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Tejera-Muñoz A, Guerra-Menéndez L, Amor S, González-Hedström D, García-Villalón ÁL, Granado M. Postnatal Overfeeding during Lactation Induces Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Adult Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14443. [PMID: 37833890 PMCID: PMC10572650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early overnutrition is associated with cardiometabolic alterations in adulthood, likely attributed to reduced insulin sensitivity due to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to assess the long-term effects of early overnutrition on the development of cardiovascular insulin resistance. An experimental childhood obesity model was established using male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were organized into litters of 12 pups/mother (L12-Controls) or 3 pups/mother (L3-Overfed) at birth. After weaning, animals from L12 and L3 were housed three per cage and provided ad libitum access to food for 6 months. L3 rats exhibited elevated body weight, along with increased visceral, subcutaneous, and perivascular fat accumulation. However, heart weight at sacrifice was reduced in L3 rats. Furthermore, L3 rats displayed elevated serum levels of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, total lipids, and triglycerides compared to control rats. In the myocardium, overfed rats showed decreased IL-10 mRNA levels and alterations in contractility and heart rate in response to insulin. Similarly, aortic tissue exhibited modified gene expression of TNFα, iNOS, and IL-6. Additionally, L3 aortas exhibited endothelial dysfunction in response to acetylcholine, although insulin-induced relaxation remained unchanged compared to controls. At the molecular level, L3 rats displayed reduced Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin, both in myocardial and aortic tissues, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was elevated solely in the myocardium. Overfeeding during lactation in rats induces endothelial dysfunction and cardiac insulin resistance in adulthood, potentially contributing to the cardiovascular alterations observed in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Research Support Unit, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, 13600 Alcázar de San Juan, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lucía Guerra-Menéndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA) Nemesio Díez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain;
| | - Sara Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Ángel Luis García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Litter Size Reduction as a Model of Overfeeding during Lactation and Its Consequences for the Development of Metabolic Diseases in the Offspring. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102045. [PMID: 35631188 PMCID: PMC9145223 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overfeeding during lactation has a deleterious impact on the baby’s health throughout life. In humans, early overnutrition has been associated with higher susceptibility to obesity and metabolic disorders in childhood and adulthood. In rodents, using a rodent litter size reduction model (small litter) to mimic early overfeeding, the same metabolic profile has been described. Therefore, the rodent small litter model is an efficient tool to investigate the adaptive mechanisms involved in obesogenesis. Besides central and metabolic dysfunctions, studies have pointed to the contribution of the endocrine system to the small litter phenotype. Hormones, especially leptin, insulin, and adrenal hormones, have been associated with satiety, glucose homeostasis, and adipogenesis, while hypothyroidism impairs energy metabolism, favoring obesity. Behavioral modifications, hepatic metabolism changes, and reproductive dysfunctions have also been reported. In this review, we update these findings, highlighting the interaction of early nutrition and the adaptive features of the endocrine system. We also report the sex-related differences and epigenetic mechanisms. This model highlights the intense plasticity during lactation triggering many adaptive responses, which are the basis of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept. Our review demonstrates the complexity of the adaptive mechanisms involved in the obesity phenotype promoted by early overnutrition, reinforcing the necessity of adequate nutritional habits during lactation.
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HtrA2/Omi mitigates NAFLD in high-fat-fed mice by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and restoring autophagic flux. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:218. [PMID: 35449197 PMCID: PMC9023526 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver metabolic syndrome which affects millions of people worldwide. Recently, improving mitochondrial function and autophagic ability have been proposed as a means to prevent NAFLD. It has been previously described that high-temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2/Omi) favors mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in hepatocytes. Thus, we explored the effects of HtrA2/Omi on regulating mitochondrial function and autophagy during NAFLD development. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in mice and free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced hepatocytes steatosis in vitro were established. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) in vivo and plasmid in vitro were used to restore HtrA2/Omi expression. In this study, we reported that HtrA2/Omi expression considerably decreased in liver tissues from the HFD-induced NAFLD model and in L02 cells with FFA-treated. However, restoring HtrA2/Omi ameliorated hepatic steatosis, confirming by improved serum lipid profiles, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, histopathological lipid accumulation, and the gene expression related to lipid metabolism. Moreover, HtrA2/Omi also attenuated HFD-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic blockage. TEM analysis revealed that liver mitochondrial structure and autophagosome formation were improved in hepatic HtrA2/Omi administration mice compared to HFD mice. And hepatic HtrA2/Omi overexpression enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation gene expression, elevated LC3II protein levels, induced LC3 puncta, and decreased SQSTM1/p62 protein levels. Furthermore, hepatic HtrA2/Omi increased respiratory exchange ratio and heat production in mice. Finally, HtrA2/Omi overexpression by plasmid significantly diminished lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagic inhibition in FFA-treated L02 hepatocytes. Taken together, we demonstrated that HtrA2/Omi was a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD via improving mitochondrial functions, as well as restoring autophagic flux.
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Lisboa PC, Miranda RA, Souza LL, Moura EG. Can breastfeeding affect the rest of our life? Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108821. [PMID: 34610290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The breastfeeding period is one of the most important critical windows in our development, since milk, our first food after birth, contains several compounds, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, antibodies, growth factors and hormones that benefit human health. Indeed, nutritional, and environmental alterations during lactation, change the composition of breast milk and induce alterations in the child's development, such as obesity, leading to the metabolic dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and neurobehavioral disorders. This review is based on experimental animal models, most of them in rodents, and summarizes the impact of an adequate breast milk supply in view of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept, which has been proposed by researchers in the areas of epidemiology and basic science from around the world. Here, experimental advances in understanding the programming during breastfeeding were compiled with the purpose of generating knowledge about the genesis of chronic noncommunicable diseases and to guide the development of public policies to deal with and prevent the problems arising from this phenomenon. This review article is part of the special issue on "Cross talk between periphery and brain".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana L Souza
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egberto G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zhou N, Du S, Dai Y, Yang F, Li X. ω3PUFAs improve hepatic steatosis in postnatal overfed rats and HepG2 cells by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5153-5165. [PMID: 34532024 PMCID: PMC8441356 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal overfeeding can lead to persistent increases in hepatic lipid synthesis and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. The ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFAs) exhibit beneficial effects on NAFLD. Here, we employed a rat model and an in vitro HepG2 cell model to investigate whether fish oil (FO) affects hepatic lipid synthesis due to postnatal overfeeding. Male Sprague-Dawley were divided into litter sizes of three (small litters, SLs) or 10 (normal litters, NLs) on postnatal day 3 and were fed standard chow or FO diet beginning on postnatal week 3 to generate NL, SL, NL-FO, and SL-FO groups. The results indicated that the FO diet reduced the postnatal overfeeding-induced body weight gain and NAFLD characteristics (such as serum and liver triglyceride (TG) and hepatic steatosis). In addition, FO restored the expression of hepatic lipid metabolism-related genes (including SCD1, FASN, CPT1, LPL, ACC, and SREBP-1c) in SL-FO rats. Specifically, the activity and expression pattern of ACC were consistent with SREBP-1c. Furthermore, HepG2 cells were treated with oleic acid (OA), followed by eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), with or without SREBP-1c siRNA. The cellular lipid droplets, TG content, and the expression of ACC (by 75%) and SREBP-1c (by 45%) were increased by OA stimulation (p < .05), which was inhibited by EPA treatment. However, the effect of EPA treatment was abolished when SREBP-1c was silenced. In conclusion, ω3PUFAs-rich diet may be an effective way to reverse the developmental programming of hepatic lipid synthesis, at least partially, by inhibiting ACC through modulating SREBP-1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Child Health CareChildren’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Susu Du
- Department of Child Health CareChildren’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanyan Dai
- Department of Child Health CareChildren’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Child Health CareChildren’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Child Health CareChildren’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Glavas MM, Hui Q, Miao I, Yang F, Erener S, Prentice KJ, Wheeler MB, Kieffer TJ. Early overnutrition in male mice negates metabolic benefits of a diet high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14032. [PMID: 34234216 PMCID: PMC8263808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of saturated fats promotes obesity and type 2 diabetes. Excess weight gain in early life may be particularly detrimental by promoting earlier diabetes onset and potentially by adversely affecting normal development. In the present study we investigated the effects of dietary fat composition on early overnutrition-induced body weight and glucose regulation in Swiss Webster mice, which show susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced diabetes. We compared glucose homeostasis between a high-fat lard-based (HFL) diet, high in saturated fats, and a high-fat olive oil/fish oil-based (HFO) diet, high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats. We hypothesized that the healthier fat profile of the latter diet would improve early overnutrition-induced glucose dysregulation. However, early overnutrition HFO pups gained more weight and adiposity and had higher diabetes incidence compared to HFL. In contrast, control pups had less weight gain, adiposity, and lower diabetes incidence. Plasma metabolomics revealed reductions in various phosphatidylcholine species in early overnutrition HFO mice as well as with diabetes. These findings suggest that early overnutrition may negate any beneficial effects of a high-fat diet that favours monounsaturated and omega-3 fats over saturated fats. Thus, quantity, quality, and timing of fat intake throughout life should be considered with respect to metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Queenie Hui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Miao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suheda Erener
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Yang F, Zhou N, Zhu X, Min C, Zhou W, Li X. n-3 PUFAs protect against adiposity and fatty liver by promoting browning in postnatally overfed male rats: a role for NRG4. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108628. [PMID: 33705952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life nutrition plays an important role in regulating adult metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of early nutrition during the suckling and postweaning periods on expression of the adipocytokine Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) and its relationship with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. In vivo, male rats were adjusted to litter sizes of three (small litter, SL) or ten (normal litter, NL) on postnatal day 3. Pups were fed control chow (NL and SL groups) or a high-fat diet (NL-HF and SL-HF groups), and SL pups specifically were fed a fish oil diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) (SL-FO group), from postnatal weeks 3 to 13. The results demonstrated that postnatal overnutrition increased weight, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) gene expression and NAFLD and decreased body temperature and Nrg4, Ucp1 and Pgc1a mRNA expression in adipose tissues in SL, SL-HF and NL-HF rats compared to NL rats in adulthood. The opposite trends were observed in SL-FO rats. Moreover, in vitro, recombinant NRG4 protein reduced lipid accumulation by inhibiting DNL gene expression in fatty HepG2 cells stimulated with sodium oleate. In HPAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) treatment elevated NRG4 production and caused adipocyte browning, and these effects were abrogated by PPARG antagonism. In conclusion, a postweaning n-3 PUFA diet enhanced Nrg4 expression in adipose tissues, associated with attenuation of NAFLD induced by SL rearing. Additionally, external NRG4 reduced lipogenesis in steatotic hepatocytes. Thus, white adipose tissue browning induced by n-3 PUFAs may promote NRG4 production through the PPARG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cuiting Min
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Pediatric Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yang F, Dai Y, Min C, Li X. Neonatal overfeeding induced glucocorticoid overexposure accelerates hepatic lipogenesis in male rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 29743929 PMCID: PMC5930793 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postnatal overfeeding activates tissue glucocorticoid (GC) activity by up-regulating 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and increasing sensitivity to high-fat (HF) diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of postnatal overfeeding on GC regulation and lipogenesis in the liver and to observe the impact of GC on hepatocyte lipid metabolism. Methods In vivo, Male Sprague-Dawley rat pup litters were adjusted to litter sizes of three (small litter, SL) or ten (normal litter, NL) on postnatal day 3 and then given standard chow from postnatal week 3 (W3) to W13. In vitro, HepG2 cells were stimulated by GC, mifepristone (Mi) or GC + Mi within 48 h, followed by sodium oleate (OA) intervention (or not) for 24 h. Intracellular lipid droplets, triglyceride (TG) concentrations and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were measured in hepatic tissues or HepG2 cells. Results In vivo, weight gain in the body and liver and TG concentrations in the liver were significantly increased in the SL rats compared to the NL rats at W3 and W13 (p < 0.05); mRNA expression of hepatic 11β-HSD1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and their nuclear transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) (p < 0.05), was also increased. In vitro, intracellular lipid droplets and TG content in HepG2 cells increased under stimulation with GC or OA (p < 0.05); the increase was more significant following treatment with GC and OA together (p < 0.05). The ACC, SCD1, FASN and SREBP-1c mRNA expression changes were highly similar to the changes in TG content in cells. All the changes induced by GC disappeared when the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was blocked by Mi. Conclusions Postnatal overfeeding induced GC overexposure through 11β-HSD1 up-regulation in the liver. GC activated hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) via GR and led to hepatic lipid accumulation, which increased the risk of NAFLD during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- 1Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Dai
- 1Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiting Min
- 1Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- 1Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China.,2Institute of Paediatric Research, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, China
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