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Li Q, Chen C, Wu Y, Siddiqui JA, Lu C, Cheng Z, Li Y, Liu Q, Huang X. Specialization on Ficus Supported by Genetic Divergence and Morphometrics in Sympatric Host-Populations of the Camellia Aphid, Aphis aurantii. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.786450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to different host plants is considered to be an important driver of the divergence and speciation of herbivorous insects. The application of molecular data and integrated taxonomic practices in recent years may contribute to our understanding of population divergence and speciation, especially for herbivorous insects considered to be polyphagous. Aphis aurantii is an important agricultural and forestry pest with a broad range of host plants. In this study, samples of A. aurantii feeding on different host plants in the same geographical area were collected, and their population genetic divergence and morphological difference were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network analysis based on five genes revealed that the population on Ficus exhibited significantly genetic divergence from populations on other host plants, which was also supported by the statistical analysis based on measurements of 38 morphological characters. Our results suggest that A. aurantii has undergone specialized evolution on Ficus, and the Ficus population may represent a lineage that is experiencing ongoing sympatric speciation.
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Zhao P, Du Z, Zhao Q, Li D, Shao X, Li H, Cai W. Integrative Taxonomy of the Spinous Assassin Bug Genus Sclomina (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) Reveals Three Cryptic Species Based on DNA Barcoding and Morphological Evidence. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030251. [PMID: 33809525 PMCID: PMC8001484 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) are one of the largest and morphologically most diverse families of true bug, having essential impacts on forest ecosystems as predators. The spinous reduviid genus Sclomina exhibits shape mimicry and protective coloration adapted to the spinous Rubus plant that they inhabit. The genus Sclomina shows gradual morphological variability, so its morphological classification is still unresolved, and its biology is almost unknown. In this study, DNA barcodes and morphological evidence were combined to accurately divide the species of a comprehensive collection sampled in South China and North Vietnam. We found three cryptic species. The biological information and mimicry behavior uncover their successive evolutionary survival strategies. Abstract Sclomina Stål, 1861 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) is endemic to China and Vietnam, with only two species, Sclomina erinacea Stål, 1861 and Sclomina guangxiensis Ren, 2001, characterized by spinous body and dentate abdominal connexivum. However, due to variable morphological characteristics, Sclomina erinacea, which is widely distributed in South China, is possibly a complex of cryptic species, and Sclomina guangxiensis was suspected to be an extreme group of the S. erinacea cline. In the present study, we conducted species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of 307 Sclomina specimens collected from 30 sampling localities combined with morphological evidence. The result showed that all samples used in this study were identified as five species: Sclomina guangxiensis is a valid species, and Sclomina erinacea actually includes three cryptic species: Sclomina xingrensis P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov., Sclomina pallens P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov., and Sclomina parva P. Zhao and Cai sp. nov. In this paper, the genus Sclomina is systematically revised, and the morphological characteristics of the five species are compared, described, and photographed in detail. We elucidate the evolutionary history of Sclomina based on results of estimated divergence time. The body shape and coloration (green in nymph and brown in adult) of Sclomina match their environment and mimic the Rubus plants on which they live. The symbiotic relationship between Sclomina and spinous Rubus plants is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Ministry of Education) and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China;
| | - Zhenyong Du
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhao
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China; (D.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaolan Shao
- Department of Plant Protection, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China; (D.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Hu Li
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-010-6273-2885 (W.C.)
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-010-6273-2885 (W.C.)
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Lee Y, Thieme T, Kim H. Complex evolution in Aphis gossypii group (Hemiptera: Aphididae), evidence of primary host shift and hybridization between sympatric species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245604. [PMID: 33539375 PMCID: PMC7861460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids provide a good model system to understand the ecological speciation concept, since the majority of the species are host-specific, and they spend their entire lifecycle on certain groups of host plants. Aphid species that apparently have wide host plant ranges have often turned out to be complexes of host-specialized biotypes. Here we investigated the various host-associated populations of the two recently diverged species, Aphis gossypii and A. rhamnicola, having multiple primary hosts, to understand the complex evolution with host-associated speciation. Using mitochondrial DNA marker and nine microsatellite loci, we reconstructed the haplotype network, and analyzed the genetic structure and relationships. Approximate Bayesian computation was also used to infer the ancestral primary host and host-associated divergence, which resulted in Rhamnus being the most ancestral host for A. gossypii and A. rhamnicola. As a result, Aphis gossypii and A. rhamnicola do not randomly use their primary and secondary host plants; rather, certain biotypes use only some secondary and specific primary hosts. Some biotypes are possibly in a diverging state through specialization to specific primary hosts. Our results also indicate that a new heteroecious race can commonly be derived from the heteroecious ancestor, showing strong evidence of ecological specialization through a primary host shift in both A. gossypii and A. rhamnicola. Interestingly, A. gossypii and A. rhamnicola shared COI haplotypes with each other, thus there is a possibility of introgression by hybridization between them by cross-sharing same primary hosts. Our results contribute to a new perspective in the study of aphid evolution by identifying complex evolutionary trends in the gossypii sensu lato complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Lee
- Animal Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Thieme
- BTL Bio-Test Labor GmbH Sagerheide, RG Phyto-Entomology, Gross Lüsewitz, Germany
| | - Hyojoong Kim
- Animal Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
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Liu T, Chen J, Jiang L, Qiao G. Phylogeny and species reassessment of
Hyalopterus
(Aphididae, Aphidinae). ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Li Q, Deng J, Chen C, Zeng L, Lin X, Cheng Z, Qiao G, Huang X. DNA Barcoding Subtropical Aphids and Implications for Population Differentiation. INSECTS 2019; 11:E11. [PMID: 31877643 PMCID: PMC7022676 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA barcoding has proven its worth in species identification, discovering cryptic diversity, and inferring genetic divergence. However, reliable DNA barcode reference libraries that these applications depend on are not available for many taxonomic groups and geographical regions. Aphids are a group of plant sap sucking insects, including many notorious pests in agriculture and forestry. The aphid fauna of the subtropical region has been understudied. In this study, based on extensive sampling effort across main subtropical areas, we sequenced 1581 aphid specimens of 143 morphospecies, representing 75 genera, and 13 subfamilies, to build the first comprehensive DNA barcode library for subtropical aphids. We examined the utility of DNA barcodes in identifying aphid species and population differentiation and evaluated the ability of different species delimitation methods (automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC), and Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP)). We found that most aphid species demonstrated barcode gaps and that a threshold value of 2% genetic distance is suitable for distinguishing most species. Our results indicated that ten morphospecies may have species divergence related to factors such as host plant or geography. By using two pest species Aphis spiraecola and A. gossypii as examples, we also discussed the effect of the sampling scale of host plants on the results and reliability of DNA barcoding of phytophagous insects. This DNA barcode library will be valuable for future studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Linda Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
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Kanturski M, Lee Y, Choi J, Lee S. DNA barcoding and a precise morphological comparison revealed a cryptic species in the Nippolachnus piri complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae). Sci Rep 2018; 8:8998. [PMID: 29899412 PMCID: PMC5997986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nippolachnus is a small Palaearctic-Oriental genus of very characteristic aphids that live on the leaves of woody Rosaceae. One species, N. piri, has hitherto been regarded to be widely distributed and relatively polyphagous. Members of this genus are considered to be easy to recognize due to the absence of the ocular tubercle and triommatidia on the head. We conducted research on the morphology and generic characters of Nippolachnus piri complex using scanning electron microscopy (for the first time) and DNA barcoding. We analyzed N. piri populations on Pyrus and other plants (Eriobotrya, Rhaphiolepis and Sorbus) in Japan and the Republic of Korea. Specifically, a high genetic divergence value was found between the N. piri populations associated with different host plants. SEM investigation of the head capsule revealed that a triommatidium is present under the compound eye, despite their lack of an ocular tubercle. We propose Nippolachnus micromeli Shinji, 1924 stat. nov. as a cryptic species in the N. piri complex based on a morphological comparison, DNA barcoding and different host-plant associations. Illustrations and descriptions of studied species are given. Morphological keys to the apterae and alatae of all known species of the genus Nippolachnus are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kanturski
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Yerim Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Choi
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Théry T, Brockerhoff EG, Carnegie AJ, Chen R, Elms SR, Hullé M, Glatz R, Ortego J, Qiao GX, Turpeau É, Favret C. EF-1α DNA Sequences Indicate Multiple Origins of Introduced Populations of Essigella californica (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1269-1274. [PMID: 28369561 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aphids in the pine-feeding Nearctic genus Essigella (Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae, Lachninae) have been introduced in Europe, North Africa, Oceania, and South America. Mitochondrial, nuclear, and endosymbiont DNA sequences of 12 introduced populations from three continents confirm they all belong to Essigella californica (Essig, 1909). Intron sequence variation of the nuclear gene EF-1α has revealed the existence of four distinct groups. Group I gathers one population from China, where the species is newly reported, and several from Europe (France and Italy); Group II is represented by one population from Argentina; Group III includes two populations from Southern Australia with one from New Zealand; and Group IV corresponds to five populations from Eastern and South-Eastern Australia. These results indicate that introduced populations of E. californica have at least four source populations. They also show that intron variation of EF-1α can be a method to discriminate populations of asexually reproducing aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Théry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity Centre, University of Montreal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2 Canada ( ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | | | - Angus J Carnegie
- NSW Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Parramatta, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Rui Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, P. R. of China (; )
| | | | - Maurice Hullé
- Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu 35653, France (; )
| | - Richard Glatz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia ( )
- Terrestrial Invertebrates, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jaime Ortego
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA Mendoza, Luján de Cuyo 5507, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ge-Xia Qiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, P. R. of China (; )
| | - Évelyne Turpeau
- Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu 35653, France (; )
| | - Colin Favret
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity Centre, University of Montreal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2 Canada (; )
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8
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Lee Y, Lee W, Kanturski M, Foottit RG, Akimoto SI, Lee S. Cryptic diversity of the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) revealed by comprehensive DNA barcoding. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176582. [PMID: 28448639 PMCID: PMC5407777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are a species rich group comprising many important pests. However, species identification can be very difficult for aphids due to their morphological ambiguity. DNA barcoding has been widely adopted for rapid and reliable species identification as well as cryptic species detection. In this study, we investigated cryptic diversity in the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on 899 sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) for 115 morphospecies (78 species collected in this study and sequences of 73 species downloaded from Genbank). Among these 115 morphospecies, DNA barcoding results of 90 (78.3%) species were identical to results of morphological identification. However, 25 (21.7%) morphospecies showed discrepancies between DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy. Among these 25 discordances, a total of 15 cryptic species were identified from 12 morphospecies. We also found three morphologically distinct species pairs that sharing DNA barcoding. Based on molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) estimation, we discussed on species delimitation threshold value for these taxa. Our findings confirm that Calaphidinae has high cryptic diversity even though aphids are relatively well-studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhoon Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Mariusz Kanturski
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert G. Foottit
- Invertebrate Biodiversity, National Environmental Health Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shin-Ichi Akimoto
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhu XC, Chen J, Chen R, Jiang LY, Qiao GX. DNA barcoding and species delimitation of Chaitophorinae (Hemiptera, Aphididae). Zookeys 2017:25-50. [PMID: 28331401 PMCID: PMC5345361 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.656.11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaitophorinae aphids are widespread across Eurasia and North America, and include some important agricultural and horticultural pests. So, accurate rapid species identification is very important. Here, we used three mitochondrial genes and one endosymbiont gene to calculate and analyze the genetic distances within different datasets. For species delimitation, two distance-based methods were employed, threshold with NJ (neighbor-joining) and ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery), and two tree-based approaches, GMYC (General Mixed Yule Coalescent) and PTP (Poisson Tree Process). The genetic interspecific divergence was clearly larger than the intraspecific divergence for four molecular markers. COI and COII genes were found to be more suitable for Chaitophorinae DNA barcoding. For species delimitation, at least one distance-based method combined with one tree-based method would be preferable. Based on the data for Chaitophorussaliniger and Laingiapsammae, DNA barcoding may also reveal geographical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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