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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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2
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Sheftel J, Davis CR, Phiri CB, Crenshaw TD, Tanumihardjo SA. Repeated High-Dose Vitamin A Supplements, Standard of Care for Treating Xerophthalmia, Leads to Hypervitaminosis A in Piglets. J Nutr 2024; 154:2363-2373. [PMID: 38797483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A (VA) deficiency and excess negatively affect development, growth, and bone health. The World Health Organization's standard of care for xerophthalmia due to VA deficiency, is 3 high-dose VA supplements of 50,000-200,000 IU, based on age, which may cause hypervitaminosis A in some individuals. OBJECTIVES This study measured VA status following 3 VA doses in 2 piglet studies. METHODS In Study 1, 5 groups of piglets (n = 10/group) were weaned 10 d postbirth to VA-free feed and orally administered 0; 25,000; 50,000; 100,000; or 200,000 IU VA ester on days 0, 1, and 7. On days 14 and 15, the piglets underwent the modified relative dose-response (MRDR) test for VA deficiency, and were killed. Tissues were collected for high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Study 2 used the same design in 3 groups (n = 13/group) weaned at 16 d and administered 0; 25,000; and 200,000 IU doses. RESULTS In Study 1 (final weight: 3.6 ± 0.7 kg), liver VA concentration was hypervitaminotic in 40%, 90%, and 100% of 50,000; 100,000; and 200,000 IU groups, respectively. The 25,000 IU group was 100% adequate, and the placebo group was 40% deficient. In Study 2 (final weight: 8.7 ± 0.8 kg), where 200,000 IU could be prescribed to infants with a similar body weight, 31% of the piglets were hypervitaminotic, the 25,000 IU group was 100% VA adequate, and the placebo group was 100% deficient. The MRDR test measured deficiency in 50% and 70% of the placebo group in each study but had 3 false positives among hypervitaminotic piglets in Study 1. CONCLUSIONS Repeated high-dose VA may cause hypervitaminosis, indicating dose sizes may need reduction. The MRDR resulted in false positives in a hypervitaminotic state during malnutrition and should be paired with serum retinyl ester evaluation to enhance VA status assessment in populations with overlapping interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cacious B Phiri
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, United States.
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3
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Phiri CB, Davis CR, Grahn M, Gannon BM, Kokinos BP, Crenshaw TD, Tanumihardjo SA. Vitamin D Maintains Growth and Bone Mineral Density against a Background of Severe Vitamin A Deficiency and Moderate Toxicity in a Swine Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:2037. [PMID: 38999785 PMCID: PMC11243655 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive vitamin A (VA) negatively impacts bone. Interactions between VA and vitamin D (VD) in bone health are not well-understood. This study used a traditional two-by-two factorial design. Pigs were weaned and randomized to four treatments (n = 13/group): -A-D, -A+D, +A-D, and +A+D for 3 and 5 wk. Serum, liver, kidney, adrenal glands, spleen, and lung were analyzed by ultra-performance LC. Growth was evaluated by weight measured weekly and BMD by DXA. Weights were higher in -A+D (18.1 ± 1.0 kg) and +A+D (18.2 ± 2.3 kg) at 5 wk than in -A-D (15.5 ± 2.1 kg) and +A-D (15.8 ± 1.5 kg). Serum retinol concentrations were 0.25 ± 0.023, 0.22 ± 0.10, 0.77 ± 0.12, and 0.84 ± 0.28 µmol/L; and liver VA concentrations were 0.016 ± 0.015, 0.0065 ± 0.0035, 2.97 ± 0.43, 3.05 ± 0.68 µmol/g in -A-D, -A+D, +A-D, and +A+D, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were 1.5 ± 1.11, 1.8 ± 0.43, 27.7 ± 8.91, and 23.9 ± 6.67 ng/mL in -A-D, +A-D, -A+D, +A+D, respectively, indicating a deficiency in -D and adequacy in +D. BMD was highest in +D (p < 0.001). VA and the interaction had no effect on BMD. Dietary VD influenced weight gain, BMD, and health despite VA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cacious B. Phiri
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.P.); (B.M.G.)
| | - Christopher R. Davis
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.P.); (B.M.G.)
| | - Michael Grahn
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.P.); (B.M.G.)
| | - Bryan M. Gannon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.P.); (B.M.G.)
| | - Brittney P. Kokinos
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.P.K.); (T.D.C.)
| | - Thomas D. Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.P.K.); (T.D.C.)
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.P.); (B.M.G.)
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4
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Wang J, Kokinos BP, Lang PJ, Crenshaw TD, Henak CR. Vitamin D deficiency and anatomical region alters porcine growth plate properties. J Biomech 2022; 144:111314. [PMID: 36182792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ossification of growth plate cartilage mediates longitudinal extension of long bones. Biomechanical and biochemical disruptions of growth plate function may lead to abnormal bone growth. In humans and animals, severe dietary vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets which features growth plate widening, resulting in abnormalities in growth. However, effects of marginal vitamin D deficiencies on growth plates are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a vitamin D deficient diet in the 26-day nursery phase on mechanical properties (ultimate normal stress, ultimate shear stress, ultimate strain, and tangent modulus) of porcine growth plate. Standard uniaxial tensile tests were applied on bone-growth plate-bone sections and the total stress was decomposed into normal stress and shear stress. Ultimate shear stress and ultimate strain traits were lower in the vitamin D deficient group than in the control. Regional differences were observed in all four variables. Ultimate normal stress was higher in the anterior region, which was consistent with a previous study. Sex differences were detected in ultimate normal stress, which was higher in females than in males. Interestingly, the classical finding of growth plate widening seen in severe vitamin D deficiency was not observed in the pigs with marginal vitamin D deficiency utilized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brittney P Kokinos
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lang
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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5
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Sandoval JL, Ventura DE, Fiallos OB, Anderson BL, Sparks JC, Starkey JD, Starkey CW. Efficacy and safety of a novel source of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac260. [PMID: 35961010 PMCID: PMC9512100 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial fermentation-derived vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were as follows: commercial control with vitamin D3 (CON) at NRC recommended concentrations and three diets composed of CON + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg equivalent) of 25OHD3 from a novel source (CON + 25; CON + 50; and CON + 250, respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to one of the four dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. Blood samples were collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual body weights (BW) were measured on experimental day 0, 39, and 63. On day 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per dietary treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration. No differences were observed in growth performance. Day 39 serum 25OHD3 concentrations were greatest in CON + 250-fed pigs and linearly decreased as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion decreased (P < 0.0001). On day 42, tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as 25OHD3 increased in the diet (P < 0.0001). On day 63, 21 d after dietary 25OHD3 withdrawal, serum 25OHD3 concentrations of all 25OHD3-fed pigs decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of CON-fed pigs which demonstrates that feeding 250 µg/kg 25OHD3 is well tolerated by growing pigs and will clear the body within 21 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Sandoval
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Diego E Ventura
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Orlando B Fiallos
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - J Chris Sparks
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jessica D Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Charles W Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Estimation of phosphorus requirements of sows based on 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion during gestation and lactation. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:377-388. [PMID: 34486963 PMCID: PMC9340856 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus requirements of reproducing sows were estimated using 24-h urinary P excretion. Thirty-six multiparous sows were fed one of six maize-soybean meal-based diets with total P ranging from 0·40 to 0·80 % in 0·08 % increments with a constant Ca:total P ratio (1·25:1). Diets were fed from day 7·5 ± 1 after breeding until the end of lactation (day 26 ± 1). Urine samples were collected in mid and late gestation (days 77·1 ± 2 and 112·4 ± 1) and early and late lactation (days 4·5 ± 1 and 18·2 ± 1). Phosphorus requirements were estimated using linear and nonlinear regression models. Based on a single 24-h urinary P excretion, estimated daily dietary total P requirements in mid and late gestation were 10·3 g (6·0 g standardised total tract digestible P, STTD P), and estimates for early and late lactation were 31·1 g (16·6 g STTD P) and 40·3 g (22·1 g STTD P), respectively. Plasma P and Ca concentrations were maintained within normal ranges at the estimated levels of P requirements. No differences among treatments were observed for plasma parathyroid hormone (P ≥ 0·06) and bone formation marker (P ≥ 0·16). In lactation, bone resorption marker decreased (P ≤ 0·001) as sows consumed more P. Among the analysed variables, urinary P was the most sensitive response to changes in dietary P intake. Urinary P excretion offers a practical method to estimate P requirements in sows. Our recommended daily total P requirements are 10·3 g for gestation and 35·7 g for lactation.
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7
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Naidu SJ, Arangasamy A, Selvaraju S, Binsila BK, Reddy IJ, Ravindra JP, Bhatta R. Maternal influence on the skewing of offspring sex ratio: a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Buntjer J, Johnsson M, Batista L, Diez F, Werner CR, Chen CY, Gorjanc G, Mellanby RJ, Hickey JM, Ros-Freixedes R. Genetic architecture and major genes for backfat thickness in pig lines of diverse genetic backgrounds. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:76. [PMID: 34551713 PMCID: PMC8459476 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Backfat thickness is an important carcass composition trait for pork production and is commonly included in swine breeding programmes. In this paper, we report the results of a large genome-wide association study for backfat thickness using data from eight lines of diverse genetic backgrounds. Methods Data comprised 275,590 pigs from eight lines with diverse genetic backgrounds (breeds included Large White, Landrace, Pietrain, Hampshire, Duroc, and synthetic lines) genotyped and imputed for 71,324 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For each line, we estimated SNP associations using a univariate linear mixed model that accounted for genomic relationships. SNPs with significant associations were identified using a threshold of p < 10–6 and used to define genomic regions of interest. The proportion of genetic variance explained by a genomic region was estimated using a ridge regression model. Results We found significant associations with backfat thickness for 264 SNPs across 27 genomic regions. Six genomic regions were detected in three or more lines. The average estimate of the SNP-based heritability was 0.48, with estimates by line ranging from 0.30 to 0.58. The genomic regions jointly explained from 3.2 to 19.5% of the additive genetic variance of backfat thickness within a line. Individual genomic regions explained up to 8.0% of the additive genetic variance of backfat thickness within a line. Some of these 27 genomic regions also explained up to 1.6% of the additive genetic variance in lines for which the genomic region was not statistically significant. We identified 64 candidate genes with annotated functions that can be related to fat metabolism, including well-studied genes such as MC4R, IGF2, and LEPR, and more novel candidate genes such as DHCR7, FGF23, MEDAG, DGKI, and PTN. Conclusions Our results confirm the polygenic architecture of backfat thickness and the role of genes involved in energy homeostasis, adipogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and insulin signalling pathways for fat deposition in pigs. The results also suggest that several less well-understood metabolic pathways contribute to backfat development, such as those of phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D homeostasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00671-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jaap Buntjer
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Martin Johnsson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lorena Batista
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Federico Diez
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Ching-Yi Chen
- The Pig Improvement Company, Genus plc, Hendersonville, TN, USA
| | - Gregor Gorjanc
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - John M Hickey
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. .,Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida - Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain.
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9
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Amundson LA, Crenshaw TD. Lessons learned from the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S52-S57. [PMID: 32810238 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Amundson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI.,Research and Nutritional Services, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI
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10
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Grez-Capdeville M, Gross N, Baker JC, Shutter JA, Haas AR, Wilson ME, Crenshaw TD. Alleged predisposing dietary factors fail to increase the incidence of osteochondrosis-like lesions in growing pigs at 14 and 24 wk of age. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa103. [PMID: 32249288 PMCID: PMC7185024 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early lesions of osteochondrosis (OC) are exhibited by regions of cartilage retention along the growth plate and articular cartilage. Progression of OC lesions may impair locomotion and necessitate euthanasia in adherence to animal welfare guides. Little is known about the role of nutrition in the initiation and early stages of OC. However, dietary components are commonly implicated as predisposing factors. In this study, diets were altered as an attempt to induce early stage OC lesions under controlled conditions. At 8 wk of age, 96 crossbred gilts (body weight [BW] = 17.4 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four corn-soybean meal-based diets (four pens per diet, six pigs per pen) to assess diet effects on the number and volume of OC lesions in the distal femur. Diets included a non-pelleted control diet (Ctl); Ctl plus 20% glucose (Glc); the Ctl with increased concentrations of lysine, Ca, and P (+CaP); and the +CaP diet in a pelleted form (PEL). Femurs were collected from pigs euthanized at either 14-wk (Wk 14) or 24-wk (Wk 14) of age for assessments of OC lesions. Based on a mixed model analysis with pen as the experimental unit, dietary treatments did not affect final BW (129.3 ± 3.8 kg) or average daily gain (ADG) (1.00 ± 0.03 kg/d) over the trial. As expected, pigs fed PEL and Glc diets were more efficient (P < 0.05) in feed conversion compared with Ctl and +CaP. Using femurs as the experimental unit at Wk 14 (collected from two of the six pigs per pen), bone mineral content, determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed +CaP and PEL than Ctl or Glc diets; however, only +CaP group differed (P < 0.05) at Wk 24 (collected from four pigs per pen). Computed tomography (CT) scans of femurs were reconstructed as three-dimensional images to allow detection of the number, volume, and surface area of lesions in distal growth plates. At Wk 14, pigs fed Ctl had fewer number of lesions (P < 0.05); however, no differences were detected among dietary treatments in lesion volume or lesion surface area. Pigs had fewer lesions at Wk 24 than Wk 14; however, differences were not detected among dietary treatments. At Wk 24, pigs fed Ctl diets had the greatest lesion volume among dietary treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, none of the pigs exhibited symptoms of lameness regardless of dietary treatment or OC lesion traits. Diet modifications due to pelleting or inclusion of rapidly digestible ingredients, such as glucose, did not increase prevalence or size of OC lesions. Image analysis of CT scans was a reliable method to quantify the number, size, and location of OC lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Gross
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Joni C Baker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jennifer A Shutter
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Amanda R Haas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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11
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McCue M, Reichert JL, Crenshaw TD. Impact of dietary vitamin D3 supplements in nursery diets on subsequent growth and bone responses of pigs during an immune challenge. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4895-4903. [PMID: 31701141 PMCID: PMC6915220 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited evidence is available to validate beneficial responses from extra nutrient supplements for mediation of growth suppression that results from immune challenges. Extrarenal roles of vitamin D metabolites in immune function implicate vitamin D3 supplements as a nutrient for potential beneficial effects. The current objective was to assess growth and bone ash responses to dietary vitamin D3 (D) supplements for growing pigs undergoing an immune challenge. At weaning, 216 crossbred pigs (4 pigs/pen, 6 pens/treatment) were randomly allotted within sex and weight blocks to 1 of the 9 treatments. Treatments included D supplements (0, 100, or 800 IU/kg) in a factorial arrangement with 3 vaccine (V) protocols; no injection (0 × V), a single 2 mL injection of a Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine at day 14 (1 × V), or 2 mL injections of the same vaccine at days 0 and 7 (2 × V). An adjustment diet with no supplemental D was fed for 1 wk, then assigned D diets for 2 wk (P2). After P2, all pigs were phase-fed standard diets (D = 280 IU/kg) to assess subsequent growth to 115 kg. No differences due to D supplements or vaccination protocol were detected in ADG (0.233 ± 0.021 kg/d) or GF (0.642 ± 0.028 kg/d) over the 21-d nursery trial; however, ADFI was lower (P < 0.10) in pigs fed D levels of 0 vs. 100 and 800 (0.340 vs. 0.375, 0.372 ± 0.027 kg/d). Bone mineral content (g) from whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at 9 wk (n = 4 pigs/treatment) was lower in pigs fed 0 vs. 100 and 800 IU of D (287 vs. 325, 323 ± 34.1 g/pig). Growth from nursery to 115 kg was lower (P < 0.01) in pigs fed D levels of 0 vs.100 and 800 (0.828 vs. 0.876, 0.889 ± 0.021 kg/d). At market, approximately two-thirds of pigs showed positive L. intracellularis serology titers regardless of treatment. Limited evidence for D-mediation of an immune challenge using the vaccination protocols may be a consequence of limited vaccine effects on growth in the nursery and seroconversion of most pigs to L. intracellularis by market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan McCue
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jamie L Reichert
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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12
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Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in femur and vertebra tissues of the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:404-414. [PMID: 29991364 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig provides a reliable model to study the initiation of bone lesions caused by maternal vitamin D (D) deficiencies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP; specifically, MMP9 and MMP13) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important in endochondral ossification and are potentially regulated by D. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is interrelated with D homoeostasis and bone mineralisation. Relative mRNA expression of MMP9, MMP13, VEGF and FGF23 was measured in pig femur and vertebra. Sows (n 37) were fed diets with 0 (-D), 8·125 (+D) or 43·750 (++D) µg D3/kg throughout gestation and lactation. At weaning (3 weeks), pigs were fed diets with 0 (-D) or 7·0 (+D) µg D3/kg, each with 75 and 95 % (LCaP) or 150 and 120 % (HCaP) of the Ca and P requirements. Pigs at birth (n 27), 3 weeks (n 27) and after the nursery period (7 weeks; n 72) were euthanised for analysis. At 3 weeks, femur MMP9 expression of pigs produced by +D or ++D sows was reduced (P<0·05) to 0·5-fold and VEGF expression to 0·4-fold compared with pigs from -D sows. At 7 weeks, MMP9 expression was reduced (P<0·05) to 0·45-fold in femur and 0·58-fold in vertebra from pigs produced by +D or ++D sows compared with pigs from -D sows. Pig femur VEGF expression was reduced to 0·75-fold in pigs produced by ++D sows. MMP9 and VEGF mRNA expression offer potential markers for the initiation of bone lesions in the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model.
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A Review of the Extraction and Determination Methods of Thirteen Essential Vitamins to the Human Body: An Update from 2010. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061484. [PMID: 29921801 PMCID: PMC6099991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are a class of essential nutrients in the body; thus, they play important roles in human health. The chemicals are involved in many physiological functions and both their lack and excess can put health at risk. Therefore, the establishment of methods for monitoring vitamin concentrations in different matrices is necessary. In this review, an updated overview of the main pretreatments and determination methods that have been used since 2010 is given. Ultrasonic assisted extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction are the most common pretreatment methods, while the determination methods involve chromatography methods, electrophoretic methods, microbiological assays, immunoassays, biosensors and several other methods. Different pretreatments and determination methods are discussed.
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Anderson CM, Gillespie SL, Thiele DK, Ralph JL, Ohm JE. Effects of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on the Maternal and Infant Epigenome. Breastfeed Med 2018; 13:371-380. [PMID: 29782187 PMCID: PMC6004083 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mothers and infants are at high risk for inadequate vitamin D status. Mechanisms by which vitamin D may affect maternal and infant DNA methylation are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study quantified the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on DNA methylation in pregnant and lactating women and their breastfed infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized controlled pilot study, pregnant women received vitamin D3 400 international units (IU) (n = 6; control) or 3,800 IU (n = 7; intervention) daily from late second trimester through 4-6 weeks postpartum. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was quantified in leukocytes collected from mothers at birth and mother-infant dyads at 4-6 weeks postpartum. RESULTS At birth, intervention group mothers showed DNA methylation gain and loss at 76 and 89 cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides, respectively, compared to controls. Postpartum, methylation gain was noted at 200 and loss at 102 CpGs. Associated gene clusters showed strongest biologic relevance for cell migration/motility and cellular membrane function at birth and cadherin signaling and immune function at postpartum. Breastfed 4-6-week-old infants of intervention mothers showed DNA methylation gain and loss in 217 and 213 CpGs, respectively, compared to controls. Genes showing differential methylation mapped most strongly to collagen metabolic processes and regulation of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation alters DNA methylation in mothers and breastfed infants. Additional work is needed to fully elucidate the short- and long-term biologic effects of vitamin D supplementation at varying doses, which could hold important implications for establishing clinical recommendations for prenatal and offspring health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Anderson
- 1 Center for Women, Children and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shannon L Gillespie
- 1 Center for Women, Children and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Doria K Thiele
- 2 Department of Nursing, University of North Dakota College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Jody L Ralph
- 2 Department of Nursing, University of North Dakota College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines , Grand Forks, North Dakota.,3 University of Windsor , Faculty of Nursing, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce E Ohm
- 4 Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
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Borg SA, Buckley H, Owen R, Marin AC, Lu Y, Eyles D, Lacroix D, Reilly GC, Skerry TM, Bishop NJ. Early life vitamin D depletion alters the postnatal response to skeletal loading in growing and mature bone. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190675. [PMID: 29370213 PMCID: PMC5784894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of persistent effects of early life vitamin D exposure on later skeletal health; linking low levels in early life to smaller bone size in childhood as well as increased fracture risk later in adulthood, independently of later vitamin D status. A major determinant of bone mass acquisition across all ages is mechanical loading. We tested the hypothesis in an animal model system that early life vitamin D depletion results in abrogation of the response to mechanical loading, with consequent reduction in bone size, mass and strength during both childhood and adulthood. A murine model was created in which pregnant dams were either vitamin D deficient or replete, and their offspring moved to a vitamin D replete diet at weaning. Tibias of the offspring were mechanically loaded and bone structure, extrinsic strength and growth measured both during growth and after skeletal maturity. Offspring of vitamin D deplete mice demonstrated lower bone mass in the non loaded limb and reduced bone mass accrual in response to loading in both the growing skeleton and after skeletal maturity. Early life vitamin D depletion led to reduced bone strength and altered bone biomechanical properties. These findings suggest early life vitamin D status may, in part, determine the propensity to osteoporosis and fracture that blights later life in many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Borg
- Academic Unit of Child Health Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Harriet Buckley
- Academic Unit of Child Health Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Owen
- INSIGNEO Institute of in silico medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Campos Marin
- INSIGNEO Institute of in silico medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yongtau Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol QLD, Australia
| | - Damien Lacroix
- INSIGNEO Institute of in silico medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- INSIGNEO Institute of in silico medicine, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim M. Skerry
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Bishop
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield; Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Serum and tissue 25-OH vitamin D3 concentrations do not predict bone abnormalities and molecular markers of vitamin D metabolism in the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:30-40. [PMID: 28745259 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig provides a model to study maternal vitamin D (D) carryover on gross and molecular characteristics of bone abnormalities in offspring. Excess maternal D is proposed to protect offspring under nutritional challenges from developing bone abnormalities. Relationships between D sufficiency parameters and bone abnormalities were characterised. Sows (n 37) were fed diets with 0 (-D), 8·125 (+D) or 43·750 (++D) µg D3/kg throughout gestation and lactation. At weaning (3 weeks) pigs were fed diets with 0 (-D) or 7·0 (+D) µg D3/kg, each with 75 and 95 % (LCaP) or 150 and 120 % (HCaP) of the Ca and P requirements. Pigs were euthanised before colostrum consumption at birth (n 27), 3 weeks (n 27) or after the nursery period (7 weeks, n 71) for tissue analysis. At 7 weeks, differences due to maternal D were detected (P≤0·05) in pig growth, serum parameters and mRNA expression regardless of nursery diet. Prevalence of kyphosis in pigs at 13 weeks was affected by maternal D, but not prevented by only HCaP or +D nursery diets. Increased (P≤0·05) serum 25-OH-D3 concentrations in sows fed +D or ++D diets were not reflected by similar magnitudes of 25-OH-D3 in colostrum, 18-d milk, or serum and tissue concentrations in pigs. The mode of action by which maternal dietary D influences development of skeletal abnormalities warrants further investigation.
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