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Zillinger LS, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Hirche F, Schmicke M, Stangl GI, Muscher-Banse AS. Effects of dietary nitrogen and/or phosphorus reduction on mineral homeostasis and regulatory mechanisms in young goats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1375329. [PMID: 38799725 PMCID: PMC11117143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1375329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The reduction of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in ruminant feed is desirable due to costs and negative environmental impact. Ruminants are able to utilize N and P through endogenous recycling, particularly in times of scarcity. When N and/or P were reduced, changes in mineral homeostasis associated with modulation of renal calcitriol metabolism occurred. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of dietary N- and/or P-reduction on the regulatory mechanisms of mineral transport in the kidney and its hormonal regulation in young goats. Results During N-reduction, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in blood decreased, accompanied by a lower protein expression of cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) (p = 0.016). The P-reduced fed goats had low blood phosphate concentrations with simultaneously high Ca and Mg levels. The insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations decreased significantly with P-reduction. Furthermore, gene expression of CYP27B1 (p < 0.001) and both gene (p = 0.025) and protein (p = 0.016) expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c isoform in the kidney were also significantly reduced during a P-reduced diet. ERK1/2 activation exhibited a trend toward reduction in P-reduced animals. Interestingly, calcitriol concentrations remained unaffected by either restriction individually, but interacted significantly with N and P (p = 0.014). Additionally, fibroblast growth factor 23 mRNA expression in bone decreased significantly with P-restriction (p < 0.001). Discussion These results shed light on the complex metabolic and regulatory responses of mineral transport of young goats to dietary N and P restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S. Zillinger
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele I. Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Mi H, Li H, Jiang W, Song W, Yan Q, He Z, Tan Z. Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism in Goats Fed a Low Protein Diet. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:829872. [PMID: 35187142 PMCID: PMC8850410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.829872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on blood calcium (Ca) level, bone metabolism, and the correlation between bone metabolism and blood calcium in goats. Twenty-four female Xiangdong black goats with similar body weight (19.55 ± 3.55 kg) and age (8.0 ± 0.3 months) were selected and allocated into two groups: control group (CON, 10.77% protein content) and low-protein group (LP, 5.52% protein content). Blood samples were collected on days 1, 4, 7, 16 and 36 before morning feeding to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca), parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone gla protein (BGP), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Liver samples were collected to determine the expression of bone metabolism-related genes. There was no difference observed between LP and CON in concentration of plasma Ca or any of bone metabolism markers (P > 0.05). In the liver, the mRNA expression of bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-1 (SMAD1) were increased (P < 0.05) in LP as compared with CON. The correlation analysis of Ca and bone metabolism markers showed no significant correlation between Ca and bone metabolism. These results suggest that the blood Ca concentration in mature goats may keep at a stable level through nitrogen cycling when the providing protein is not enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haobang Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
- Haobang Li
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Wu Song
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixiong He
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
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Müller CBM, Kuhla B. Holstein dairy cows with high phosphorus utilization efficiency fed a low phosphorous diet secreted less phosphorus with urine but more with milk and feces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147813. [PMID: 34029807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution of phosphorus (P) from livestock farming is becoming increasingly problematic especially with regard to dwindling global P resources. Thus, a more sustainable handling of P resources, including improvements in P use efficiency and a reduction of P loss from farm animals, is necessary. Dairy cows may differ in milk P yield and P use efficiency despite receiving the same feed ration. The objective of this study was to elucidate inter-individual differences in P and closely linked nitrogen (N) excretions and the expression of P transport proteins in dairy cows with low and high P utilization efficiency. Twenty multiparous, late lactating German Holstein dairy cows were retrospectively assigned to either a high (HPeff; n = 10) or low (LPeff; n = 10) P utilization efficiency group. Cows were fed a diet low in P and crude protein (CP) content. During a 4-day balance study, feed intake, urine and fecal excretions, and milk yield were recorded to determine total P and N content in subsamples. Mammary gland, kidney and jejunal mucosa were sampled to analyze mRNA expressions of P transporters by real-time-PCR. A high milk P yield in HPeff cows strongly correlated with milk protein and milk N yield. HPeff cows excreted less urinary P, had a higher renal P reabsorption rate, and a higher renal sodium-P cotransporter 2 expression than LPeff cows. As HPeff cows channeled more P into milk, they mobilized more P from body reserves as indicated by their more negative P-balance. In addition, HPeff cows had higher fecal P excretion relative to ingested P, resulting in a lower apparent P digestibility. In conclusion, when fed a low P diet, HPeff cows channeled more endogenous P into milk and feces, which in the long-term, likely has adverse effects on animal health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Beatrix Maria Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Zhang N, Teng Z, Li P, Fu T, Lian H, Wang L, Gao T. Oscillating dietary crude protein concentrations increase N retention of calves by affecting urea-N recycling and nitrogen metabolism of rumen bacteria and epithelium. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257417. [PMID: 34506606 PMCID: PMC8432763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oscillating crude protein (CP) concentration diet on the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of calves and determine its mechanism. Twelve Holstein calves were assigned randomly into static protein diet (SP, 149 g/kg CP) and oscillating protein diet (OP, 125 and 173 g/kg CP diets oscillated at 2-d intervals) groups. After 60 days of feeding, the weights of total stomach, rumen and omasum tended to increase in calves fed OP. The apparent crude fat digestibility, NUE and energy metabolism also increased. In terms of urea-N kinetics evaluated by urea-15N15N isotope labeling method, the urea-N production and that entry to gastrointestinal tended to increase, and urea-N reused for anabolism increased significantly in calves fed OP during the low protein phase. These data indicate that urea-N recycling contributed to improving NUE when dietary protein concentration was low. In addition, the differentially expressed genes in rumen epithelium and the rumen bacteria involved in protein and energy metabolism promoted the utilization of dietary protein in calves fed OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhanwei Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongxia Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tengyun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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Behrens JL, Schnepel N, Hansen K, Hustedt K, Burmester M, Klinger S, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of Intestinal Phosphate Transport in Young Goats Fed a Low Phosphorus Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020866. [PMID: 33467106 PMCID: PMC7831023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of phosphate (Pi) takes place transcellularly through the active NaPi-cotransporters type IIb (NaPiIIb) and III (PiT1 and PiT2) and paracellularly by diffusion through tight junction (TJ) proteins. The localisation along the intestines and the regulation of Pi absorption differ between species and are not fully understood. It is known that 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and phosphorus (P) depletion modulate intestinal Pi absorption in vertebrates in different ways. In addition to the apical uptake into the enterocytes, there are uncertainties regarding the basolateral excretion of Pi. Functional ex vivo experiments in Ussing chambers and molecular studies of small intestinal epithelia were carried out on P-deficient goats in order to elucidate the transepithelial Pi route in the intestine as well as the underlying mechanisms of its regulation and the proteins, which may be involved. The dietary P reduction had no effect on the duodenal and ileal Pi transport rate in growing goats. The ileal PiT1 and PiT2 mRNA expressions increased significantly, while the ileal PiT1 protein expression, the mid jejunal claudin-2 mRNA expression and the serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels were significantly reduced. These results advance the state of knowledge concerning the complex mechanisms of the Pi homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal 2020; 14:s29-s43. [PMID: 32024566 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to monogastric animals, ruminants show some peculiarities in respect to the regulation of mineral homeostasis, which can be regarded as a concerted interplay between gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion and bone mobilisation to maintain physiological Ca and phosphate (Pi) concentrations in serum. Intestinal absorption of Ca or Pi is mediated by two general mechanisms: paracellular, passive transport dominates when luminal Ca or Pi concentrations are high and transcellular. The contribution of active transport becomes more important when dietary Ca or Pi supply is restricted or the demand increased. Both pathways are modulated directly by dietary interventions, influenced by age and regulated by endocrine factors such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Similar transport processes are observed in the kidney. After filtration, Ca and Pi are resorbed along the nephron. However, as urinary Ca and Pi excretion is very low in ruminants, the regulation of these renal pathways differs from that described for monogastric species, too. Furthermore, salivary secretion, as part of endogenous Pi recycling, and bone mobilisation participate in the maintenance of Ca and Pi homeostasis in ruminants. Saliva contains large amounts of Pi for buffering rumen pH and to ensure optimal conditions for the rumen microbiome. The skeleton is a major reservoir of Ca and Pi to compensate for discrepancies between demand and uptake. But alterations of the regulation of mineral homeostasis induced by other dietary factors such as a low protein diet were observed in growing ruminants. In addition, metabolic changes, for example, at the onset of lactation have pronounced effects on gastrointestinal mineral transport processes in some ruminant species. As disturbances of mineral homeostasis do not only increase the risk of the animals to develop other diseases, but are also associated with protein and energy metabolism, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of its complex regulation.
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Wilkens MR, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105503. [PMID: 31648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For economic reasons and in order to minimize nitrogen excretion and thus pollution, the crude protein content in the diet of livestock animals should be as low as possible without negatively affecting the animals´ health and performance. As ruminants can efficiently use dietary protein because of the ruminohepatic circulation of urea, they are considered to cope more easily with such a feeding regime than monogastric animals. However, despite unaltered daily weight gain, massive changes in mineral homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism were observed with dietary protein reduction (N-) in young, growing goats. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were decreased with a low N intake, even if calcium (Ca) was also restricted (Ca-). Interestingly, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measured as an indirect assessment for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity were not affected by low protein. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland is modulated during these dietary interventions. Four groups of male German colored goats received a control (N+/Ca+), a reduced protein (N-/Ca+), a reduced Ca (N+/Ca-) or a reduced protein and Ca (N-/Ca-) diet. After six weeks we determined the expression of PTH, PTH receptor, Ca sensing receptor (CASR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXRα), Klotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c-splicing form, and the sodium-dependent Pi transporter (PiT1) in the parathyroid glands. Concentrations of cAMP were not affected, while those of Ca and 1,25-(OH)2D3were diminished and that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with N- feeding. The expression patterns of the described target genes were not altered. In contrast, animals fed the Ca- rations showed enhanced serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 and cAMP levels with no changes in blood Ca concentrations demonstrating an efficient adaptation. The mRNA expression of expression of VDR and CASR in the parathyroid gland was significantly diminished and RXRα, PTHR and PiT1 expression was elevated. Instead of the assumed desensitization of the parathyroid gland with N-, our results indicate elevated responsiveness to decreased blood Ca with feeding Ca-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Modulation of growth hormone receptor-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis by dietary protein in young ruminants. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:652-663. [PMID: 31775916 PMCID: PMC7025161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A reduced protein intake causes a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentrations and modulates Ca homoeostasis in young goats. IGF1 is synthesised by the liver in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH). Due to rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, ruminants are suitable for investigating the effects of protein reduction despite sufficient energy intake. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a protein-reduced diet on the expression of components of the somatotropic axis. Male young goats were divided into two feeding groups receiving either a control diet (20 % crude protein (CP)) or a reduced-protein diet (9 % CP). Blood concentrations of IGF1 and GH were measured, and a 24-h GH secretion profile was compiled. Moreover, ionised Ca and insulin concentrations as well as mRNA and protein expression levels of hepatic proteins involved in GH signalling were quantified. Due to the protein-reduced diet, concentrations of ionised Ca, insulin and IGF1 decreased significantly, whereas GH concentrations remained unchanged. Expression levels of the hepatic GH receptor (GHR) decreased during protein reduction. GHR expression was down-regulated due to diminished insulin concentrations as both parameters were positively correlated. Insulin itself might be reduced due to reduced blood Ca levels that are involved in insulin release. The protein-reduced diet had an impact on the expression of components of the somatotropic axis as a disruption of the GH–IGF1 axis brought about by diminished GHR expression was shown in response to a protein-reduced diet.
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Wilkens MR, Firmenich CS, Schnepel N, Muscher-Banse AS. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:196-202. [PMID: 30394334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides other adverse effects, a low protein diet has been shown to modulate cholesterol and vitamin D metabolism in monogastric species like rats and humans. As ruminants can increase the efficiency of the rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, it is assumed that goats should be able to compensate for a low dietary protein intake better. After a dietary protein restriction (9% vs. 20%) for six weeks, plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium were decreased, while plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), and total cholesterol were significantly increased in young goats. Because this was not accompanied by any decrease in expression of CYP24A1 mRNA, we investigated mRNA expression of additional enzymes with known 24- and/or 25-hydroxylase activities (CYP2R1, CYP2J2, CYP3 A24, CYP27A1), receptors involved in their regulation (VDR, PXR, RXRα) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). CYP2R1expression was stimulated with the low dietary protein intake, negatively correlated with plasma urea and positively associated with serum 25-OHD3. The greater plasma concentrations of total cholesterol could be explained with the reduction of CYP2J2 and CYP27A1 expression. None of the receptors investigated were affected by the dietary protein restriction but mRNA expression of VDBP was slightly reduced. Taken together our results show that dietary protein restriction has an impact on vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in ruminants, too. Therefore, further investigations are needed before dietary interventions aiming at diminishing nitrogen excretion can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Firmenich CS, Elfers K, Wilkens MR, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of renal calcium and phosphate transporting proteins by dietary nitrogen and/or calcium in young goats. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3208-3220. [PMID: 29741700 PMCID: PMC6095294 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In young goats, a reduction in dietary nitrogen (N) had an impact on mineral homeostasis although ruminants are able to recycle N effectively due to rumino-hepatic circulation. A solitary calcium (Ca) reduction stimulated calcitriol synthesis and Ca concentrations remained unchanged, whereas a dietary N reduction led to a decrease in calcitriol, which could not be prevented by a simultaneous reduction of N and Ca. In a previous study, it was shown that a reduced dietary N intake caused a decrease in intestinal Ca absorption due to a reduction of intestinal Ca transporting proteins. As no data on the potential role of the kidneys are available, it was the aim of the present study to evaluate whether an N- and/or Ca-reduced diet had an impact on renal Ca and phosphate (Pi) transporting protein expression in young goats. The animals were divided into 4 feeding groups, each receiving an adequate N and Ca supply, a reduced N supply, a reduced Ca supply, or a combined N and Ca reduction for 6 to 9 wk. The protein expression of the renal Ca channel transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) was diminished in N-reduced fed goats (P = 0.03), whereas in Ca restricted animals, the expression remained unaltered. The mRNA and protein expression of the Ca-binding protein calbindin-D28K (CaBPD28K) and the sodium-Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1) were significantly decreased due to the N-reduced feeding (mRNA, P = 0.003; P < 0.0001; protein, P = 0.002; P = 0.02), whereas dietary Ca reduction increased the CaBPD28K and NCX1 mRNA expression (P = 0.05; P = 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) decreased due to the N-reduced feeding (P = 0.02; P = 0.03). These results confirm that a reduced dietary N intake led to decreased TRPV5, CaBPD28K, PTHR, and NCX1 expression levels, contributing to low levels of calcitriol and plasma Ca. In contrast to this, sodium-phosphate cotransporter type IIa expression and plasma Pi concentration were increased during dietary N reduction, thus indicating that Pi homeostasis is modulated in a calcitriol-independent manner. In conclusion, the modulation of Ca transporting proteins expression in the kidney is not able to prevent changes in mineral homeostasis in young goats receiving an N-reduced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Firmenich
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Muscher-Banse AS, Breves G. Mechanisms and regulation of epithelial phosphate transport in ruminants: approaches in comparative physiology. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:185-191. [PMID: 30009339 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have a unique utilization of phosphate (Pi) based on the so-called endogenous Pi recycling to guarantee adequate Pi supply for ruminal microbial growth and for buffering short-chain fatty acids. Large amounts of Pi enter the gastrointestinal tract by salivary secretion. The high saliva Pi concentrations are generated by active secretion of Pi from blood into primary saliva via basolateral sodium (Na+)-dependent Pi transporter type II. The following subsequent intestinal absorption of Pi is mainly carried out in the jejunum by the apical located secondary active Na+-dependent Pi transporters NaPi IIb (SLC34A2) and PiT1 (SLC20A1). A reduction in dietary Pi intake stimulates the intestinal Pi absorption by increasing the expression of NaPi IIb despite unchanged plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations, which modulate Pi homeostasis in monogastric species. Reabsorption of glomerular filtrated plasma Pi is mainly mediated by the Pi transporters NaPi IIa (SLC34A1) and NaPi IIc (SLC34A3) in proximal tubule apical cells. The expression of NaPi IIa and the corresponding renal Na+-dependent Pi capacity were modulated by high dietary phosphorus (P) intake in a parathyroid-dependent manner. In response to reduced dietary Pi intake, the expression of NaPi IIa was not adapted indicating that renal Pi reabsorption in ruminants runs at a high level allowing no further increase when P intake is diminished. In bones and in the mammary glands, Na+-dependent Pi transporters are able to contribute to maintaining Pi homeostasis. Overall, the regulation of Pi transporter activity and expression by hormonal modulators confirms substantial differences between ruminant and non-ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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Wilkens MR, Elfers K, Schmicke M, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 64:70-76. [PMID: 29754009 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In livestock, feeding a reduced nitrogen (N) diet is favored for economic and ecological reasons. Ruminants cope more easily with a reduced N diet than monogastric species. However, changes in mineral homeostasis such as a reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) concentrations, calcium (Ca), and IGF1 levels were observed in goats kept on a reduced N diet. The decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurred even during a simultaneous reduction in dietary N and Ca, whereas a solitary Ca reduction stimulated 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of N- and/or Ca-reduced diets on the expression of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), 1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c (FGFR1c) in kidneys of young goats. Four groups were kept on a control diet, an N-reduced diet, a Ca-reduced diet or an N- and a Ca-reduced diet. Renal expression of CYP24A1 was not affected, whereas CYP27B1 expression was significantly diminished in the N-reduced diet fed goats (P < 0.05) and significantly elevated with the Ca reduction (P < 0.001). The VDR expression was not modified, whereas RXRα (P < 0.05) and Klotho expression (P < 0.001) were stimulated during Ca reduction. The IGF1R (P < 0.05) and FGFR1c (P < 0.05) expression were enhanced with the N reduction. From these data, it can be concluded that the downregulation of renal CYP27B1 expression observed with dietary N reduction is probably mediated by a complex interaction between the somatotropic axis and the Klotho/FGF signaling pathway in young goats.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Animal Feed/analysis
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Diet/veterinary
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Goats/physiology
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Klotho Proteins
- Male
- Nitrogen/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Elfers K, Liesegang A, Wilkens MR, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate bone metabolism in young goats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:188-193. [PMID: 26589092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants, possessing the rumino-hepatic circulation, are thought to cope easily with reduced dietary nitrogen (N) supply which is of economic and environmental interest to diminish N output. Nevertheless, feeding an N reduced diet to young goats resulted in a decrease in calcitriol and calcium (Ca) plasma concentrations. Although a dietary Ca reduction alone stimulated calcitriol synthesis and plasma Ca concentrations were restored, in combination with a reduced N supply this stimulating effect was abolished. Based on the important role bone tissue plays in maintaining Ca homeostasis, aim of the present study was to determine effects of an N reduced diet with or without a concomitant Ca reduction on bone metabolism in young goats. A dietary N reduction alone resulted in a significant rise in plasma concentrations of bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and bone formation marker osteocalcin (OC), while reduced intake of Ca as well as the combination of both dietary interventions increased bone markers only slightly. Bone mineral content and bone mineral density of metatarsi were decreased by reduced N intake, while Ca and phosphorus (P) content of dried bones remained unaffected. In contrast, a dietary Ca reduction alone led to decreased Ca and P content of dried bones. From these data it can be concluded that a dietary N reduction alone or in combination with a reduced dietary Ca supply modulated bone metabolism in young goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Klinger S, Schröder B, Gemmer A, Reimers J, Breves G, Herrmann J, Wilkens MR. Gastrointestinal transport of calcium and glucose in lactating ewes. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/11/e12817. [PMID: 27273883 PMCID: PMC4908493 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During lactation, mineral and nutrient requirements increase dramatically, particularly those for Ca and glucose. In contrast to monogastric species, in ruminants, it is rather unclear to which extend this physiological change due to increased demand for milk production is accompanied by functional adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, we investigated potential modulations of Ca and glucose transport mechanisms in the GIT of lactating and dried‐off sheep. Ussing‐chamber technique was applied to determine the ruminal and jejunal Ca flux rates. In the jejunum, electrophysiological properties in response to glucose were recorded. Jejunal brush‐border membrane vesicles (BBMV) served to characterize glucose uptake via sodium‐linked glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), and RNA and protein expression levels of Ca and glucose transporting systems were determined. Ruminal Ca flux rate data showed a trend for higher absorption in lactating sheep. In the jejunum, small Ca absorption could only be observed in lactating ewes. From the results, it may be assumed that lactating ewes compensate for the Ca loss by increasing bone mobilization rather than by increasing supply through absorption from the GIT. Presence of SGLT1 in the jejunum of both groups was shown by RNA and protein identification, but glucose uptake into BBMV could only be detected in lactating sheep. This, however, could not be attributed to electrogenic glucose absorption in lactating sheep under Ussing‐chamber conditions, providing evidence that changes in jejunal glucose uptake may include additional factors, that is, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Gemmer
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Reimers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Herrmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Starke S, Reimers J, Muscher-Banse AS, Schröder B, Breves G, Wilkens MR. Gastrointestinal transport of calcium and phosphate in lactating goats. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Elfers K, Marr I, Wilkens MR, Breves G, Langeheine M, Brehm R, Muscher-Banse AS. Expression of Tight Junction Proteins and Cadherin 17 in the Small Intestine of Young Goats Offered a Reduced N and/or Ca Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154311. [PMID: 27120348 PMCID: PMC4847856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets fed to ruminants should contain nitrogen (N) as low as possible to reduce feed costs and environmental pollution. Though possessing effective N-recycling mechanisms to maintain the N supply for rumen microbial protein synthesis and hence protein supply for the host, an N reduction caused substantial changes in calcium (Ca) and phosphate homeostasis in young goats including decreased intestinal transepithelial Ca absorption as reported for monogastric species. In contrast to the transcellular component of transepithelial Ca transport, the paracellular route has not been investigated in young goats. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the effects of dietary N and/or Ca reduction on paracellular transport mechanisms in young goats. Electrophysiological properties of intestinal epithelia were investigated by Ussing chamber experiments. The expression of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins in intestinal epithelia were examined on mRNA level by qPCR and on protein level by western blot analysis. Dietary N reduction led to a segment specific increase in tissue conductances in the proximal jejunum which might be linked to concomitantly decreased expression of cadherin 17 mRNA. Expression of occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens protein 1 was increased in mid jejunal epithelia of N reduced fed goats on mRNA and partly on protein level. Reduced dietary Ca supply resulted in a segment specific increase in claudin 2 and claudin 12 expression and decreased the expression of OCLN which might have been mediated at least in part by calcitriol. These data show that dietary N as well as Ca reduction affected expression of TJ and AJ proteins in a segment specific manner in young goats and may thus be involved in modulation of paracellular Ca permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Marr
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirja R. Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Langeheine
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/122, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/122, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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