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Pu J, Chen D, Tian G, He J, Zheng P, Huang Z, Mao X, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, Yan H, Wu A, Yu B. All-trans retinoic acid alleviates transmissible gastroenteritis virus-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38331814 PMCID: PMC10854194 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is one of the main pathogens causing severe diarrhea of piglets. The pathogenesis of TGEV is closely related to intestinal inflammation. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the main active metabolite of vitamin A, which has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is unclear whether ATRA can alleviate TGEV-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction in piglets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ATRA on growth performance, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier integrity of TGEV-challenged piglets. METHODS In a 19-d study, 32 weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 treatments: Control group (basal diet), TGEV group (basal diet + TGEV challenge), TGEV + ATRA5 group (basal diet + 5 mg/d ATRA + TGEV challenge) and TGEV + ATRA15 group (basal diet + 15 mg/d ATRA + TGEV challenge). On d 14, piglets were orally administered TGEV or the sterile medium. RESULTS Feeding piglets with 5 and 15 mg/d ATRA alleviated the growth inhibition and diarrhea induced by TGEV (P < 0.05). Feeding piglets with 5 and 15 mg/d ATRA also inhibited the increase of serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and the decrease of occludin and claudin-1 protein levels in jejunal mucosa induced by TGEV, and maintained intestinal barrier integrity (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, 5 mg/d ATRA feeding increased the sucrase activity and the expressions of nutrient transporter related genes (GLUT2 and SLC7A1) in jejunal mucosa of TGEV-challenged piglets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 5 mg/d ATRA feeding attenuated TGEV-induced intestinal inflammatory response by inhibiting the release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and promoting the secretion of IL-10 and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (P < 0.05). Feeding 5 mg/d ATRA also down-regulated the expressions of Toll-like receptors and RIG-I like receptors signaling pathway related genes (TLR3, TLR4, RIG-I, MyD88, TRIF and MAVS) and the phosphorylation level of nuclear factor-κB-p65 (NF-κB p65), and up-regulated the inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein level in jejunal mucosa of TGEV-challenged piglets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ATRA alleviated TGEV-induced intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting inflammatory response, thus improving the growth performance and inhibiting diarrhea of piglets. The mechanism was associated with the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway mediated by TLR3, TLR4 and RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Pu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Tang H, Liu Y, Ruan Y, Ge L, Zhang Q. Reconstructed Genome-Scale Metabolic Model Characterizes Adaptive Metabolic Flux Changes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12400. [PMID: 36293257 PMCID: PMC9604493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a mortal threat to human health. The elucidation of the relationship between peripheral immune cells and the development of inflammation is essential for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 and developing related antiviral drugs. The immune cell metabolism-targeting therapies exhibit a desirable anti-inflammatory effect in some treatment cases. In this study, based on differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) was reconstructed by integrating transcriptome data to characterize the adaptive metabolic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in severe COVID-19 patients. Differential flux analysis revealed that metabolic changes such as enhanced aerobic glycolysis, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, fluctuating biogenesis of lipids, vitamins (folate and retinol), and nucleotides played important roles in the inflammation adaptation of PBMCs. Moreover, the main metabolic enzymes such as the solute carrier (SLC) family 2 member 3 (SLC2A3) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), responsible for the reactions with large differential fluxes, were identified as potential therapeutic targets. Our results revealed the inflammation regulation potentials of partial metabolic reactions with differential fluxes and their metabolites. This study provides a reference for developing potential PBMC metabolism-targeting therapy strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qingye Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Abstract
Retinoids, a group of compounds including vitamin A and its active metabolite all-
trans
retinoic acid (ATRA), regulate serial physiological activity in multiple organ systems, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The ATRA analogues reported to date include more than 4,000 natural and synthetic molecules that are structurally and/or functionally related to ATRA.
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Niu X, Wang H, Zhao L, Lian P, Bai Y, Li J, Qiao J. All-trans retinoic acid increases the pathogenicity of the H9N2 influenza virus in mice. Virol J 2022; 19:113. [PMID: 35764970 PMCID: PMC9238145 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H9N2 virus can infect not only birds but also humans. The pathogenicity of H9N2 virus infection is determined by an excessive immune response in the lung. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, plays an important regulatory role and has been widely used in the clinical practice. This study was aimed to investigate whether ATRA could regulate the immune response to H9N2 virus infection in the lungs of mice, thereby reducing the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus in mice. METHODS Mice were infected intranasally with H9N2 virus, and injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of ATRA at low (1 mg/kg), medium (5 or 10 mg/kg), or high therapeutic dose (20 mg/kg), and toxic dose (40, 60, or 80 mg/kg), once per day for 10 days. Clinical signs, survival rates, and lung gross pathology were compared between the ATRA-treated H9N2-infected group, the ATRA group, and the H9N2-infected group, to investigate the effect of different doses of ATRA on the pathogenicity of H9N2 virus. Additionally, the viral load and cytokine concentration of lungs were measured at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after infection, to investigate the potential mechanism of ATRA in affecting the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus. Expression levels of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2), and Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The ATRA-treated H9N2-infected mice showed more severe clinical signs compared with the H9N2-infected group. The medium and high therapeutic doses of ATRA reduced the survival rates, aggravated lung tissue damage, decreased the expression of interferon beta (IFN-β), and increased the concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the lungs of the H9N2-infected mice. At the same time, the expression patterns of CRABP1, CRABP2, and RIG-I were changed in mice infected by H9N2 and treated with different concentrations of ATRA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the therapeutic dose of ATRA can increase the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus. Therefore, the consequences of those infected by influenza virus would be more severe after ATRA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjing Lian
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Singh B, Eshaghian E, Chuang J, Covasa M. Do Diet and Dietary Supplements Mitigate Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091909. [PMID: 35565876 PMCID: PMC9104892 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a pandemic and upheaval that health authorities and citizens around the globe are still grappling with to this day. While public health measures, vaccine development, and new therapeutics have made great strides in understanding and managing the pandemic, there has been an increasing focus on the potential roles of diet and supplementation in disease prevention and adjuvant treatment. In the literature, the impact of nutrition on other respiratory illnesses, including the common cold, pneumonia, and influenza, has been widely demonstrated in both animal and human models. However, there is much less research on the impact related to COVID-19. The present study discusses the potential uses of diets, vitamins, and supplements, including the Mediterranean diet, glutathione, zinc, and traditional Chinese medicine, in the prevention of infection and severe illness. The evidence demonstrating the efficacy of diet supplementation on infection risk, disease duration, severity, and recovery is mixed and inconsistent. More clinical trials are necessary in order to clearly demonstrate the contribution of nutrition and to guide potential therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavdeep Singh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (B.S.); (E.E.); (J.C.)
| | - Eli Eshaghian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (B.S.); (E.E.); (J.C.)
| | - Judith Chuang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (B.S.); (E.E.); (J.C.)
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (B.S.); (E.E.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Suceava, 7200229 Suceava, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Choobdar FA, Ghassemzadeh M, Aslanbeigi F, Attarian M, Robatmeili L, Rahimian H, Aski BH, Anari AM. Association of lower vitamin a levels in neonates and their mothers with increased risk of neonatal late-onset sepsis: A case-control study. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2022; 26:78-86. [PMID: 36803946 PMCID: PMC10032317 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20222601.d-22-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Vitamin A deficiency also affects the immune system severely and is associated with various neonatal infections. We aimed to compare maternal and neonatal vitamin A levels among neonates with and without late-onset sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHODS 40 eligible infants were entered into this case-control study according to inclusion criteria. The case group included 20 term or near-term infants who had late-onset neonatal sepsis from three to seven days of life. The control group consisted of 20 term or near-term infants who were icteric hospitalized neonates without sepsis. Demographic, clinical and paraclinical features, as well as neonatal and maternal vitamin A levels, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The average gestational age of the neonates was 37.1 ± 1.2, ranging from 35 to 39 days. There was a significant difference between the septic and non-septic groups in terms of white blood cell and neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, and neonatal and maternal vitamin A levels. A Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant direct correlation among maternal and neonatal vitamin A levels (correlation coefficient = 0.507; P-value = 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that neonates' vitamin A level had a significant direct association with sepsis (OR: 0.541; P-value=0.017). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated the association of lower vitamin A levels in neonates and their mothers with an increased risk of late-onset sepsis, which emphasizes the importance of the consideration of vitamin A level evaluation and its appropriate neonatal and maternal supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Abolhasan Choobdar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hazrat e Ali Asghar Pediatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Ghassemzadeh
- Dr.Shariati general Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal Al-Ahmad Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Attarian
- Firoozgar General Hospital related to Iran University of Medical SciencesKashan, Iran
| | - Leila Robatmeili
- Firoozgar General Hospital related to Iran University of Medical SciencesKashan, Iran
| | - Hanie Rahimian
- Firoozgar General Hospital related to Iran University of Medical SciencesKashan, Iran
| | - Behzad Haghighi Aski
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hazrat e Ali Asghar Pediatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Manafi Anari
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hazrat e Ali Asghar Pediatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Vitamin A and Viral Infection in Critical Care. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus-Induced Apoptosis in IPEC-J2 Cells via Inhibiting ROS-Mediated P38MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020345. [PMID: 35204227 PMCID: PMC8868330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) can cause diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in piglets, which is closely related to intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis caused by TGEV infection. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A, which has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, it is unknown whether ATRA can attenuate TGEV-induced IPEC-J2 cells apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the protective effects of ATRA on TGEV-induced apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells and explored the potential molecular mechanism. Our results indicated that TGEV infection caused IPEC-J2 cells damage and apoptosis. However, ATRA treatment attenuated TGEV-induced IPEC-J2 cells damage by upregulating the mRNA expressions of ZO-1, Occludin, and Mucin-1. ATRA treatment also attenuated TGEV-induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells by downregulating the expression of Caspase-3, which is related to the inhibition of death receptor (Fas and Caspase-8) and mitochondrial (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-9) pathways. Moreover, ATRA treatment prevented TGEV-induced ROS and MDA production and the upregulation of P38MAPK phosphorylation level, which is related to the increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and T-AOC) and the mRNA abundance of antioxidant-related genes (GPX1, GPX2, SOD1, CAT, GCLC, and GCLM). In addition, treatment of TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells with the ROS inhibitors (NAC) significantly reduced the protein levels of p-P38MAPK, Fas, Bax, and Cleaved-caspase-3 and the percentage of apoptotic cells. Our results indicated that ATRA attenuated TGEV-induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells via improving the antioxidant capacity, thereby inhibiting the cell damage. the mechanism of which is associated with the inhibition of ROS-mediated P38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Trasino SE. A role for retinoids in the treatment of COVID-19? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1765-1767. [PMID: 32459003 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2020 global outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) is a serious threat to international health, and thus, there is an urgent need for discovery of novel therapies or use of repurposed drugs that can make a significant impact on slowing the spread of the virus. Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are a family cytokines of the early innate immune response to viruses that are being tested against SARS-CoV-2. However, coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 can suppress host IFN-I antiviral responses. Retinoids are a family molecules related to vitamin A that possess robust immune-modulating properties, including the ability to increase and potentiate the actions of IFN-I. Therefore, adjuvants such as retinoids, capable of increasing IFN-I-mediated antiviral responses, should be tested in combinations of IFN-I and antiviral drugs in pre-clinical studies of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- School of Urban Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang X, Yang K, Chen L, Liao X, Deng L, Chen S, Ji Y. Vitamin A deficiency in critically ill children with sepsis. Crit Care 2019; 23:267. [PMID: 31370866 PMCID: PMC6670191 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data that indicate vitamin A status in critically ill children with sepsis are sparse. The association between serum vitamin A levels and the clinical outcomes of sepsis has not been well assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in critically ill children with sepsis and its association with clinical outcomes. METHODS Critically ill children with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit were engaged in this prospective study. Sex- and age-matched approximate-health children from the Department of Pediatric Surgery were enrolled as the control group. Blood samples were collected from all patients in the first 24 h of admission for the measurement of serum vitamin A status. We compared vitamin A status between the sepsis group and the control group. In addition, we compared the clinical characteristics of the two subgroups of septic patients with vitamin A deficiency and those without vitamin A deficiency. Univariate and multivariable methods were used to evaluate the association between vitamin A deficiency and septic shock. RESULTS One hundred sixty septic children and 49 approximate-health children were enrolled in this study. Vitamin A deficiency was found in 94 (58.8%) subjects in the study group and 6 (12.2%) subjects in the control group (P < 0.001). In septic patients, 28-day mortality and hospital mortality in patients with vitamin A deficiency were not significantly higher than that in patients without vitamin A deficiency (P > 0.05). However, vitamin A levels were inversely associated with higher PRISM scores in septic children with VAD (r = - 0.260, P = 0.012). Vitamin A deficiency was associated with septic shock with an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.297 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.169 to 9.300; P = 0.024). In a logistic model, vitamin A deficiency (OR, 4.630; 95% CI, 1.027-20.866; P = 0.046), procalcitonin (OR, 1.029; 95% CI, 1.009-1.048; P = 0.003), and the Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores (OR, 1.132; 95% CI, 1.009-1.228; P = 0.003) were independently associated with septic shock. CONCLUSION The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was high in children with sepsis. Vitamin A deficiency may be a marker of mortality in critically ill children with sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03598127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linwen Chen
- College of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Yiling Hospital, Yichang, 443100, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yi Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Jin Y, Zhang R, Wu W, Duan G. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses Linked to Epidemic Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2422. [PMID: 30349526 PMCID: PMC6186807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infections are a major threat to global public health, and are responsible for mild respiratory illness, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, severe neonatal sepsis-like disease, and acute flaccid paralysis epidemic. Among them, HFMD is a common pediatric infectious disease caused by EVs of the family Picornaviridae including EV-A71, coxsackieviruses (CV)-A2, CV-A6, CV-A10, and CV-A16. Due to lack of vaccines and specific antiviral therapeutics, millions of children still suffer from HFMD. Innate immune system detects foreign invaders by means of a relatively limited number of sensors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [e.g., retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs)] and even some secreted functional proteins. However, a range of research, highlighted in this review, suggest that EV-associated with HFMD have evolved different strategies to avoid detection by innate immunity via different proteases (e.g., 2A, 3C, 2C, and 3D). Ongoing efforts to better understand virus-host interactions that control innate immunity and then distill how that influences HFMD development promises to have real-world significance. In this review, we address this complex topic in nine sections including multiple proteins associated with PRR and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Recognizing how EVs linked to HFMD evade host innate immune system, we also describe the interactions between them and, finally, suggest future directions to better inform drug development and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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14
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Wang X, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Liu M, Chen Y, Li J, Xu L, Guo J, Li Q, Yang J, Wang S. Retinoic acid receptor β, a potential therapeutic target in the inhibition of adenovirus replication. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:84-93. [PMID: 29421320 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) usually cause mild respiratory infections, but they can also lead to fatal outcomes for immunosuppressive patients. Unfortunately, there has been no specific anti-HAdV drug approved for medical use. A better understanding of the nature of virus-host interactions during infection is beneficial to the discovery of potential antiviral targets and new antiviral drugs. In this study, a time-course transcriptome analysis of HAdV-infected human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells) was performed to investigate virus-host interactions, and several key host molecules involved in the HAdV infection process were identified. The RARβ (retinoic acid receptor β) molecule, one of the upstream regulatory factors of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), played important roles in HAdV replication. The results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting showed that RARβ mRNA and protein were downregulated by HAdV infection in the A549 cells. The knockdown of RARβ by RARβ siRNA increased the HAdV production and the overexpression of RARβ decreased the HAdV production. Furthermore, FDA-approved Tazarotene, which is an RAR selective agonist with relatively more selectivity for RARβ, was found to inhibit HAdV replication in vitro. Taken together, our study presents a key host molecule in adenovirus infection, which could be developed as a potential host target to an anti-adenovirus drug. In addition, this study provides evidence for the re-exploitation of an FDA-approved small molecule for therapeutic applications in adenovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qiling Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Manjiao Liu
- Beijing Computing Center, Beijing Academy of of Science and Technology, Beijing 100850, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Beijing Cloud Computing Technology and Application, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Beijing Computing Center, Beijing Academy of of Science and Technology, Beijing 100850, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Beijing Cloud Computing Technology and Application, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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15
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Jin Z, Yang L, Ding G, Yang G, Han Y, Zhang X, Li W. Sophocarpine against enterovirus 71 in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3792-3797. [PMID: 29042981 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophocarpine (SCA) is a bioactive alkaloid present in Sophoraflavescens Ait. The present study demonstrated that SCA inhibited enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Vero cells. The results indicated that the 50% cytotoxicity concentration of SCA for Vero cells was 1,346 µg/ml, and the 50% inhibition concentration of SCA against EV71 was 350 µg/ml. SCA produced a marked inhibitory effect against EV71 when the Vero cells were treated with SCA prior to infection with the virus. Additionally, SCA was effective against EV71 when the Vero cells were infected with EV71 (100xTCID50) that had been treated with SCA for 2 h, and was effective when the Vero cells were infected with EV71 (100xTCID50) at 37°C under 5% CO2 for 2 h prior to treatment with SCA for 2 h. SCA was demonstrated to inhibit the attachment and penetration of EV71 and was more effective at inhibiting attachment. The assay additionally verified that SCA suppressed the replication of viral genomic RNA and indicated that SCA may inhibit EV71 infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.,Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan, Hebei 056008, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Hebei Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Guotao Ding
- Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan, Hebei 056008, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China
| | - Guoxing Yang
- Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan, Hebei 056008, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Han
- Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan, Hebei 056008, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Weihao Li
- Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Handan, Hebei 056008, P.R. China
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Weinman SA, Tikhanovich I. Retinoids: The Link Between Alcohol and Interferon? Hepatology 2016; 63:1759-61. [PMID: 26950410 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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A functional polymorphism in IFNAR1 gene is associated with susceptibility and severity of HFMD with EV71 infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18541. [PMID: 26679744 PMCID: PMC4683517 DOI: 10.1038/srep18541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), one of the major pathogens of Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), results in millions of infections and hundreds of deaths each year in Southeast Asia. Biased infection and variable clinical manifestations of EV71 HFMD indicated that host genetic background played an important role in the occurrence and development of the disease. We identified the mRNA profiles of EV71 HFMD patients, which type I interferon (IFN) pathway related genes were down-regulated. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) were chosen to analyze their relationships to EV71 infection. We found that genotype GG of promoter variant rs2843710 was associated with the susceptibility and severity to EV71 HFMD. In addition, we assessed the regulatory effects of rs2843710 to IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), and found that the expressions of IFNAR1, OAS1 and MX1 were significantly lower in patients with rs2843710 genotype GG. And rs2843710 allele G showed weaker transcriptional activity compared with allele C. Our study indicated that rs2843710 of IFNAR1 was associated with the susceptibility and severity of EV71 HFMD in Chinese Han populations, acting as a functional polymorphism by regulating ISGs expression, such as OAS1 and MX1.
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Kok CC. Therapeutic and prevention strategies against human enterovirus 71 infection. World J Virol 2015; 4:78-95. [PMID: 25964873 PMCID: PMC4419123 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the cause of hand, foot and mouth disease and associated neurological complications in children under five years of age. There has been an increase in HEV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region in the past decade, and it is predicted to replace poliovirus as the extant neurotropic enterovirus of highest global public health significance. To date there is no effective antiviral treatment and no vaccine is available to prevent HEV71 infection. The increase in prevalence, virulence and geographic spread of HEV71 infection over the past decade provides increasing incentive for the development of new therapeutic and prevention strategies against this emerging viral infection. The current review focuses on the potential, advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. Since the explosion of outbreaks leading to large epidemics in China, research in natural therapeutic products has identified several groups of compounds with anti-HEV71 activities. Concurrently, the search for effective synthetic antivirals has produced promising results. Other therapeutic strategies including immunotherapy and the use of oligonucleotides have also been explored. A sound prevention strategy is crucial in order to control the spread of HEV71. To this end the ultimate goal is the rapid development, regulatory approval and widespread implementation of a safe and effective vaccine. The various forms of HEV71 vaccine designs are highlighted in this review. Given the rapid progress of research in this area, eradication of the virus is likely to be achieved.
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Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a viral exanthem caused, primarily by Coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71 with typical clinical features of fever, painful papules and blisters over the extremities and genitalia and an enanthem involving ulceration of the mouth, palate, and pharynx. Other enteroviruses have recently been noted to cause severe neurologic illness and paralysis (enterovirus 68) with variable cutaneous features. A recent outbreak of Coxsackie A6 infection has been seen worldwide with cases reported in the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Europe. These cases have caused extensive cutaneous disease variants, some of which are not previously recognized in Coxsackie infection, namely vesicobullous and erosive eruptions, extensive cutaneous involvement, periorificial lesions, localization in areas of atopic dermatitis or in children with atopic dermatitis (the so-called eczema coxsackium), Gianotti-Crosti-like lesions, petechial/purpuric eruptions, delayed onychomadesis, and palmoplantar desquamation. Finally, adult cases appear to occur with this form of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, likely due to fecal-oral transmission in a household setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey Bordone
- Chief, Department of Dermatology, Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, Suite 11D, New York, NY
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- Chief, Department of Dermatology, Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, Suite 11D, New York, NY.
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