1
|
Hassan E, Obaidoon Y, Mostafiz MM, Senior L. Effect of Plant Essential Oil Formulations on Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) and Its Parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati (Zolnerowich and Rose). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4137. [PMID: 38140464 PMCID: PMC10747523 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Silverleaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), consists of genetically diverse species known to cause significant destruction in many crops around the world. Nowadays, synthetic insecticides are a key component in the management of this pest. However, they also come with disadvantages, such as environmental pollution, pest resistance and recurrence, and toxicity to pollinators and natural enemies. Essential oils from aromatic plants and biocontrol agents may provide a new and safe alternative to synthetic chemicals. In this study, we assessed the lethal impact of three new plant essential oil formulations (referred to as F1, F2, and F3) against the developmental stages of B. tabaci and its parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati (Zolnerowich and Rose) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The tested formulations consisted of combinations of mustard oil and different surfactants. The formulations were effective against the eggs and nymphal stages of B. tabaci. At the highest concentration assessed (1.23%), F1 was the most effective formulation against the eggs, resulting in 85% mortality, whereas F2 was most effective against the nymphs (92.5% and 88.3% mortality for the young and old nymphs, respectively). However, adult mortality rates were below 40% for all the tested formulations. The range of median lethal concentration (LC50) values was between 0.65 and 1.05% for B. tabaci. The side effects of the three formulations were assessed against E. hayati, treated as parasitized nymphs of B. tabaci. At the highest tested concentration (1.23%), F2 and F3 resulted in 80% and 70% mortality of the parasitoids, respectively (classified as moderately or slightly harmful according to the IOBC), whereas F1 resulted in 17.5% mortality. As F1 was effective against SLW with minimal effects on the parasitoid, it is the most suitable formulation of those tested for use in an integrated pest management (IPM) program targeting the younger life stages of B. tabaci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Errol Hassan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4343, Australia (Y.O.)
| | - Yasir Obaidoon
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4343, Australia (Y.O.)
| | - Md Munir Mostafiz
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Lara Senior
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong YW, Fan YY, Zuo ZQ, Shu RG, Liu YQ, Luan JB, Li F, Liu SS. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the parasitoid wasp Eretmocerus hayati. Sci Data 2023; 10:585. [PMID: 37673910 PMCID: PMC10482854 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera is an order accounting for a large proportion of species in Insecta, among which Chalcidoidea contains many parasitoid species of biocontrol significance. Currently, some species genomes in Chalcidoidea have been assembled, but the chromosome-level genomes of Aphelinidae are not yet available. Using Illumina, PacBio HiFi and Hi-C technologies, we assembled a genome assembly of Eretmocerus hayati (Aphelinidae, Hymenoptera), a worldwide biocontrol agent of whiteflies, at the chromosome level. The assembled genome size is 692.1 Mb with a contig N50 of 7.96 Mb. After Hi-C scaffolding, the contigs was assembled onto four chromosomes with a mapping rate of > 98%. The scaffold N50 length is 192.5 Mb, and Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologues (BUSCO) value is 95.9%. The genome contains 370.8 Mb repeat sequences and total of 24471 protein coding genes. P450 gene families were identified and analyzed. In conclusion, our chromosome-level genome assembly provides valuable support for future research on the evolution of parasitoid wasps and the interaction between hosts and parasitoid wasps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Qi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Run-Guo Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hopkinson J, Balzer J, Fang C, Walsh T. Insecticide resistance management of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australian cotton - pyriproxyfen, spirotetramat and buprofezin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1829-1839. [PMID: 36655826 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bemisia tabaci is a globally significant agricultural pest including in Australia, where it exhibits resistance to numerous insecticides. With a recent label change, buprofezin (group 16), is now used for whitefly management in Australia. This study investigated resistance to pyriproxyfen (group 7C), spirotetramat (group 23) and buprofezin using bioassays and available molecular markers. RESULTS Bioassay and selection testing of B. tabaci populations detected resistance to pyriproxyfen with resistance ratios ranging from 4.1 to 56. Resistance to spirotetramat was detected using bioassay, selection testing and sequencing techniques. In populations collected from cotton, the A2083V mutation was detected in three populations of 85 tested, at frequencies ≤4.1%, whereas in limited surveillance of populations from an intensive horticultural region the frequency was ≥75.8%. The baseline susceptibility of B. tabaci to buprofezin was determined from populations tested from 2019 to 2020, in which LC50 values ranged from 0.61 to 10.75 mg L-1 . From the bioassay data, a discriminating dose of 200 mg L-1 was developed. Recent surveillance of 16 populations detected no evidence of resistance with 100% mortality recorded at doses ≤32 mg L-1 . A cross-resistance study found no conclusive evidence of resistance to buprofezin in populations with high resistance to pyriproxyfen or spirotetramat. CONCLUSIONS In Australian cotton, B. tabaci pest management is challenged by ongoing resistance to pyriproxyfen, while resistance to spirotetramat is an emerging issue. The addition of buprofezin provides a new mode-of-action for whitefly pest management, which will strengthen the existing insecticide resistance management strategy. © 2023 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hopkinson
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Jacob Balzer
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Cao Fang
- CSIRO, Acton, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tom Walsh
- CSIRO, Acton, Australia
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cold Storage Effects on Fitness of the Whitefly Parasitoids Encarsia sophia and Eretmocerus hayati. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070428. [PMID: 32659981 PMCID: PMC7412127 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful biological control of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci involves the mass rearing of biocontrol agents in large numbers for field release. Cold storage of the biocontrol agents is often necessary to provide a sufficient number of biocontrol agents during an eventual pest outbreak. In this study, the fitness of two whitefly parasitoids Encarsia sophia Girault and Dodd (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was evaluated under fluctuating cold storage temperatures. The emergence rate of old pupae of either species was not affected when stored at 12, 10, 8 and 6 °C for 1 week. Cold storage had no effect on the longevity of the emerging adult En. sophia except young pupae stored at 4 °C, while Er. hayati was negatively affected after 2 weeks of storage time at all temperatures. Parasitism by adults emerging from older pupae stored at 12 °C for 1 week was equivalent to the control. Combined with the results for the emergence time, we suggest that the old pupal stage of En. sophia and Er. hayati could be stored at 12 and 10 °C, respectively (transferred every 22 h to 26 ± 1 °C for 2 h), for 1 week, with no or little adverse effect.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Ferrante M, Wan F, Yang N, Lövei GL. The Parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati Is Compatible with Barrier Cropping to Decrease Whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci MED) Densities on Cotton in China. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010057. [PMID: 31963471 PMCID: PMC7022622 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) cryptic species Mediterranean (MED), is a destructive insect pest worldwide. In order to contribute to controlling B. tabaci by non-chemical methods, we examined the possibility of using a combination of trap/barrier crops and a parasitoid natural enemy in cotton. We performed field experiments using cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) as trap crops and maize (Zea mays) as a barrier crop combined with periodic releases of the parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati in Hebei Province, Northern China. All treatments significantly reduced immature whitefly densities. Parasitism rate was significantly higher in cotton plots intercropped with sunflower and with perimeter-planted cantaloupe. Adult whitefly density was negatively related to parasitoid abundance and was significantly lower in cotton plots intercropped with maize than in the control plots. Intercropping was more effective than perimeter-planting at reducing B. tabaci densities and increasing yield. Parasitoid dispersal was not hampered by barrier crops, indicating that the two methods of control are compatible. These results contribute to the development of integrated pest management methods against this important pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Marco Ferrante
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion IL-8499000, Israel;
- CE3C–Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, PT-9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Fanghao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
| | - Nianwan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (G.L.L.); Tel.: +45-8715-8224 (G.L.L.)
| | - Gábor L. Lövei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (F.W.)
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg Research Centre, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (G.L.L.); Tel.: +45-8715-8224 (G.L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ou D, Ren LM, -Liu Y, Ali S, Wang XM, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL. Compatibility and Efficacy of the Parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati and the Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps javanica for Biological Control of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120425. [PMID: 31775366 PMCID: PMC6956003 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is an effective method for whitefly management compared to the potential problems caused by chemical control, including environmental pollution and the development of resistance. Combined use of insect parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi has shown high efficiency in Bemisia tabaci control. Here, we assessed the impacts of an entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps javanica, on the parasitism rate of a dominant whitefly parasitoid, Eretmocerus hayati, and for the first time also compared their separate and combined potential in the suppression of B. tabaci under semi-field conditions. Six conidial concentrations of C. javanica (1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia/mL) were used to assess its pathogenicity to the pupae and adults of E. hayati. Results showed that the mortality of E. hayati increased with higher concentrations of C. javanica, but these higher concentrations of fungus had low pathogenicity to both the E. hayati pupae (2.00–28.00% mortality) and adults (2.67–34.00% mortality) relative to their pathogenicity to B. tabaci nymphs (33.33–92.68%). Bioassay results indicated that C. javanica was harmless (LC50 = 3.91 × 1010) and slightly harmful (LC50 = 5.56 × 109) to the pupae and adults of E. hayati respectively on the basis of IOBC criteria, and that E. hayati could parasitize all nymphal instars of B. tabaci that were pretreated with C. javanica, with its rate of parasitism being highest on second-instar nymphs (62.03%). Interestingly, the parasitoids from second and third-instar B. tabaci nymphs infected with C. javanica had progeny with increased longevity and developmental periods. Moreover, experimental data from 15 day semi-field studies indicate that combined application of C. javanica and E. hayati suppresses B. tabaci with higher efficiency than individual applications of both agents. Therefore, combined applications of C. javanica (1 × 108 conidia/mL) and E. hayati is a more effective and compatible biological control strategy for management of B. tabaci than using either of them individually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.O.); (Y.-L.); (S.A.); (X.-M.W.)
| | - Li-Mei Ren
- School of Resources and Environment Sciences, Baoshan University, Baoshan 678000, China;
| | - Yuan -Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.O.); (Y.-L.); (S.A.); (X.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.O.); (Y.-L.); (S.A.); (X.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xing-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.O.); (Y.-L.); (S.A.); (X.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z. Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA;
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (D.O.); (Y.-L.); (S.A.); (X.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8528-3717
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
James S, Collins FH, Welkhoff PA, Emerson C, Godfray HCJ, Gottlieb M, Greenwood B, Lindsay SW, Mbogo CM, Okumu FO, Quemada H, Savadogo M, Singh JA, Tountas KH, Touré YT. Pathway to Deployment of Gene Drive Mosquitoes as a Potential Biocontrol Tool for Elimination of Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recommendations of a Scientific Working Group †. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1-49. [PMID: 29882508 PMCID: PMC5993454 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene drive technology offers the promise for a high-impact, cost-effective, and durable method to control malaria transmission that would make a significant contribution to elimination. Gene drive systems, such as those based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein, have the potential to spread beneficial traits through interbreeding populations of malaria mosquitoes. However, the characteristics of this technology have raised concerns that necessitate careful consideration of the product development pathway. A multidisciplinary working group considered the implications of low-threshold gene drive systems on the development pathway described in the World Health Organization Guidance Framework for testing genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes, focusing on reduction of malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Africa as a case study. The group developed recommendations for the safe and ethical testing of gene drive mosquitoes, drawing on prior experience with other vector control tools, GM organisms, and biocontrol agents. These recommendations are organized according to a testing plan that seeks to maximize safety by incrementally increasing the degree of human and environmental exposure to the investigational product. As with biocontrol agents, emphasis is placed on safety evaluation at the end of physically confined laboratory testing as a major decision point for whether to enter field testing. Progression through the testing pathway is based on fulfillment of safety and efficacy criteria, and is subject to regulatory and ethical approvals, as well as social acceptance. The working group identified several resources that were considered important to support responsible field testing of gene drive mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie James
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hector Quemada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Moussa Savadogo
- New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jerome A. Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Karen H. Tountas
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeya T. Touré
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Xu HY, Yang NW, Chi H, Ren GD, Wan FH. Comparison of demographic fitness and biocontrol effectiveness of two parasitoids, Encarsia sophia and Eretmocerus hayati (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2116-2124. [PMID: 29528561 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autoparasitoid Encarsia sophia and the primary parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati are two important parasitoids used against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, with different reproductive strategies. To incorporate these two parasitoids into a sustainable whitefly control program, it is necessary to evaluate and compare their fitness and biocontrol effectiveness under identical experimental conditions. The demographic characteristics, parasitism rate and host-feeding rate of En. sophia and Er. hayati were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table and the CONSUME-MSChart computer program. RESULTS The mean fecundity of Er. hayati (211.4 offspring per female) was significantly higher than that of En. sophia (101.6 offspring per female), although the oviposition days of En. sophia was longer than that of Er. hayati. No significant difference was found in the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) or net reproduction rate (R0 ) between the two parasitoid species, but the mean generation time (T) of En. sophia (18.8 days) was significantly shorter than that of Er. hayati (20.5 days). The net host feeding rate (C0 ) of En. sophia was 84.1 whiteflies per individual, significantly higher than the 17.6 whiteflies per individual consumed by Er. hayati. The finite killing rate (ν) of En. sophia (0.6713) for whitefly was significantly greater than that produced by Er. hayati (0.3652). CONCLUSION The En. sophia population can increase faster and have a higher killing potential than the Er. hayati population. Taking both the demographic fitness and killing potential of the two parasitoids into consideration, En. sophia would be the preferred choice to release in a biological control program. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Nian-Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Guo-Dong Ren
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu HY, Yang NW, Duan M, Wan FH. Functional response, host stage preference and interference of two whitefly parasitoids. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:134-144. [PMID: 25393924 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The functional responses of two parasitoids, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose and Encarsia sophia Girault & Dodd, of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Middle East-Asia Minor 1 were studied under laboratory conditions. In addition, the influence of host density and host stage on the competitive interactions between the two parasitoids, and biological control effect on whitefly were evaluated. In the functional response study, adult parasitoids were tested individually, with a conspecific or heterospecific competitor. Both Er. hayati and En. sophia exhibited a type II response to increasing host density, whether a conspecific or heterospecific competitor was present or not. Difference of searching rates and handling times between treatments suggested interference interactions existed between two parasitoid species. In the host stage preference study, two parasitoid species were jointly tested. Er. hayati had a competitive advantage over En. sophia when provided young host instars (first and second instar), whereas no advantage was found on old host instars (third and fourth instar). The biological control effect of Er. hayati and En. sophia in different introductions varied with host density. However, the effect of host instar on host mortality was not significant. These findings provide information for the practice of biological control and give better insight into how parasitoid species may coexist in diverse environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nian-Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Whiteflies are a key pest of crops in open-field production throughout the tropics and subtropics. This is due in large part to the long and diverse list of devastating plant viruses transmitted by these vectors. Open-field production provides many challenges to manage these viruses and in many cases adequate management has not been possible. Diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted viruses have become limiting factors in open-field production of a wide range of crops, i.e., bean golden mosaic disease in beans, tomato yellow leaf curl disease in tomato, cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease in cassava, and cotton leaf crumple disease in cotton. While host resistance has proven to be the most cost-effective management solution, few examples of host resistance have been developed to date. The main strategy to limit the incidence of virus-infected plants has been the application of insecticides to reduce vector populations aided to some extent by the use of selected cultural practices. However, due to concerns about the effect of insecticides on pollinators, consumer demand for reduced pesticide use, and the ability of the whitefly vectors to develop insecticide-resistance, there is a growing need to develop and deploy strategies that do not rely on insecticides. The reduction in pesticide use will greatly increase the need for genetic resistance to more viruses in more crop plants. Resistance combined with selected IPM strategies could become a viable means to increase yields in crops produced in open fields despite the presence of whitefly-transmitted viruses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kristensen NP, De Barro PJ, Schellhorn NA. The initial dispersal and spread of an intentional invader at three spatial scales. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62407. [PMID: 23671595 PMCID: PMC3646002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The way an invasion progresses through space is a theme of interest common to invasion ecology and biological pest control. Models and mark-release studies of arthropods have been used extensively to extend and inform invasion processes of establishment and spread. However, the extremely common single-scale approach of monitoring initial spread leads to misinterpretation of rate and mode. Using the intentional release of a novel biological control agent (a parasitic hymenoptera, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), we studied its initial dispersal and spread at three different spatial scales, the local scale (tens of metres), field scale (hundreds of metres) and landscape scale (kilometres) around the release point. We fit models to each observed spread pattern at each spatial scale. We show that E. hayati exhibits stratified dispersal; moving further, faster and by a different mechanism than would have been concluded with a single local-scale post-release sampling design. In fact, interpretation of each scale independent of other scales gave three different models of dispersal, and three different impressions of the dominant dispersal mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that using a single-scale approach may lead to quite erroneous conclusions, hence the necessity of using a multiple-scale hierarchical sampling design for inferring spread and the dominant dispersal mechanism of either human intended or unintended invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah P. Kristensen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. De Barro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nancy A. Schellhorn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|