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Camargo-Martinez ND, Camacho-Erazo M, Amarillo-Suárez AR, Herrera HW, Sarmiento CE. Morphologic Differentiation of the Exotic Parasitoid Eupelmus pulchriceps (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) in the Galapagos Archipelago. Neotrop Entomol 2024; 53:140-153. [PMID: 38133733 PMCID: PMC10834596 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The historical and geographical properties of the archipelagos allow a detailed study of species diversification, and phenotypic traits can indicate the extent of such processes. Eupelmus pulchriceps (Cameron, 1904) is an exotic species to the Galapagos archipelago, and generalist parasitoid that attacks a beetle species that consumes the seeds of the invasive shrub Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Despite extensive sampling, the wasp is recorded only in Santa Cruz and San Cristobal islands of the Galapagos archipelago. Thus, using 112 female wasps, we compare body size, proportion, and allometric differentiations within and between the two islands. There were no body size differences between islands. A PerMANOVA indicates differences between the islands and a single differentiation between two localities of one island. Allometric differences between islands were not the same for all structures. These results are consistent with the greater distance between islands than between localities and suggest a differentiation process. The variables with allometric differentiation are associated with wings and ovipositor, possibly responding to different ecological pressures. It is interesting that this parasitoid, recently arrived at the archipelago, is already showing differentiation. Also, it is essential to monitor the behavior of these wasps in the archipelago, given their potential to access other species affecting the trophic interactions of the local biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas David Camargo-Martinez
- Lab de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mariana Camacho-Erazo
- Museo de Entomología, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Angela R Amarillo-Suárez
- Depto de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Univ Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Henri W Herrera
- Museo de Entomología, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Lab de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Romero-Ortiz C, Sarmiento CE, Harvey MS. A new genus and five new species of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Withiidae) from Colombia. Zookeys 2023; 1184:301-326. [PMID: 38035177 PMCID: PMC10688512 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1184.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudoscorpion family Withiidae is widely distributed around the world, with most of its diversity in tropical areas. Five new species and a new genus from Colombia are described: Cystowithiusflorezisp. nov., Parawithiusbromelicolasp. nov., Oligowithiusachaguasp. nov., and the genus Paciwithiusgen. nov. with two species Paciwithiusvalduparensissp. nov. and Paciwithiuschimbilacussp. nov. A reassessment of the subgenus Dolichowithius (Oligowithius) Beier, 1936 allows the elevation to a full generic level, and the transfer of the only known species to Oligowithius, forming the new combination Oligowithiusabnormis (Beier, 1936), comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Romero-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Carlos E. Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Mark S. Harvey
- Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia 6106, AustraliaWestern Australian MuseumWelshpoolAustralia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
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Romero-Ortiz C, Flórez D. E, Sarmiento CE. Assessment of morphometric characters to delimit species of Apolpium Chamberlin, 1930 (Pseudoscorpiones, Olpiidae). J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Romero-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Aracnología y Miriapodología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Flórez D.
- Laboratorio de Aracnología y Miriapodología, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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González-Joya A, Amarillo-Suárez ÁR, Zaldivar-Riveron A, Sarmiento CE. Morphological variation of the widely distributed genus Stenocorse Marsh, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae). Zootaxa 2020; 4750:zootaxa.4750.3.6. [PMID: 32230461 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4750.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stenocorse is a monotypic genus with wide distribution and a large range of beetle hosts. We analyzed the morphological variation of 346 specimens from the USA south to Brasil. We studied 15 morphometric and 30 discrete characters using principal component (PCA) and discriminant function analyses (DFA) to assess character informativeness and the influence of geographic distribution and host source to detect differentiation. Mexican samples were studied according to location and biogeographic provinces. Specimens from Colombia were studied according to the plant where the host was recorded. Three measurements show group differentiation whereas four were redundant. Three groups of individuals were supported by continuous and discrete characters: one found in the USA, Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, a second from Mexico, and a third from Colombia and Brazil. These groups showed poor agreement with the differentiation of its common beetle host populations. This could be a consequence of the large number of sympatric host species feeding on a large number of plant species. This research shed light on other sources of evidence for building a sound taxonomy for Stenocorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancizar González-Joya
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Cr 4 30 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia..
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de Souza AR, Mayorquin AZ, Sarmiento CE. Paper wasps are darker at high elevation. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102535. [PMID: 32364980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High mountains are harsh environments in which colder temperatures and higher levels of UV-B radiation are common. These abiotic conditions strongly affect animals' biology, often constraining their survival and reproduction. As a result, adaptations to live in such habitats are expected to evolve. Body color is thought to be adaptive to the environment that animals experience. Tegument melanization improves heat gain and provides photoprotection. Therefore, at high elevation, ectotherms are expected to be darker (well-melanized). We test this prediction in the paper wasp Agelaia pallipes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), a species distributed across an elevational gradient in the Colombian Andes. We used Malaise traps and sampled a total of 146 wasps along nine elevations, ranging from 2,600-3,380 m above sea level. Standard digital photography was used to measure the body luminance and colour patterning in different body parts of dry-preserved specimens. There was striking variation in body luminance (darker and lighter), color patterning (patched, smoothed, homogeneous) and surface texture (shiny and matte), but the kind and degree of variation depended on the body part examined. Wasps from higher elevations had darker thoraces, confirming our prediction. Besides, at high elevation, the frequency of wasps with a matte rather than a shiny face strongly increased. Overall, our findings support the thermal melanism hypothesis and suggest that intraspecific color variation might be an adaptation to the environment of paper wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Angie Z Mayorquin
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Cr 30 No. 45 03 edif 425, of. 303, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Cr 30 No. 45 03 edif 425, of. 303, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Rodriguez-Jimenez A, Sarmiento CE. Taxonomic synopsis of Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, 1973 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Colombia. Zootaxa 2016; 4132:151-206. [PMID: 27395661 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, 1973 is the second most diverse genus of Doryctinae in the Neotropical region, however, in Colombia only two species have been reported and no studies on the diversity of the genus have been conducted. We present a taxonomic synopsis of the genus from Colombia. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) allowed the taxonomic evaluation of morphometric characters used by other authors and those proposed in the present study to differentiate the species. Forty seven of 104 characters studied are useful to discriminate the species. Twenty three species are reported. The following new records for Colombia are: Notiospathius angustus Marsh, 2002; N. badius Marsh, 2002; N. bicolor Marsh, 2002; N. ninae Marsh, 2002; N. rugonotum Marsh, 2002; N. shawi Marsh, 2002; N. tinctipennis (Cameron, 1887) and N. venezuelae López-Estrada & Zaldívar-Riverón, 2012. The following 14 new species are described: N. alejandroi sp. nov., N. amazonensis sp. nov., N. carmenae sp. nov., N. cundinamarcensis sp. nov., N. farallonensis sp. nov., N. julianoi sp. nov., N. magdalenensis sp. nov., N. marshi sp. nov., N. payae sp. nov., N. putumayensis sp. nov., N. quimbayensis sp. nov., N. tayronensis sp. nov., N. utriae sp. nov., N. vallensis sp. nov. Notiospathius ugaldei Marsh, 2002 is the junior synonym of N. columbianus (Enderlein, 1912); Notiospathius mariachi Reséndiz-Flores, Nunes and Zaldívar-Riverón, 2014 is the junior synonym of N. carolinae (Marsh, 2002); and N. chinanteco Reséndiz-Flores, Nunes and Zaldívar-Riverón, 2014 is the junior synonym of N. rugonotum Marsh, 2002. A comprehensive taxonomic key with illustrations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.;
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Suárez-Tovar CM, Sarmiento CE. Beyond the wing planform: morphological differentiation between migratory and nonmigratory dragonfly species. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:690-703. [PMID: 26779975 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration is a significant trait of the animal kingdom that can impose a strong selective pressure on several structures to overcome the amount of energy that the organism invests in this particular behaviour. Wing linear dimensions and planform have been a traditional focus in the study of flying migratory species; however, other traits could also influence aerodynamic performance. We studied the differences in several flight-related traits of migratory and nonmigratory Libellulid species in a phylogenetic context to assess their response to migratory behaviour. Wings were compared by linear measurements, shape, surface corrugations and microtrichia number. Thorax size and pilosity were also compared. Migratory species have larger and smoother wings, a larger anal lobe that is reached through an expansion of the discoidal region, and longer and denser thoracic pilosity. These differences might favour gliding as an energy-saving displacement strategy. Most of the changes were identified in the hind wings. No differences were observed for the thorax linear dimensions, wetted aspect ratio, some wing corrugations or the wing microtrichiae number. Similar changes in the hind wing are present in clades where migration evolved. Our results emphasize that adaptations to migration through flight may extend to characteristics beyond the wing planform and that some wing characteristics in libellulids converge in response to migratory habits, whereas other closely related structures remain virtually unchanged. Additionally, we concluded that despite a close functional association and similar selective pressures on a structure, significant differences in the magnitude of the response may be present in its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Suárez-Tovar
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C E Sarmiento
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Penagos-Arévalo AC, Billen J, Sarmiento CE. Uncovering head gland diversity in neotropical Polistinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): comparative analysis and description of new glands. Arthropod Struct Dev 2015; 44:415-425. [PMID: 26113431 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine glands are involved in several wasp colony activities; however, the number of known glands in the Vespidae is rather low when compared to other social insect groups. The aim of this study is to survey the head of Neotropical social wasps and to provide a detailed comparative study of the glands found in the Polistinae. A total of 33 species distributed over 13 genera were studied with serial histological sections of the head, excluding the labiomaxillary complex. Additionally, the exoskeleton was explored using scanning electron microscopy looking for associated modifications. A total of eleven exocrine glands were observed, five are structures recorded for the first time for the Hymenoptera, three are new records for the Polistinae and three are previously known organs. The glands studied are: ocellar gland I, ocellar gland II, periocular gland, subantennal gland, hypopharyngeal gland, clypeal gland, posterobasal genal gland, ectal mandibular gland, mesal mandibular gland, intramandibular gland I, and intramandibular gland II. The widespread distribution of most of these glands suggests an origin prior to the evolution of the Polistinae. Our results highlight the importance of detailed morphological studies to unveil the significance of chemical communication in one of the most characteristic groups of social animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Billen
- Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2466, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A.A. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Aguirre H, de Almeida LF, Shaw SR, Sarmiento CE. An illustrated key to Neotropical species of the genus Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae). Zookeys 2015:33-94. [PMID: 25878531 PMCID: PMC4395838 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.489.9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive key for 75 species of Meteorus distributed across 15 Neotropical countries is presented. Eleven new species from Bolivia, Costa Rica and Ecuador are described: Meteorusalbistigma, Meteoruscarolae, Meteoruseurysaccavorus, Meteorusfallacavus, Meteorusflavistigma, Meteorushaimowitzi, Meteorusmagnoculus, Meteorusmartinezi, Meteorusmicrocavus, Meteorusnoctuivorus and Meteorusorion. Expanded range distributions are recorded for Meteorusandreae, Meteorusfarallonensis, Meteorusguineverae, Meteorusjerodi, Meteoruskraussi, Meteoruspapiliovorus and Meteorusquimbayensis. The host of Meteorusjerodi is reported for the first time: a noctuid larva feeding on Asteraceae. Meteoruspapiliovorus is recorded attacking Papilionidae larvae in Ecuador, therefore displaying a similar host family preference as formerly documented from Costa Rica and Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Aguirre
- University of Wyoming, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354), 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071 USA
| | - Luis Felipe de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Scott Richard Shaw
- University of Wyoming, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354), 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071 USA
| | - Carlos E Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A. A. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia
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López-Cubillos S, Sarmiento CE. A mandible arresting system in neotropical social wasps (Vespidae; Polistinae): structural diversity within homogeneous functionality. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:429-35. [PMID: 23568094 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtrichia are epidermal protuberances that may serve as temporary adhesive devices. Several insects possess these structures; however, they have not previously been reported in social wasps. With scanning electron microscopy, we characterize the shape and abundance of microtrichia in ten species of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) and three species of related taxa (Vespidae: Eumeninae, Pompilidae, and Scoliidae). Semi-thin sections of the head of Leipomeles spilogastra and Apoica albimacula were also studied. We found microtrichia on a thin, flexible membrane connected to the mandible in all the Vespidae specimens. The flexible membrane can be divided into three regions: the basal region that covers the mandibular mesial emargination, the medial region located around the height of the mandibular condyles, and the distal region that appears anterior to the apodeme folding. Basal and distal regions of the membrane are extensively covered by microtrichia while the medial region has either less microtrichia or is entirely devoid of them. The shape and density of the microtrichia differed between species, and these traits are unrelated with nest material construction or phylogenetic closeness. We propose that the microtrichial membrane described is a passive mechanism to keep the wasps' mandibles retracted through a mechanical interlocking system. It is possible that this energy-saving mechanism is present in other mandibulate insects.
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Zaldívar-Riverón A, Rodríguez-Jiménez A, Sarmiento CE, Pedraza-Lara C, López-Estrada EK. Phylogenetic relationships and description of Bolivar, a new genus of Neotropical doryctine wasps (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/is13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metasomal elongation is a common feature in species of various parasitoid Hymenoptera, probably due to adaptive morphological convergence to similar parasitoid strategies. The braconid subfamily Doryctinae is perhaps where this feature has evolved the most times independently. Here we recognise a new Neotropical doryctine wasp genus with a petiolate first metasomal tergum, based on molecular and morphological analysis. The phylogenetic affinities of the new genus within Doryctinae and the relationships among six of its described and three potentially cryptic, undescribed species were reconstructed using sequence data from three genes, wingless, 28SrDNA and COI. The new genus is resolved in a clade together with Semirhytus Szépligeti, Johnsonius Marsh and Parallorhogas Marsh. These four genera share vein m-cu of the hind wing slightly curved distally and the propodeum with a distinct lateral and median longitudinal carina and an apical areola. The relationships recovered among the examined species suggest a South American origin for the new genus and its subsequent diversification into Central America and Mexico. Described as Bolivar, gen. nov., this new taxon comprises eight species, two species previously placed within Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, B. ornaticornis (Cameron), comb. nov., and B. bribri (Marsh), comb. nov., and six new species (B. ecuadorensis, sp. nov., B. helmuthi, sp. nov., B. pittieri, sp. nov., B. risaraldae, sp. nov., B. teres, sp. nov. and B. tuxtlae, sp. nov.).
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García Z, Sarmiento CE. Relationship between body size and flying-related structures in Neotropical social wasps (Polistinae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Avendaño J, Sarmiento CE. Allometry and ontogeny in Callibia diana Stål (Mantodea: Acanthopidae). Neotrop Entomol 2011; 40:462-469. [PMID: 21952963 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-566x2011000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The life-cycle of Callibia diana Stål is described and linear and geometric morphometrics are used for studying allometrics and shape changes throughout this neotropical mantid species' life-cycle. Significant changes were expected in the allometry and shape of the raptorial leg and abdomen, given the importance of hunting and reproduction. The allometric slopes were obtained by using total length as the independent variable. Geometric morphometrics of landmarks were used for frontal femur and tibia. Hunting and reproduction-related structures had the steepest slopes and positive allometries. Negative growth of both disc width and head width found in the last moulting event may be a consequence of prothoracic muscle growth which is responsible for predatory strike strength. The tibial claw and femur of the raptorial leg become larger, while their spines become more orthogonal to the longitudinal axes which may facilitate prey retention. These changes in mantid shape throughout ontogeny were consistent and suggested the resource allocation and development programming of the body that improved reaching distance and prey retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Avendaño
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Rodríguez-Jimenez A, Sarmiento CE. Altitudinal distribution and body resource allocation in a high mountain social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Neotrop Entomol 2008; 37:1-7. [PMID: 18368243 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-566x2008000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Jame's rule proposes a direct relationship between body size and altitude. There are several studies about this rule; however, few studies analyze proportional changes in body parts along gradients. The morphological variation of Agelaia pallipes (Olivier) in five sites along an altitudinal gradient (2600-3380 m) in the Santuario de Iguaque, Colombia, were studied in order to test whether or not the species follows Jame's rule, and whether body parts follow a homogeneous variation. Body variation analysis was conducted through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the relationship between altitude and each morphometric measurement was studied through regression analyses. The MANOVA indicated significant differences among sites. An increase in altitude leads to a reduction in body size, especially in hind femur length and head width. However, measurements linked to flight such as mesosoma height, mesoscutum width, and fore wing size showed a reverse tendency. Possibly all described changes are consequence of both reduction on food availability and lower atmospheric pressure. The low temperature of high areas may strongly limit foraging and thus food availability. Lower atmospheric pressure reduces flight potential and may result in an increase in size of both wings and flight muscles. This paper underscores the need to study in detail the changes in body proportions in species with wide distribution ranges in latitude and altitude.
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