium, the saturated fatty acid bound to the β position is highly catabolized, whereas that bound to the α position is not well catabolized. Saturated fatty acid at the α position is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to promptly form insoluble complexes with calcium, which are excreted from the body, and thereby reducing the catabolic rate of these fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University.,Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yoshio Yamatani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Jota Kanda
- Department of Ocean Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102279. [PMID: 31547601 PMCID: PMC6835717 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting arterial vessels and leading to vascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The relationship between atherosclerosis and risk of neurodegeneration has been established, in particular with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Systemic atherosclerosis increases the risk of VCID by inducing cerebral infarction, or through systemic or local inflammatory factors that underlie both atherosclerosis and cognition. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in inflammatory processes, but with opposite roles. Specifically, omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory properties by competing with omega-6 PUFAs and displacing arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Experimental studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the risk of different phenotypes of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review describes the link between atherosclerosis, VCID and inflammation, as well as how omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be useful to prevent and treat inflammatory-related diseases.
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Carboni S, Kaur G, Pryce A, McKee K, Desbois AP, Dick JR, Galloway SDR, Hamilton DL. Mussel Consumption as a "Food First" Approach to Improve Omega-3 Status. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1381. [PMID: 31248159 PMCID: PMC6628055 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous United Kingdom and European Union expert panels recommend that the general adult population consumes ~250 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day through the consumption of one portion of oily fish per week. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are only found in appreciable amounts in marine organisms. Increasing oily fish consumption conflicts with sustaining fisheries, so alternative dietary sources of EPA and DHA must be explored. Mussels are high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of introducing mussels as a protein source in the lunchtime meal three times per week for two weeks on the omega-3 status of free-living participants. Following an initial two-week monitoring period, 12 participants (eight male and four female) attended the nutrition laboratory three times per week for two weeks. Each participant received a personalised lunch constituting one-third of their typical daily calorie consumption with ~20% of the calories supplied as cooked mussels. A portion of cooked mussels from each feeding occasion was tested for total omega-3 content. The mean ± SD mussel EPA + DHA content was 518.9 ± 155.7 mg/100 g cooked weight, meaning that each participant received on average 709.2 ± 252.6 mg of EPA + DHA per meal or 304.0 ± 108.2 mg of EPA + DHA per day. Blood spot analysis revealed a significant increase in the omega-3 index (week 1 = 4.27 ± 0.81; week 4 = 5.07 ± 1.00) and whole blood EPA content during the study (%EPA week 1 = 0.70 ± 0.0.35; %EPA week 4 = 0.98 ± 0.35). Consuming mussels three times per week for two weeks as the protein source in a personalised lunchtime meal is sufficient to moderately improve the omega-3 index and whole blood DHA + EPA content in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carboni
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Gunveen Kaur
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia.
| | - Abigail Pryce
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Kyle McKee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - James R Dick
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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Drouin G, Rioux V, Legrand P. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA): A new player in the n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid family. Biochimie 2019; 159:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yalagala PCR, Sugasini D, Dasarathi S, Pahan K, Subbaiah PV. Dietary lysophosphatidylcholine-EPA enriches both EPA and DHA in the brain: potential treatment for depression. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:566-578. [PMID: 30530735 PMCID: PMC6399499 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EPA and DHA protect against multiple metabolic and neurologic disorders. Although DHA appears more effective for neuroinflammatory conditions, EPA is more beneficial for depression. However, the brain contains negligible amounts of EPA, and dietary supplements fail to increase it appreciably. We tested the hypothesis that this failure is due to absorption of EPA as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at the blood-brain barrier requires EPA as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). We compared tissue uptake in normal mice gavaged with equal amounts (3.3 μmol/day) of either LPC-EPA or free EPA (surrogate for current supplements) for 15 days and also measured target gene expression. Compared with the no-EPA control, LPC-EPA increased brain EPA >100-fold (from 0.03 to 4 μmol/g); free EPA had little effect. Furthermore, LPC-EPA, but not free EPA, increased brain DHA 2-fold. Free EPA increased EPA in adipose tissue, and both supplements increased EPA and DHA in the liver and heart. Only LPC-EPA increased EPA and DHA in the retina, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A in the brain. These novel results show that brain EPA can be increased through diet. Because LPC-EPA increased both EPA and DHA in the brain, it may help in the treatment of depression as well as neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Yoshinaga K, Beppu F, Yamatani Y, Kubo A, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Kanda J, Gotoh N. Examination of the Catabolic Rates of 13C-Labeled Fatty Acids Bound to the α and β Positions of Triacylglycerol Using 13CO 2 Expired from Mice. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:591-598. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yoshio Yamatani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Jota Kanda
- Department of Ocean Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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Comparative effects of dietary n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DHA and EPA on plasma lipid parameters, oxidative status and fatty acid tissue composition. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 63:186-196. [PMID: 30412907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The specific and shared physiologic and metabolic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and even more of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are poorly known. We investigated the physiological effects and the overall fatty acid tissue composition of a nutritional supplementation of DPA compared both to EPA and DHA in healthy adult rats. Rats (n=32) were fed with semisynthetic diets supplemented or not with 1% of total lipids as EPA, DPA or DHA in ethyl esters form from weaning for 6 weeks. Fatty acid tissue composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and blood assays were performed. The DPA supplementation was the only one that led to a decrease in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, cholesterol esters and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio compared to the nonsupplemented control group. The three supplemented groups had increased plasma total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity. In all supplemented groups, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level increased in all studied tissues (liver, heart, lung, spleen, kidney, red blood cells, splenocytes, peripheral mononucleated cells) except in the brain. We showed that the DPA supplementation affected the overall fatty acid composition and increased DPA, EPA and DHA tissue contents in a similar way than with EPA. However, liver and heart DHA contents increased in DPA-fed rats at the same levels than in DHA-fed rats. Moreover, a large part of DPA seemed to be retroconverted into EPA in the liver (38.5%) and in the kidney (68.6%). In addition, the digestibility of DPA was lower than that of DHA and EPA.
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Lindblom A, Ericsson C, Hagstedt T, Kjellstedt A, Oscarsson J, Oakes ND. Uptake and tissue accretion of orally administered free carboxylic acid as compared to ethyl ester form of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the rat. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201367. [PMID: 30071037 PMCID: PMC6072001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to compare the plasma exposure and tissue accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in response to oral dosing of free carboxylic acid (OM3CA) and ethyl ester (OM3EE) forms. Materials and methods Sixteen adult male Wistar rats, fed a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich, standard chow diet, were chronically catheterized and gavaged for 5 consecutive days with either OM3CA (n = 9) or OM3EE (n = 7), the last day fasted overnight and spiked respectively with either 14C-DHA or 14C-DHA-ethyl ester (14C-DHA-EE) tracers. Appearance of 14C-labelled plasma polar and neutral lipids over 4 h and retention of 14C-activity (R) in the tissues at 4 h were measured. Results Compared to OM3EE, OM3CA resulted in 2- and 3-fold higher areas under the plasma 14C-labelled polar and neutral lipid curves (exposures), respectively, as well as, higher R in all tissues examined. For both OM3CA and OM3EE, R varied in a tissue specific manner; highest in liver, followed by red skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, brain and white skeletal muscle. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that R in each tissue (except liver) was dependent on polar lipid exposure alone (r2>0.87 and P<0.001), but not neutral lipid exposure, and furthermore this dependence was indistinguishable for OM3CA and OM3EE. In the liver, R was found to be dependent on both polar and neutral lipid exposures (r2 = 0.97, P<0.001), with relative contributions of 85±2% and 15±2%, respectively. As for the other tissues, these dependencies were indistinguishable for OM3CA and OM3EE. Conclusion The present results, in fasted low-fat diet fed rats, are consistent with higher oral bioavailability of OM3CA versus OM3EE forms of DHA. Once DHA has entered the circulation, the tissue distribution is independent of the dosed form and uptake in the skeletal muscle, fat and brain is driven by the polar pools of DHA in plasma, while DHA accretion in liver is supplied by both polar and neutral plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lindblom
- Innovative Medicines Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal & Metabolism, Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Ericsson
- Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Therese Hagstedt
- Innovative Medicines Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal & Metabolism, Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ann Kjellstedt
- Innovative Medicines Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal & Metabolism, Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Global Medicines Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal & Metabolism, Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas D. Oakes
- Innovative Medicines Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal & Metabolism, Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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von Schacky C, Harris WS. Why docosapentaenoic acid is not included in the Omega-3 Index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:18-21. [PMID: 30103927 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As currently defined, the Omega-3 Index comprises eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but not docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in erythrocytes. In fish and many fish oils DPA is detectable (along with EPA and DHA), but sources rich in DPA are scarce. Purified DPA is available, and DPA is a precursor of biologically active molecules, but much remains to be learned about the effects of DPA in humans. In epidemiologic studies, erythrocyte DPA did not predict risk for total mortality, sudden cardiac death, or other relevant cardiovascular events, and, more importantly, did not improve prediction of these events when included along with EPA and DHA, the original Omega-3 Index. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support including DPA into the Omega-3 Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, Ludwig Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany; Omegametrix, GmbH, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, USA; OmegaQuant, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Agostoni C, Mazzocchi A, Altamura AC, Brambilla P. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2017; 224:32-47. [PMID: 28089169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among emerging treatments for depressive disorders several studies suggested that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) supplementation can be used. However, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) differ in terms of biochemistry, metabolism and therapeutic effects. Therefore, a clear picture of their specific and different role on affective disorders has not yet emerged. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of n-3PUFAs on affective disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder and perinatal depression. METHODS a comprehensive search on PUBMED, Medline and PsychINFO of all RCTs using n-3PUFAs patients with depressive symptoms published up to April 2016 was performed. We included trials that examined unipolar or bipolar disorder and trials that investigated depressive symptoms in relation to pregnancy. Trials were excluded if the depressive symptomatology was related to other primary organic diseases. RESULTS 264 RCT studies were identified but only 36 met the inclusion criteria. First, it has been reported that n-3PUFAs supplementation might have clinical benefits on depressive symptoms. Second, EPA supplement, rather than DHA, seems to be more effective in treating major depression. Third, n-3PUFAs can have beneficial effects in bipolar depression but not in perinatal depression. CONCLUSIONS there are only some evidence on the efficacy of n-3PUFAs in affective disorders especially to unipolar and bipolar depression not powered enough to confirm a therapeutic effect for affective disorder. Therefore, further studies with larger and more homogeneous samples, are required to confirm these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Dyall SC. Interplay Between n-3 and n-6 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Endocannabinoid System in Brain Protection and Repair. Lipids 2017; 52:885-900. [PMID: 28875399 PMCID: PMC5656721 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is enriched in arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) of the n-6 and n-3 series, respectively. Both are essential for optimal brain development and function. Dietary enrichment with DHA and other long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has shown beneficial effects on learning and memory, neuroinflammatory processes, and synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. ARA, DHA and EPA are precursors to a diverse repertoire of bioactive lipid mediators, including endocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system comprises cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, and their biosynthetic and degradation enzymes. Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most widely studied endocannabinoids and are both derived from phospholipid-bound ARA. The endocannabinoid system also has well-established roles in neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, suggesting an overlap in the neuroprotective effects observed with these different classes of lipids. Indeed, growing evidence suggests a complex interplay between n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA and the endocannabinoid system. For example, long-term DHA and EPA supplementation reduces AEA and 2-AG levels, with reciprocal increases in levels of the analogous endocannabinoid-like DHA and EPA-derived molecules. This review summarises current evidence of this interplay and discusses the therapeutic potential for brain protection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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17
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Weiser MJ, Butt CM, Mohajeri MH. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Nutrients 2016; 8:99. [PMID: 26901223 PMCID: PMC4772061 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Christopher M Butt
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Ghasemifard S, Sinclair AJ, Kaur G, Lewandowski P, Turchini GM. What Is the Most Effective Way of Increasing the Bioavailability of Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids--Daily vs. Weekly Administration of Fish Oil? Nutrients 2015; 7:5628-45. [PMID: 26184297 PMCID: PMC4517018 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recommendations on the intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) vary from eating oily fish ("once to twice per week") to consuming specified daily amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ("250-500 mg per day"). It is not known if there is a difference in the uptake/bioavailability between regular daily consumption of supplementsvs. consuming fish once or twice per week. In this study, the bioavailability of a daily dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Constant treatment), representing supplements, vs. a large weekly dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Spike treatment), representing consuming once or twice per week, was assessed. Six-week old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a Constant treatment, a Spike treatment or Control treatment (no n-3 LC-PUFA), for six weeks. The whole body, tissues and faeces were analysed for fatty acid content. The results showed that the major metabolic fate of the n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA+docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) + DHA) was towards catabolism (β-oxidation) accounting for over 70% of total dietary intake, whereas deposition accounted less than 25% of total dietary intake. It was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were β-oxidised when originating from the Constant treatment (84% of dose), compared with the Spike treatment (75% of dose). Conversely, it was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were deposited when originating from the Spike treatment (23% of dose), than from the Constant treatment (15% of dose). These unexpected findings show that a large dose of n-3 LC-PUFA once per week is more effective in increasing whole body n-3 LC-PUFA content in rats compared with a smaller dose delivered daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunveen Kaur
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (CPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia.
| | | | - Giovanni M Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool 3280, Australia.
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19
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Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 25954194 PMCID: PMC4404917 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University Bournemouth, UK
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20
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Byelashov OA, Sinclair AJ, Kaur G. Dietary sources, current intakes, and nutritional role of omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 27:79-82. [PMID: 26097290 PMCID: PMC4467567 DOI: 10.1002/lite.201500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fish oils and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are well recognized for their critical role in human diets. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22 : 5n-3) has always been a part of healthy nutrition, since infants obtain almost as much DPA as DHA from human milk. Fish oil supplements and ingredients, oily fish, and grass-fed beef can serve as the primary DPA sources for the general population. Although the DPA levels in fish oils are substantially lower than those of EPA and DHA, concentrated DPA products are now becoming commercially available, and DPA-based drugs are under development. Epidemiological studies show that similar to eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20 : 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22 : 6n-3) acids, DPA is linked to various improvements in human health, perhaps owing to its structural similarity to the other two molecules. Studies in mammals, platelets, and cell cultures have demonstrated that DPA reduces platelet aggregation, and improves lipid metabolism, endothelial cell migration, and resolution of chronic inflammation. Further, other in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that DPA can improve neural health. A human supplementation trial with 99.8% pure DPA suggested that it serves as a storage depot for EPA and DHA in the human body. Future randomized controlled human trials with purified DPA will help clarify its effects on human health. They may confirm the available evidence pointing to its nutritional and biological functions, unique or overlapping with those of EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunveen Kaur
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (CPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Victoria, Australia
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21
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Morin C, Hiram R, Rousseau E, Blier PU, Fortin S. Docosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride reduces inflammation and vascular remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H574-86. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00814.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been shown to reduce inflammation and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under pathophysiological conditions. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of the newly synthesized docosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAG-DPA) on key signaling pathways in pulmonary hypertension (PH) pathogenesis has yet to be assessed. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of MAG-DPA on pulmonary inflammation and remodeling occurring in a rat model of PH, induced by a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT: 60 mg/kg). Our results demonstrate that MAG-DPA treatment for 3 wk following MCT injection resulted in a significant improvement of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and a reduction in Fulton's Index (FI). Morphometric analyses revealed that the wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles was significantly lower in MCT + MAG-DPA-treated rats compared with controls. This result was further correlated with a decrease in Ki-67 immunostaining. Following MAG-DPA treatments, lipid analysis showed a consistent increase in DPA together with lower levels of arachidonic acid (AA), as measured in blood and tissue samples. Furthermore, in MCT-treated rats, oral administration of MAG-DPA decreased NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation, leading to a reduction in MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF expression levels in lung tissue homogenates. Altogether, these data provide new evidence regarding the mode of action of MAG-DPA in the prevention of pulmonary hypertension induced by MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Morin
- SCF Pharma, Ste-Luce, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Eric Rousseau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Department of Biology, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Fortin
- SCF Pharma, Ste-Luce, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Ghasemi Fard S, Linderborg KM, Turchini GM, Sinclair AJ. Comparison of the bioavailability of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in the rat. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:23-6. [PMID: 24238887 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the results from a human study which showed significantly reduced incorporation of DPA compared with EPA into chylomicrons, this study was designed to test if dietary DPA was significantly less absorbed than EPA. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups of six, and were fed a semi-synthetic high fat diet (23.5% fat) for 9 days. The test omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DPA, 250mg/animal/day, free fatty acid form) or olive oil (250mg/animal/day) were added to the high fat diet on days 5, 6 and 7. Dietary EPA and DPA appeared in the faeces on days 6, 7 and 8, with the total amount of DPA excreted being 4.6-fold greater than that of EPA. The total amount of faecal fat did not differ significantly between the groups. At the conclusion of the study (day 9), it was found that liver DPA, EPA and total n-3 LC-PUFA levels were significantly increased by both DPA and EPA feeding compared with the olive oil fed control group. In the heart, DPA feeding increased the DPA content and both DPA and EPA feeding increased the total n-3 LC-PUFA levels. This study showed that DPA and EPA, both provided in free form, are metabolised differently, despite being chemically similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi Fard
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Australia
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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23
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Shirai N. Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexsaenoic Acid. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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