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Abrignani V, Salvo A, Pacinella G, Tuttolomondo A. The Mediterranean Diet, Its Microbiome Connections, and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4942. [PMID: 38732161 PMCID: PMC11084172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in minimally processed plant foods and in monounsaturated fats but low in saturated fats, meat, and dairy products, represents one of the most studied diets for cardiovascular health. It has been shown, from both observational and randomized controlled trials, that MD reduces body weight, improves cardiovascular disease surrogates such as waist-to-hip ratios, lipids, and inflammation markers, and even prevents the development of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. However, it is unclear whether it offers cardiovascular benefits from its individual components or as a whole. Furthermore, limitations in the methodology of studies and meta-analyses have raised some concerns over its potential cardiovascular benefits. MD is also associated with characteristic changes in the intestinal microbiota, mediated through its constituents. These include increased growth of species producing short-chain fatty acids, such as Clostridium leptum and Eubacterium rectale, increased growth of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, and reduced growth of Firmicutes and Blautia species. Such changes are known to be favorably associated with inflammation, oxidative status, and overall metabolic health. This review will focus on the effects of MD on cardiovascular health through its action on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Abrignani
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Salvo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pacinella
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Tian QB, Chen SJ, Xiao LJ, Xie JQ, Zhao HB, Zhang X. Potential effects of nutrition-induced alteration of gut microbiota on inflammatory bowel disease: A review. J Dig Dis 2024; 25:78-90. [PMID: 38450936 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a group of gradually progressive diseases bringing significant mental anguish and imposes serious economic burdens. Interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Nutrients, as crucial environmental determinants, mainly encompassing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and micronutrients, are closely related to the pathogenesis and development of IBD. Nutrition is essential for maintaining the dynamic balance of intestinal eco-environments to ensure intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis, while this balance can be disrupted easily by maladjusted nutrition. Research has firmly established that nutrition has the potential to shape the composition and function of gut microbiota to affect the disease course. Unhealthy diet and eating disorders lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis and further destroy the function of intestinal barrier such as the disruption of membrane integrity and increased permeability, thereby triggering intestinal inflammation. Notably, appropriate nutritional interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, can positively modulate intestinal microecology, which may provide a promising strategy for future IBD prevention. In this review, we provide insights into the interplay between nutrition and gut microbiota and its effects on IBD and present some previously overlooked lines of evidence regarding the role of derived metabolites in IBD processes, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and imidazole propionate. Furthermore, we provide some insights into reducing the risk of onset and exacerbation of IBD by modifying nutrition and discuss several outstanding challenges and opportunities for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bai Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shui Jiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Jun Xiao
- Guangdong Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia Qi Xie
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Bo Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Zhang YW, Song PR, Wang SC, Liu H, Shi ZM, Su JC. Diets intervene osteoporosis via gut-bone axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2295432. [PMID: 38174650 PMCID: PMC10773645 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2295432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that seriously endangers the health of middle-aged and older adults. Recently, with the continuous deepening of research, an increasing number of studies have revealed gut microbiota as a potential target for osteoporosis, and the research concept of the gut-bone axis has gradually emerged. Additionally, the intake of dietary nutrients and the adoption of dietary patterns may affect the gut microbiota, and alterations in the gut microbiota might also influence the metabolic status of the host, thus adjusting bone metabolism. Based on the gut-bone axis, dietary intake can also participate in the modulation of bone metabolism by altering abundance, diversity, and composition of gut microbiota. Herein, combined with emerging literatures and relevant studies, this review is aimed to summarize the impacts of different dietary components and patterns on osteoporosis by acting on gut microbiota, as well as underlying mechanisms and proper dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ran Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Min Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Graphical abstracts in British Journal of Nutrition - ADDENDUM. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:2023-2024. [PMID: 37203591 PMCID: PMC10630149 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Bakonyi P, Kolonics A, Aczel D, Zhou L, Mozaffaritabar S, Molnár K, László L, Kutasi B, Tanisawa K, Park J, Gu Y, Pinho RA, Radak Z. Voluntary exercise does not increase gastrointestinal motility but increases spatial memory, intestinal eNOS, Akt levels, and Bifidobacteria abundance in the microbiome. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1173636. [PMID: 37664431 PMCID: PMC10468588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the gut and brain is a great puzzle since it is mediated by very complex mechanisms. Therefore, the possible interactions of the brain-exercise-intestine-microbiome axis were investigated in a control (C, N = 6) and voluntarily exercised (VE, N = 8) middle-aged rats. The endurance capacity was assessed by VO2max on the treadmill, spatial memory by the Morris maze test, gastrointestinal motility by EMG, the microbiome by 16S RNA gene amplicon sequencing, caveolae by electron microscopy, and biochemical assays were used to measure protein levels and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Eight weeks of voluntary running increased VO2max, and spatial memory was assessed by the Morris maze test but did not significantly change the motility of the gastrointestinal tract or production of ROS in the intestine. The protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels significantly increased in the intestine, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1), SIRT1, SIRT3, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) did not change. On the other hand, voluntary exercise increased the number of caveolae in the smooth muscles of the intestine and relative abundance of Bifidobacteria in the microbiome, which correlated with the Akt levels in the intestine. Voluntary exercise has systemic effects and the relationship between intestinal Akt and the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract could be an important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kolonics
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Aczel
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Soroosh Mozaffaritabar
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Kutasi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Jonguk Park
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ricardo A. Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Bianco A, Franco I, Curci R, Bonfiglio C, Campanella A, Mirizzi A, Fucilli F, Di Giovanni G, Giampaolo N, Pesole PL, Osella AR. Diet and Exercise Exert a Differential Effect on Glucose Metabolism Markers According to the Degree of NAFLD Severity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102252. [PMID: 37242135 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are highly prevalent diseases worldwide. Insulin Resistance (IR) is the common denominator of the two conditions even if the precise timing of onset is unknown. Lifestyle change remains the most effective treatment to manage NAFLD. This study aimed to estimate the effect of the Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD) and exercise (aerobic and resistance) over a one-year period on the longitudinal trajectories of glucose metabolism regulatory pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this observational study, 58 subjects (aged 18-65) with different degrees of NAFLD severity were enrolled by the National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", to follow a 12-month program of combined exercise and diet. RESULTS The mean age was 55 ± 7 years old. Gender was equally distributed among NAFLD categories. There was a statistically significant main effect of time for glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) over the whole period (-5.41, 95% CI: -7.51; -3.32). There was a steady, statistically significant decrease of HbA1c in participants with moderate and severe NAFLD whereas this effect was observed after the 9th month in those with mild NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS The proposed program significantly improves glucose metabolism parameters, especially HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bianco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Isabella Franco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Ritanna Curci
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Caterina Bonfiglio
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Angelo Campanella
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Antonella Mirizzi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Fabio Fucilli
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Giampaolo
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Pasqua Letizia Pesole
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Alberto Ruben Osella
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
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Hanna AMR. Solving the Obesity Crisis in Older Adults with the Mediterranean Diet: Policy Brief. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:966-971. [PMID: 37997717 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease classified by excessive accumulation of fat which may impair health. The prevalence of obesity is increasing in most nations worldwide, both developed and developing. At the same time, the aging population is also growing worldwide. In the United States, approximately 38% of adults 60+ years old are obese, with similar trends in Canada and the United Kingdom. Obesity is associated with increased risk of death (mortality) and disease (morbidity) and carries specific risks for older adults, such disability and frailty. It also presents a financial burden. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is an extensively studied healthy diet pattern which can be used to combat obesity in older populations. Specifically for older adults, the MedDiet has benefits over other common diets or weight-loss interventions. This policy brief provides suggestions specifically for the Canadian population, though they are general enough to be applied to other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M R Hanna
- Andrew M. R. Hanna, Aging and Health Program, Department of Rehabilitation Science, Queen's University, Louise D. Acton Building, 31 George St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Institution Main Phone: 613-533-6000, Author Institutional
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intestinal microbiome modulates the risk of several age-related chronic diseases and syndromes, including frailty and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we provided an update on the influence of gut microbiota on physical and cognitive performance in older age and suggest microbiota-targeted interventions for healthy ageing. RECENT FINDINGS Low uniqueness index of the gut microbiome and high representation of Bacteroides are independently associated with mortality in older individuals, while the centenarian microbiome is characterized by high abundance of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria . Frailty syndrome, sarcopenia and cognitive decline are associated with reduced faecal microbiota biodiversity, reduced abundance of bacteria able to synthetize short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , and reduced faecal butyrate levels. Dietary intervention, especially involving Mediterranean diet, and exercise training seem to be associated with improved biodiversity of the microbiota, increased capacity of SCFA synthesis and, probably, protection against the onset of frailty and cognitive decline. SUMMARY The gut microbiota biodiversity and composition may reflect the different ageing trajectory, but further research is needed to understand potential independent and combined effects of environmental and lifestyle factors in older adults, especially from a clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Minihane AM, Murphy KJ. The health benefits and practical considerations for the adoption of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1201-1205. [PMID: 35968700 PMCID: PMC9530795 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Joy Murphy
- Clinical and Health Sciences, ARENA, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- email
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