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Barba C, Angós I, Maté JI, Cornejo A. Effects of polyols at low concentration on the release of sweet aroma compounds in model soda beverages. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101440. [PMID: 38756467 PMCID: PMC11096819 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of polyols erythritol, d-mannitol, and maltitol on the volatility of aroma compounds γ-butyrolactone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethanol in aqueous solution. Headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography and diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to obtain information on aroma-food matrix interaction. Results demonstrated that adding polyols at final low concentrations of 5% or 10% (w/w) to an aqueous solution of 2-phenylethanol reduced the release of vapor-phase aromas, except in the case of 3-methyl-1-butanol, which was not affected by the presence of polyols in the liquid matrix. Polyols also reduced the diffusion coefficients of all three aroma compounds, probably due to friction between the molecules. At low polyol concentrations, aroma compound volatility and diffusion coefficient values were altered compared to those of aromas released from pure water. This observation is related to the physicochemical properties of the aroma compounds. These insights may help guide the use of the combination of aroma compounds and polyols in the formulation of sugar-free and reduced-sugar beverages. Chemical compounds γ-butyrolactone (PubChem CID: 7302), 3-methyl-1-butanol (PubChem CID: 31260), 2-phenylethanol (PubChem CID: 6054), erythritol (PubChem CID: 222285), d-mannitol (PubChem CID: 6251), maltitol (PubChem CID: 493591).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Barba
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development (ISFOOD), Spain
| | - Ignacio Angós
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development (ISFOOD), Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Maté
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development (ISFOOD), Spain
| | - Alfonso Cornejo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT), Public University of Navarre, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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2
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Park WY, Yiannakou I, Petersen JM, Hoffmann U, Ma J, Long MT. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage, Diet Soda, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Over 6 Years: The Framingham Heart Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:2524-2532.e2. [PMID: 34752964 PMCID: PMC9236136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in cross-sectional studies. In a prospective cohort, we examined the association of beverage consumption (SSB and diet soda) with incident NAFLD and changes in hepatic fat in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study of participants from the FHS Third Generation and Offspring cohorts who participated in computed tomography sub-studies. Participants were classified according to their average SSB or diet soda consumption, which was derived from baseline and follow-up food frequency questionnaires: non-consumers (0-<1/month), occasional consumers (1/month-<1/week), and frequent consumers (≥1/week-≥1/day). Hepatic fat was quantified by the liver fat attenuation measurements on computed tomography scan. The primary dependent variable was incident NAFLD; secondarily, we investigated change in liver fat. RESULTS The cohorts included 691 Offspring (mean age, 62.8 ± 8.2 years; 57.7% women) and 945 Third Generation participants (mean age, 48.4 ± 6.3 years; 46.6% women). In the Offspring cohort, there was a dose-response relationship with SSB consumption and incident NAFLD. Frequent SSB consumers had 2.53 times increased odds of incident NAFLD compared with non-consumers (95% confidence interval, 1.36-4.7) after multivariable analysis. For Offspring cohort participants, occasional and frequent consumers of SSB had a more adverse increase in liver fat compared with non-consumers. CONCLUSIONS Higher average SSB intake is associated with increase in liver fat over 6 years of follow-up and increased odds of incident NAFLD especially among the older cohort, whereas no consistent association was observed for the younger Third Generation cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Ioanna Yiannakou
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; PhD in Biomedical Science, Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Julie M Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jiantao Ma
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham
| | - Michelle T Long
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Chronic intake of high dietary sucrose induces sexually dimorphic metabolic adaptations in mouse liver and adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6062. [PMID: 36229459 PMCID: PMC9561177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all effective treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involve reduction of adiposity, which suggests the metabolic axis between liver and adipose tissue is essential to NAFLD development. Since excessive dietary sugar intake may be an initiating factor for NAFLD, we have characterized the metabolic effects of liquid sucrose intake at concentrations relevant to typical human consumption in mice. We report that sucrose intake induces sexually dimorphic effects in liver, adipose tissue, and the microbiome; differences concordant with steatosis severity. We show that when steatosis is decoupled from impairments in insulin responsiveness, sex is a moderating factor that influences sucrose-driven lipid storage and the contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to the overall hepatic triglyceride pool. Our findings provide physiologic insight into how sex influences the regulation of adipose-liver crosstalk and highlight the importance of extrahepatic metabolism in the pathogenesis of diet-induced steatosis and NAFLD.
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4
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Oses M, Cadenas‐Sanchez C, Medrano M, Galbete A, Miranda‐Ferrua E, Ruiz JR, Sánchez‐Valverde F, Ortega FB, Cabeza R, Villanueva A, Idoate F, Labayen I. Development of a prediction protocol for the screening of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in children with overweight or obesity. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12917. [PMID: 35394122 PMCID: PMC9541234 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early detection and management of children with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is challenging. OBJECTIVE To develop a non-invasive and accurate prediction protocol for the identification of MAFLD among children with overweight/obesity candidates to confirmatory diagnosis. METHODS A total of 115 children aged 8-12 years with overweight/obesity, recruited at a primary care, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The external validation was performed using a cohort of children with overweight/obesity (N = 46) aged 8.5-14.0 years. MAFLD (≥5.5% hepatic fat) was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fasting blood biochemical parameters were measured, and 25 candidates' single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined. Variables potentially associated with the presence of MAFLD were included in a multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Children with MAFLD (36%) showed higher plasma triglycerides (TG), insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), glutamyl-transferase (GGT) and ferritin (p < 0.05). The distribution of the risk-alleles of PPARGrs13081389, PPARGrs1801282, HFErs1800562 and PNLPLA3rs4823173 was significantly different between children with and without MAFLD (p < 0.05). Three biochemical- and/or SNPs-based predictive models were developed, showing strong discriminatory capacity (AUC-ROC: 0.708-0.888) but limited diagnostic performance (sensitivity 67%-82% and specificity 63%-69%). A prediction protocol with elevated sensitivity (72%) and specificity (84%) based on two consecutive steps was developed. The external validation showed similar results: sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 85%. CONCLUSIONS The HEPAKID prediction protocol is an accurate, easy to implant, minimally invasive and low economic cost tool useful for the early identification and management of paediatric MAFLD in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddi Oses
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain,Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain
| | - Cristina Cadenas‐Sanchez
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain,Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain
| | - María Medrano
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain,Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain
| | - Arkaitz Galbete
- Navarrabiomed‐Hospital Complex of Navarra and Public University of Navarra IdisNAREDISSECPamplonaSpain
| | - Emiliano Miranda‐Ferrua
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain,Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports ScienceUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitariaibs.GranadaGranadaSpain
| | | | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports ScienceUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Rafael Cabeza
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of smart cities (ISC)Public University of NavarrePamplonaSpain
| | - Arantxa Villanueva
- Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of smart cities (ISC)Public University of NavarrePamplonaSpain
| | - Fernando Idoate
- Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain,Department of RadiologyMutua NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain,Navarra Institute for Health ResearchIdiSNAPamplonaSpain,Department of Health SciencesPublic University of Navarra, Campus de ArrosadiaPamplonaSpain
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5
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Istfan N, Hasson B, Apovian C, Meshulam T, Yu L, Anderson W, Corkey BE. Acute carbohydrate overfeeding: a redox model of insulin action and its impact on metabolic dysfunction in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E636-E651. [PMID: 34569273 PMCID: PMC8782668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A role for fat overfeeding in metabolic dysfunction in humans is commonly implied in the literature. Comparatively less is known about acute carbohydrate overfeeding (COF). We tested the hypothesis that COF predisposes to oxidative stress by channeling electrons away from antioxidants to support energy storage. In a study of 24 healthy human subjects with and without obesity, COF was simulated by oral administration of excess carbohydrates; a two-step hyperinsulinemic clamp was used to evaluate insulin action. The distribution of electrons between oxidative and reductive pathways was evaluated by the changes in the reduction potentials (Eh) of cytoplasmic (lactate, pyruvate) and mitochondrial (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate) redox couples. Antioxidant redox was measured by the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. We used cross-correlation analysis to evaluate the relationships between the trajectories of Eh, insulin, glucose, and respiratory exchange during COF. DDIT3 and XBP1s/u mRNA were measured as markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in adipose tissue before and after COF. Here, we show that acute COF is characterized by net transfer of electrons from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Circulating glutathione is oxidized in a manner that significantly cross-correlates with increasing insulin levels and precedes the decrease in cytoplasmic Eh. This effect is more pronounced in overweight individuals (OW). Markers of ER stress in subcutaneous fat are detectable in OW within 4 h. We conclude that acute COF contributes to metabolic dysfunction through insulin-dependent pathways that promote electron transfer to the cytoplasm and decrease antioxidant capacity. Characterization of redox during overfeeding is important for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current principles assume that conversion of thermic energy to metabolically useful energy follows fixed rules. These principles ignore the possibility of variable proton uncoupling in mitochondria. Our study shows that the net balance of electron distribution between mitochondria and cytoplasm is influenced by insulin in a manner that reduces proton leakage during overfeeding. Characterization of the effects of insulin on redox balance is important for understanding obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal Istfan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Caroline Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tova Meshulam
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liqun Yu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy Anderson
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Cohen CC, Perng W, Sauder KA, Ringham BM, Bellatorre A, Scherzinger A, Stanislawski MA, Lange LA, Shankar K, Dabelea D. Associations of Nutrient Intake Changes During Childhood with Adolescent Hepatic Fat: The Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among CHildren Study. J Pediatr 2021; 237:50-58.e3. [PMID: 34171361 PMCID: PMC8478817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat and whether the PNPLA3 rs738409 risk allele, a strong genetic risk factor for hepatic fat, modifies associations. STUDY DESIGN Data were from 358 participants in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among CHildren (EPOCH) study, a longitudinal cohort in Colorado. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in childhood (approximately 10 years of age) and adolescence (approximately 16 years of age) and converted to nutrient densities. Hepatic fat was assessed in adolescence by magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression was used to test associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat. RESULTS Increases in fiber, vegetable protein, and polyunsaturated fat intake from childhood to adolescence were associated with lower adolescent hepatic fat, and increases in animal protein were associated with higher hepatic fat (β per 5-unit increase on log-hepatic fat: -0.12 [95% CI, -0.21 to -0.02] for ▵fiber; -0.26 [95% CI, -0.45 to -0.07] for ▵vegetable protein; -0.18 [95% CI, -0.35 to -0.02] for ▵polyunsaturated fat; 0.13 [95% CI, 0.04-0.22] for ▵animal protein). There was evidence of effect modification by PNPLA3 variant, whereby inverse associations of ▵fiber and ▵vegetable protein and positive associations of ▵saturated fat with adolescent hepatic fat were stronger in risk allele carriers. Most conclusions were similar after adjusting for obesity in adolescence, but associations of ▵saturated fat with hepatic fat were attenuated toward the null. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that nutrient intake changes between childhood and adolescence, particularly decreases in fiber and vegetable protein and increases in saturated fat intake, interact with the PNPLA3 variant to predict higher hepatic fat in adolescence, and may be targets for reducing hepatic fat in high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Wei Perng
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Brandy M. Ringham
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Anna Bellatorre
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ann Scherzinger
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Maggie A. Stanislawski
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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7
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Oses M, Medrano M, Galbete A, Arenaza L, Ruiz JR, Sánchez-Valverde F, Ortega FB, Labayen I. A sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle-based prediction score for screening children with overweight and obesity for hepatic steatosis: The HEPAKID index. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12770. [PMID: 33403830 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis (HS) is currently the most prevalent hepatic disease in paediatric population and a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The proper identification of children with HS is therefore of great public health interest. OBJECTIVE To develop a new prediction score using anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors to identify children with HS (the HEPAKID index). Previously published biochemical paediatric screening tools were validated in the same cohort. METHODS A total of 115 pre-adolescent children aged 8 to 12 years with overweight/obesity, recruited at hospital paediatric units were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. HS (≥5.5% hepatic fat) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were collected by validated tests/questionnaires. RESULTS Forty-one children had MRI-diagnosed HS (35.6%, 49% girls). These children had (P < .01) a higher waist-height ratio, a lower cardiorespiratory fitness, a younger gestational age, and consumed more sugar-sweetened beverages than their HS-free peers. Children with HS were more likely to belong to an ethnic minority (P < .01) and to spend longer viewing screens than recommended (P < .05). The addition of these variables to the multivariate logistic regression model afforded a HEPAKID index with high discriminatory capacity (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve: 0.808, 95% CI 0.715-0.901), and score of ≥25.0 was associated with high sensitivity (82%, 95% CI 68%-96%). Biochemical biomarker-based paediatric tools for identifying HS showed only moderate discriminatory capacity and low sensitivity (5%-41%) in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS The HEPAKID index is the first simple, non-invasive, sensitive, inexpensive and easy-to-perform screening that can identify children with overweight or obesity who have HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddi Oses
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), IdisNA, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Medrano
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), IdisNA, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Galbete
- Navarrabiomed-Hospital Complex of Navarra and Public University of Navarra IdisNA, REDISSEC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lide Arenaza
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), IdisNA, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), IdisNA, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Maskarinec G, Garber AK, Wong MC, Kelly N, Kazemi L, Buchthal SD, Fearnbach N, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd JA. Predictors of liver fat among children and adolescents from five different ethnic groups. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 7:53-62. [PMID: 33680492 PMCID: PMC7909587 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives As rates of obesity around the world have increased, so has the detection of high level of liver fat in children and adolescents. This may put them at risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. This analysis of a cross‐sectional population‐based study of children and adolescents evaluated demographic and lifestyle determinants of percent liver fat. Methods Healthy participants (123 girls and 99 boys aged 5–17 years) recruited by convenience sampling in three locations completed questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and dual X‐ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment. General linear models were applied to estimate the association of demographic, anthropometric, and dietary factors as well as physical activity with MRI‐based percent liver fat. Results The strongest predictor of liver fat was body mass index (BMI; p < 0.0001); overweight and obesity were associated with 0.5% and 1% higher liver fat levels. The respective adjusted mean percent values were 2.9 (95% CI 2.7, 3.1) and 3.4 (95% CI 3.2, 3.6) as compared to normal weight (2.4; 95% CI 2.3, 2.6). Mean percent liver fat was highest in Whites and African Americans, intermediate in Hispanic, and lowest among Asians and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (p < 0.0001). Age (p = 0.67), sex (p = 0.28), physical activity (p = 0.74), and diet quality (p = 0.70) were not significantly related with liver fat. Conclusions This study in multiethnic children and adolescents confirms the strong relationship of BMI with percent liver fat even in a population with low liver fat levels without detecting an association with age, sex, and dietary or physical activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea K Garber
- University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | | | - Nisa Kelly
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Leila Kazemi
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
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9
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Plaza-Díaz J, Molina-Montes E, Soto-Méndez MJ, Madrigal C, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Valero T, Lara Villoslada F, Leis R, Martínez de Victoria E, Moreno JM, Ortega RM, Ruiz-López MD, Varela-Moreiras G, Gil Á. Clustering of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles Among Spanish Children in the EsNuPI Study †. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092536. [PMID: 32825604 PMCID: PMC7551863 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns (DPs) are known to be tied to lifestyle behaviors. Understanding DPs and their relationships with lifestyle factors can help to prevent children from engaging in unhealthy dietary practices. We aimed to describe DPs in Spanish children aged 1 to <10 years and to examine their associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. The consumption of toddler and young children milk formulas, enriched and fortified milk within the Spanish pediatric population is increasing, and there is a lack of evidence whether the consumption of this type of milk is causing an impact on nutrient intakes and if they are helping to reach the nutrient recommendations. Within the Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI), we considered two study cohorts and three different age groups in three year-intervals in each of them. The study cohort included 740 children in a representative sample of the urban non-vegan Spanish population and 772 children in a convenience cohort of adapted milk consumers (AMS) (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) who provided information about sociodemographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits; a food frequency questionnaire was used for the latter. Principal component analysis was performed to identify DPs from 18 food groups. Food groups and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables were combined through a hierarchical cluster algorithm. Three DPs predominated in every age group and study sample: a palatable energy-dense food dietary pattern, and two Mediterranean-like DPs. However, children from the AMS showed a predominant dietary pattern markedly related to the Mediterranean diet, with high consumption of cereals, fruits and vegetables, as well as milk and dairy products. The age of children and certain lifestyle factors, namely level of physical activity, parental education, and household income, correlated closely with the dietary clusters. Thus, the findings provide insight into designing lifestyle interventions that could reverse the appearance of unhealthy DPs in the Spanish child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (E.M.d.V.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (E.M.d.V.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - María José Soto-Méndez
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.)
| | - Casandra Madrigal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.)
| | - Ángela Hernández-Ruiz
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.)
| | - Teresa Valero
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
| | | | - Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Martínez de Victoria
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (E.M.d.V.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Navarra Clinic, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (E.M.d.V.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.)
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (E.M.d.V.); (M.D.R.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.H.-R.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-695466922
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The Effect of a Family-Based Lifestyle Education Program on Dietary Habits, Hepatic Fat and Adiposity Markers in 8-12-Year-Old Children with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051443. [PMID: 32429379 PMCID: PMC7284532 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy lifestyle education programs are recommended for obesity prevention and treatment. However, there is no previous information on the effects of these programs on the reduction of hepatic fat percentage. The aims were (i) to examine the effectiveness of a 22-week family-based lifestyle education program on dietary habits, and (ii) to explore the associations of changes in dietary intake with percent hepatic fat reduction and adiposity in children with overweight/obesity. A total of 81 children with overweight/obesity (aged 10.6 ± 1.1 years, 53.1% girls) and their parents attended a 22-week family based healthy lifestyle and psychoeducational program accompanied with (intensive group) or without (control) an exercise program. Hepatic fat (magnetic resonance imaging), adiposity (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and dietary habits (two non-consecutive 24 h-recalls) were assessed before and after the intervention. Energy (p < 0.01) fat (p < 0.01) and added sugar (p < 0.03) intake were significantly reduced in both groups at the end of the program, while, in addition, carbohydrates intake (p < 0.04) was reduced exclusively in the control group, and simple sugar (p < 0.05) and cholesterol (p < 0.03) intake was reduced in the exercise group. Fruit (p < 0.03) and low-fat/skimmed dairy consumption (p < 0.02), the adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and teenagers (KIDMED, p < 0.01) and breakfast quality index (p < 0.03) were significantly higher in both control and intervention groups after the intervention. Moreover, participants in the exercise group increased the adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (p < 0.001), whereas the ratio of evening-morning energy intake was significantly lower exclusively in the control group after the program (p < 0.02). Changes in energy intake were significantly associated with changes in fat mass index (FMI) in the exercise group, whereas changes in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption was associated with percent hepatic fat reduction (p < 0.05) in the control group. A 22-week family-based healthy lifestyle program seems to be effective on improving diet quality and health in children with overweight/obesity and these should focus on SSB avoidance and physical activity.
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