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Lozano-Morales LV, Gutiérrez-García AA, Salamanca L, Barreto-Triana N, Sarmiento CE. Altitude is correlated with body size differences among Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) wasps collected in two mountain ranges. ZOOLOGY 2024; 166:126197. [PMID: 39232351 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Living at high altitudes impose physiological and ecological challenges to which species may respond altering their body size, body proportions, and the shape of their body parts. Despite the importance of this topic for understanding the origin of species diversity, little attention has been invested in this phenomenon at the populational level. This paper study the relationship between altitude and body size, body proportions, and forewing shape venation of two populations of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes. Wasps were collected from Diatraea spp. larvae from sugarcane crops in two Colombian mountain ranges that cover between 600 m and 2143 m of altitude. Linear measurements of different body regions and geometric morphometrics of the forewing were subject to multivariate comparisons and allometric analyses to assess variation and to compare trends between ranges. Central (600 m to 1704 m) and Eastern Cordillera (877 m to 2143 m) populations showed different trends between body size and altitude. Allometric trends were not uniform within or between populations nor between structures. The allometric slopes of five body measurements from a single altitude differed from these from its own mountain range suggesting that body size trends along the cordilleras are a consequence of altitude and not of intrinsic body resource allocation processes. Wing shape between populations differed; however, these changes were poorly related to altitude. In agreement with recent studies in other groups, the observed allometric and wing shape differences between the two C. flavipes populations could be a plasticity response to altitude with interesting implications for posterior genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina V Lozano-Morales
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, carrera 30 No. 45-3 Edificio 425, oficina 303, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Andrés A Gutiérrez-García
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, carrera 30 No. 45-3 Edificio 425, oficina 303, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Nancy Barreto-Triana
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, km 14 vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, carrera 30 No. 45-3 Edificio 425, oficina 303, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
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2
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Gemmellaro MD, Forzisi EG, Anderson GS, Hamilton GC, Weidner LM. A geometric morphometric analysis of wing variations in shape and size of the blue bottle fly, Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:577-586. [PMID: 38780061 PMCID: PMC11329625 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A geometric morphometric analysis was performed on the right wing of adult Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) collected across 4 altitudinal levels in Sicily. The objective of this study was to assess differences in shape and centroid size (CS) between females and males and across elevations. The wings analyzed in this study were removed from adults of C. vicina collected with baited traps at 20, 700, 1,153, and 1,552; for this study, 19 landmarks were identified in each wing. The coordinates of the landmarks were aligned and superimposed to prevent variations due to position, orientation, and scale; they were then scaled to the same CS and recentered. CS and Procrustes differences were, respectively, used to assess variations in size and shape. Significant differences were observed in wing shape between males and females but not between all altitudinal levels. Female wings were found to be significantly larger than males (P < 0.01). Wings of flies collected at the highest altitudinal level resulted in significantly larger wings than those collected at lower altitudes (P < 0.001), with CS values ranging from 12.1 to 14.1. Variation in wing shape can impact thermal regulation, and therefore, oxygen content, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and solar radiation can have an effect on an insect's body and activity levels. At high elevations and lower temperatures, larger wings could mean less energy expenditure when flying to increase body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena G Forzisi
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gail S Anderson
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - George C Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lauren M Weidner
- School of Interdisciplinary Forensics, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
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3
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Kardum Hjort C, Paris JR, Smith HG, Dudaniec RY. Selection despite low genetic diversity and high gene flow in a rapid island invasion of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17212. [PMID: 37990959 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species are predicted to adjust their morphological, physiological and life-history traits to adapt to their non-native environments. Although a loss of genetic variation during invasion may restrict local adaptation, introduced species often thrive in novel environments. Despite being founded by just a few individuals, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has in less than 30 years successfully spread across the island of Tasmania (Australia), becoming abundant and competitive with native pollinators. We use RADseq to investigate what neutral and adaptive genetic processes associated with environmental and morphological variation allow B. terrestris to thrive as an invasive species in Tasmania. Given the widespread abundance of B. terrestris, we expected little genetic structure across Tasmania and weak signatures of environmental and morphological selection. We found high gene flow with low genetic diversity, although with significant isolation-by-distance and spatial variation in effective migration rates. Restricted migration was evident across the mid-central region of Tasmania, corresponding to higher elevations, pastural land, low wind speeds and low precipitation seasonality. Tajima's D indicated a recent population expansion extending from the south to the north of the island. Selection signatures were found for loci in relation to precipitation, wind speed and wing loading. Candidate loci were annotated to genes with functions related to cuticle water retention and insect flight muscle stability. Understanding how a genetically impoverished invasive bumblebee has rapidly adapted to a novel island environment provides further understanding about the evolutionary processes that determine successful insect invasions, and the potential for invasive hymenopteran pollinators to spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kardum Hjort
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine R Paris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Lemic D, Viric Gasparic H, Majcenic P, Pajač Živković I, Bjeliš M, Suazo MJ, Correa M, Hernández J, Benítez HA. Wing Shape Variation between Terrestrial and Coastal Populations of the Invasive Box Tree Moth, Cydalima perspectalis, in Croatia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3044. [PMID: 37835650 PMCID: PMC10571768 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859; Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species naturally distributed in Asia. The caterpillars in all developmental stages cause damage through defoliation of plants, and ultimately the death of the plant itself may occur. It is possible to recognize this species by its silk barriers and threads, and in the case of an intense attack, the entire plant will be covered with them. In Europe, this species' presence was first recorded in 2007 in Germany and the Netherlands, and it is now widely distributed. In Croatia, its existence was first recorded in 2012, in Istria, while substantial damages were recorded in 2013. This work aimed to determine the morphological variability of C. perspectalis from Croatia and assess its invasive character, the possibility of flight, and the risk of further spread. The methods of geometric morphometrics were used as the analysis of wing shape. A total of 269 moths from different locations in Croatia were collected, the upper wings of males and females were analyzed using 14 landmarks. Significant differences in wing shapes between terrestrial and coastal populations were found, as well as subtle wing shape sexual dimorphism. The implications of this variability in species invasiveness and capacity of spread are discussed in this paper. We also extrapolate the usefulness of our results and suggest strategies for predicting and managing invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Lemic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Helena Viric Gasparic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Patricija Majcenic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Ivana Pajač Živković
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.L.); (P.M.); (I.P.Ž.)
| | - Mario Bjeliš
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 31, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Manuel J. Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Margarita Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jordan Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Ecosistémica, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams 6350000, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile; (M.C.); (J.H.)
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
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5
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Shilpa M, Anand P, Shibu Vardhanan Y, Manogem E. High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology. ZOOL ANZ 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Kardum Hjort C, Smith HG, Allen AP, Dudaniec RY. Morphological Variation in Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) After Three Decades of an Island Invasion. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 36856678 PMCID: PMC9972831 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduced social insects can be highly invasive outside of their native range. Around the world, the introduction and establishment of the eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has negatively impacted native pollinators and ecosystems. Understanding how morphological variation is linked to environmental variation across invasive ranges can indicate how rapidly species may be diverging or adapting across novel ranges and may assist with predicting future establishment and spread. Here we investigate whether B. terrestris shows morphological variation related to environmental variation across the island of Tasmania (Australia) where it was introduced three decades ago. We collected 169 workers from 16 sites across Tasmania and related relative abundance and morphology to landscape-wide climate, land use, and vegetation structure. We found weak morphological divergence related to environmental conditions across Tasmania. Body size of B. terrestris was positively associated with the percentage of urban land cover, a relationship largely driven by a single site, possibly reflecting high resource availability in urban areas. Proboscis length showed a significant negative relationship with the percentage of pasture. Wing loading and local abundance were not related to the environmental conditions within sites. Our results reflect the highly adaptable nature of B. terrestris and its ability to thrive in different environments, which may have facilitated the bumblebee's successful invasion across Tasmania.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Andrew P Allen
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia
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Medfly Phenotypic Plasticity as A Prerequisite for Invasiveness and Adaptation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was that different plant hosts of the medfly Ceratitis capitata may cause variability as a prerequisite for its invasiveness. The main objective was to determine population variability based on medfly wing shape in three favorable medfly host plants (peach, fig and mandarin) from different agroecological growing areas with different pest management practices, and to evaluate phenotypic plasticity as a basis for future expansion into new areas and new hosts. Using geometric morphometric methods across 14 specific landmarks on the medfly wings, 10 populations were tested from infested peach, fig and mandarin fruits, as well as laboratory-grown sterile populations. The studies led to the following main findings: (1) all of the medfly populations that were studied exhibited sexual dimorphism in wing shape; (2) the hosts in which the medfly develops influence wing shape and condition its variability; (3) there is significant variability between laboratory mass-reared sterile and wild individuals in male and female populations; (4) a high phenotypic plasticity of medfly populations was observed along the study sites. Even the low but clearly detected variability between different agroecological conditions and localized variability indicate genotypic stability and high phenotypic plasticity, which can be considered as a prerequisite for medfly invasiveness and dispersal to new areas.
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8
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Liu Y, Henkel J, Beaurepaire A, Evans JD, Neumann P, Huang Q. Comparative genomics suggests local adaptations in the invasive small hive beetle. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15780-15791. [PMID: 34824789 PMCID: PMC8601931 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are a major driver of ecological and environmental changes that affect human health, food security, and natural biodiversity. The success and impact of biological invasions depend on adaptations to novel abiotic and biotic selective pressures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in invasive parasitic species are inadequately understood. Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, are parasites of bee nests. Originally endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, they are now found nearly globally. Here, we investigated the molecular bases of the adaptations to novel environments underlying their invasion routes. Genomes of historic and recent adults A. tumida from both the endemic and introduced ranges were compared. Analysis of gene-environment association identified 3049 candidate loci located in 874 genes. Functional annotation showed a significant bias toward genes linked to growth and reproduction. One of the genes from the apoptosis pathway encodes an "ecdysone-related protein," which is a crucial regulator in controlling body size in response to environmental cues for holometabolous insects during cell death and renewal. Genes whose proteins regulate organ size, ovary activation, and oviposition were also detected. Functions of these enriched pathways parallel behavioral differences between introduced and native A. tumida populations, which may reflect patterns of local adaptation. The results considerably improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and ecological factors driving adaptations of invasive species. Deep functional investigation of these identified loci will help clarify the mechanisms of local adaptation in A. tumida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen Liu
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jan Henkel
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of GeneticsUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Alexis Beaurepaire
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jay D. Evans
- USDA‐ARS Beltsville Bee Research LaboratoryBeltsvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Peter Neumann
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- AgroscopeSwiss Bee Research CentreBernSwitzerland
| | - Qiang Huang
- Honeybee Research InstituteJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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Molecular and morphometric divergence of four species of butterflies (Nymphalidae and Pieridae) from the Western Himalaya, India. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8687-8699. [PMID: 33070284 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Morphometric and molecular divergence among four butterfly species of the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae from the western Himalaya region were investigated using molecular tools, traditional morphometric measures and a truss network system. The considered species were Danaus chrysippus, Vanessa cardui, Pieris brassicae and Pieris canidia. Traditional taxonomy is sometimes unable to discriminate cryptic species or species that have close morphological features. Although taxonomists carefully examine external body features to differentiate the species; however, there is a risk for misidentification during a visual assessment of cryptic species. Therefore, we aimed to use the truss network system of 14 morphological landmarks interconnected to yield 90 variables about molecular taxonomy. Principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis (CA) were employed to determine morphometric variations. In the traditional analysis, 79, 68, 16 and 5 characters out of 90 were found significant (p < 0.05) for D. chrysippus, V. cardui, P. brassicae and P. canidia, respectively. One to seven principal components were extracted through PCA; they explained 87.5-100% of the total variance in samples. Notably, DFA correctly classified 100% of the original grouped cases and 100% of the cross-validated grouped cases. However, the variations were not the same for the two different methods (truss and traditional) employed for the analysis. We correctly identified all the species; the interspecies sequence divergence was between 0.1034 and 0.1398, and the intra-species sequence divergence range was 0.0001 to 0.0128 using the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (COI) gene. The present study provides useful information about the application and complementary role of traditional with truss morphometric analysis for the precise identification and classification of the selected species.
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10
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Benítez HA, Sukhodolskaya RA, Órdenes-Clavería R, Avtaeva TA, Kushalieva SA, Saveliev AA. Measuring the Inter and Intraspecific Sexual Shape Dimorphism and Body Shape Variation in Generalist Ground Beetles in Russia. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060361. [PMID: 32531974 PMCID: PMC7349662 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ground beetles in multiple species vary greatly in the expression of the shape on sexual traits, resulting in a sexual shape dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection differences. The present research focuses on the study of inter and intrasexual sexual shape dimorphism of two generalist genera of ground beetles Pterostichus and Carabus. Geometric morphometric methods were applied to five generalist species of ground beetles Carabus exaratus, C. granulatus, Pterostichus melanarius, P. niger, and P. oblongopunctatus and several multivariate analyses were applied for two different traits, abdomen and elytra. Three of the five species analyzed showed high levels of sex-based shape dimorphism. However, the most generalist species, P. melanarius and P. oblongopunctatus, did not evidence shape-based sexual dimorphism differentiation in both of the analyzed traits, as statistically confirmed based on the permutation of pairwise comparison of the Mahalanobis distances of a sex–species classifier. It is generally known that environmental stress in natural populations can affect the fitness expression, principally related to sexual fecundity, being that this pattern is more evident in non-generalist species. In our results, the contrary pattern was found, with the absence of sexual shape dimorphism for two of the three generalist species analyzed. On the other hand, the interspecies shape variation was clearly identified using principal component analysis of both of the analyzed traits. Finally, this research is the first to analyze the relationship between sexual shape dimorphism in Russian ground beetles, evidencing the lack of understanding of the mechanism underlying the sexual dimorphism, especially in species living in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-978895630
| | - Raisa A. Sukhodolskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Mineral Resource Management Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan Republic, Tatarstan, Kazan 420000, Russia;
| | - Rodrigo Órdenes-Clavería
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
| | - Tamara A. Avtaeva
- Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny 364014, Russia;
| | - Shapaat A. Kushalieva
- Department of Biology and Methods of Teaching (Head), Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny 364014, Russia;
| | - Anatoly A. Saveliev
- Department of Ecosystem Modeling, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420000, Russia;
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11
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Le Roy C, Debat V, Llaurens V. Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1261-1281. [PMID: 30793489 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies display extreme variation in wing shape associated with tremendous ecological diversity. Disentangling the role of neutral versus adaptive processes in wing shape diversification remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Ascertaining how natural selection influences wing shape evolution requires both functional studies linking morphology to flight performance, and ecological investigations linking performance in the wild with fitness. However, direct links between morphological variation and fitness have rarely been established. The functional morphology of butterfly flight has been investigated but selective forces acting on flight behaviour and associated wing shape have received less attention. Here, we attempt to estimate the ecological relevance of morpho-functional links established through biomechanical studies in order to understand the evolution of butterfly wing morphology. We survey the evidence for natural and sexual selection driving wing shape evolution in butterflies, and discuss how our functional knowledge may allow identification of the selective forces involved, at both the macro- and micro-evolutionary scales. Our review shows that although correlations between wing shape variation and ecological factors have been established at the macro-evolutionary level, the underlying selective pressures often remain unclear. We identify the need to investigate flight behaviour in relevant ecological contexts to detect variation in fitness-related traits. Identifying the selective regime then should guide experimental studies towards the relevant estimates of flight performance. Habitat, predators and sex-specific behaviours are likely to be major selective forces acting on wing shape evolution in butterflies. Some striking cases of morphological divergence driven by contrasting ecology involve both wing and body morphology, indicating that their interactions should be included in future studies investigating co-evolution between morphology and flight behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
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12
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Li L, Qi Y, Yang Y, Bai M. A new species of Falsopodabrus Pic characterized with geometric morphometrics (Coleoptera, Cantharidae). Zookeys 2016:97-112. [PMID: 27667934 PMCID: PMC5027658 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.614.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of Falsopodabrus Pic, 1927 is described, Falsopodabrustridentatus Yang, sp. n. (Yunnan, China). Geometric morphometric analyses based on the shapes of pronotum and hind wing and comparisons with two sibling species, Falsopodabrushimalaicus Wittmer, 1974 and Falsopodabrusmartensi (Wittmer, 1979), support the valid status of the new species, also confirmed by the characters of tarsal claws. In addition to Falsopodabrushimalaicus and Falsopodabrusmartensi, Falsopodabruskostali Švihla, 2004 and Falsopodabrusrolciki Švihla, 2004 are recorded from China for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yaqing Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Cañas-Hoyos N, Márquez EJ, Saldamando-Benjumea CI. Heritability of Wing Size and Shape of the Rice and Corn Strains of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:411-419. [PMID: 27044394 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) represents a pest of economic importance in all Western Hemisphere. This polyphagous species has diverged into two populations that have been mainly recognized with various mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers and named "the rice" and "the corn" strains. In Colombia, both strains have evolved prezygotic and postzygotic isolation. They differ in tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab endotoxins) and the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl. In 2014, a wing morphometric analysis made in 159 individuals from a colony showed that both strains significantly differ in wing shape. The species also exhibits sexual dimorphism in the rice strain as in females wing size is larger than in males. Here, we continued this work with another wing morphometric approach in laboratory-reared strains to calculate wing size and shape heritabilities using a full-sib design and in wild populations to determine if this method distinguishes these strains. Our results show that male heritabilities of both traits were higher than female ones. Wild populations were significantly different in wing shape and size. These results suggest that wing morphometrics can be used as an alternative method to molecular markers to differentiate adults from laboratory-reared populations and wild populations of this pest, particularly in males of this species. Finally, Q ST values obtained for wing size and shape further demonstrated that both strains are genetically differentiated in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cañas-Hoyos
- Fac de Ciencias, Escuela de Biociencias, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Vegetal, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas UNALMED-CIB, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E J Márquez
- Fac de Ciencias, Escuela de Biociencias, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Animal, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C I Saldamando-Benjumea
- Fac de Ciencias, Escuela de Biociencias, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Vegetal, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas UNALMED-CIB, Medellín, Colombia.
- Fac de Ciencias, Depto de Biociencias, Univ Nacional de Colombia, UNALMED, Medellín, Colombia.
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Lemic D, Mikac KM, Kozina A, Benitez HA, McLean CM, Bažok R. Monitoring techniques of the western corn rootworm are the precursor to effective IPM strategies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:405-417. [PMID: 26112285 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western corn rootworm (WCR) is economically the most important pest of maize in Croatia. To predict WCR adult population abundance and variability, traditional, genetic and morphometric monitoring of populations was conducted over time through each phase of the WCR invasion process in Croatia. RESULTS Through traditional monitoring it was shown that WCR established their current population and reached economic densities after 14 years persisting in the study area. Regression-tree-based modelling showed that the best predictor of WCR adult abundance was the total amount of rainfall. Genetic monitoring indicated that genetic differentiation increased over time at the intrapopulation level, and morphometric monitoring indicated that wing morphotypes varied according to edaphic landscape changes. CONCLUSION Traditional population metric surveys are important in WCR integrated pest management (IPM), as such surveys can be effectively used to predict population abundances. Novel-use monitoring techniques such as genetics and geometric morphometrics can be used to provide valuable information on variation within and among populations. The monitoring techniques presented herein provide sound data to assist in the understanding of both WCR ecology and population genetics and may provide more information than that currently available using traditional techniques (e.g. sticky traps), and as such these additional techniques should be written into IPM for WCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Lemic
- Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina M Mikac
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonela Kozina
- Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Institute for Plant Protection, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hugo A Benitez
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Christopher M McLean
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renata Bažok
- Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hernández-Ortiz V, Canal NA, Salas JOT, Ruíz-Hurtado FM, Dzul-Cauich JF. Taxonomy and phenotypic relationships of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex in the Mesoamerican and Pacific Neotropical dominions (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zookeys 2015; 540:95-124. [PMID: 26798256 PMCID: PMC4714066 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.540.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous morphometric studies based on linear measurements of female structures of the aculeus, mesonotum, and wing revealed the existence of seven morphotypes within the Anastrepha fraterculus cryptic species complex along the Neotropical Region. The current research followed linear and geometric morphometric approaches in 40 population samples of the nominal species Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) spread throughout the Meso-American and Pacific Neotropical dominions (including Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). The goals were to explore the phenotypic relationships of the morphotypes in these biogeographical areas; evaluate the reliability of procedures used for delimitation of morphotypes; and describe their current distribution. Findings determined that morphotypes previously recognized via the linear morphometrics were also supported by geometric morphometrics of the wing shape. In addition, we found an eighth morphotype inhabiting the highlands of Ecuador and Peru. Morphotypes are related into three natural phenotypic groups nominated as Mesoamerican-Caribbean lineage, Andean lineage, and Brazilian lineage. The hypothesis that lineages are not directly related to each other is discussed, supported by their large morphological divergence and endemicity in these three well-defined biogeographic areas. In addition, this hypothesis of the non-monophyly of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex is also supported by evidence from other authors based on molecular studies and the strong reproductive isolation between morphs from different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Hernández-Ortiz
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de Interacciones Multitróficas. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya CP 91070. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Nelson A. Canal
- Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica. Barrio Santa Helena parte alta, CP 730006299, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Juan O. Tigrero Salas
- Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Ingeniería Agropecuaria. Campus Politécnico Av. Gral. Rumiñahui s/n, PO Box 171-5- 231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Freddy M. Ruíz-Hurtado
- Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica. Barrio Santa Helena parte alta, CP 730006299, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - José F. Dzul-Cauich
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de Interacciones Multitróficas. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya CP 91070. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Puniamoorthy N. Behavioural barriers to reproduction may evolve faster than sexual morphology among populations of a dung fly (Sepsidae). Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lemic D, Benítez HA, Bažok R. Intercontinental effect on sexual shape dimorphism and allometric relationships in the beetle pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cárdenas RE, Hernández-L N, Barragán ÁR, Dangles O. Differences in Morphometry and Activity among Tabanid Fly Assemblages in an Andean Tropical Montane Cloud Forest: Indication of Altitudinal Migration? Biotropica 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E. Cárdenas
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ; Laboratorio de Entomología; Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca Apdo. 17-01-2184 Quito Ecuador
| | - Nathalia Hernández-L
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ; Laboratorio de Entomología; Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca Apdo. 17-01-2184 Quito Ecuador
| | - Álvaro R. Barragán
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ; Laboratorio de Entomología; Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca Apdo. 17-01-2184 Quito Ecuador
| | - Olivier Dangles
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ; Laboratorio de Entomología; Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Av. 12 de octubre 1076 y Roca Apdo. 17-01-2184 Quito Ecuador
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 072, LEGS-CNRS, UPR 9034, CNRS 91198 Gif-sur Yvette Cedex; and Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
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