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Sirois CL, Guo Y, Li M, Wolkoff NE, Korabelnikov T, Sandoval S, Lee J, Shen M, Contractor A, Sousa AMM, Bhattacharyya A, Zhao X. CGG repeats in the human FMR1 gene regulate mRNA localization and cellular stress in developing neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114330. [PMID: 38865241 PMCID: PMC11240841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The human genome has many short tandem repeats, yet the normal functions of these repeats are unclear. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene contains polymorphic CGG repeats, the length of which has differing effects on FMR1 expression and human health, including the neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome. We deleted the CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene (0CGG) in human stem cells and examined the effects on differentiated neurons. 0CGG neurons have altered subcellular localization of FMR1 mRNA and protein, and differential expression of cellular stress proteins compared with neurons with normal repeats (31CGG). In addition, 0CGG neurons have altered responses to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation, including FMR1 mRNA localization, GR chaperone HSP90α expression, GR localization, and cellular stress protein levels. Therefore, the CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene are important for the homeostatic responses of neurons to stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L Sirois
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Natalie E Wolkoff
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tomer Korabelnikov
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Soraya Sandoval
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Minjie Shen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Amaya Contractor
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andre M M Sousa
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Wu S, He H, Huang J, Jiang S, Deng X, Huang J, Chen Y, Jiang Y. FMR1 is identified as an immune-related novel prognostic biomarker for renal clear cell carcinoma: A bioinformatics analysis of TAZ/YAP. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:9295-9320. [PMID: 35942760 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 (TAZ, or WWTR1) and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) are both important effectors of the Hippo pathway and exhibit different functions. However, few studies have explored their co-regulatory mechanisms in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Here, we used bioinformatics approaches to evaluate the co-regulatory roles of TAZ/YAP and screen novel biomarkers in KIRC. GSE121689 and GSE146354 were downloaded from the GEO. The limma was applied to identify the differential expression genes (DEGs) and the Venn diagram was utilized to screen co-expressed DEGs. Co-expressed DEGs obtained the corresponding pathways through GO and KEGG analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING. The hub genes were selected applying MCODE and CytoHubba. GSEA was further applied to identify the hub gene-related signaling pathways. The expression, survival, receiver operating character (ROC), and immune infiltration of the hub genes were analyzed by HPA, UALCAN, GEPIA, pROC, and TIMER. A total of 51 DEGs were co-expressed in the two datasets. The KEGG results showed that the enriched pathways were concentrated in the TGF-β signaling pathway and endocytosis. In the PPI network, the hub genes (STAU2, AGO2, FMR1) were identified by the MCODE and CytoHubba. The GSEA results revealed that the hub genes were correlated with the signaling pathways of metabolism and immunomodulation. We found that STAU2 and FMR1 were weakly expressed in tumors and were negatively associated with the tumor stages. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rate of the high-expressed group of FMR1 was greater than that of the low-expressed group. The ROC result exhibited that FMR1 had certainly a predictive ability. The TIMER results indicated that FMR1 was positively correlated to immune cell infiltration. The abovementioned results indicated that TAZ/YAP was involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway and endocytosis. FMR1 possibly served as an immune-related novel prognostic gene in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hua He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyao Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanbing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Rozenberg S, Di Pietrantonio V, Vandromme J, Gilles C. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101577. [PMID: 34535397 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review analyses the customization of Menopause Hormone Therapy in the context of breast cancer risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and with menopause at a normal age. Women with Idiopathic POI, FMR-1 premutation or Turner syndrome, if left untreated, may have lower breast cancer risk compared to the healthy age-matched female population. These women should be treated with MHT until the age of 50, as the risk of breast cancer is equal to that of normally menstruating women. Carriers of BRCA 1 & 2 mutation after risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO), without a personal history of cancer, have an increased breast cancer risk, but may probably be treated with MHT till the age of 50. POI resulting from endometriosis or cancer related treatment is discussed in a separate paper in this issue. In peri- and postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms and/or risk factors for osteoporosis in need of MHT, the individual breast cancer risk can be evaluated using internet-based calculators. In most women the 5-year-breast cancer risk is low (<3%) and MHT is a safe option. MHT should be prescribed with caution in women who have an intermediate risk (3-6%) and should not be prescribed in those who have a high risk of breast cancer (>6%). Oestrogen-only MHT and oestrogen-progestogen MHT containing micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone are associated with lower breast cancer risk compared to other combined MHT regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rozenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Laboratoire de Santé Génésique Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Victoria Di Pietrantonio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Laboratoire de Santé Génésique Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Vandromme
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Laboratoire de Santé Génésique Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Gilles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Laboratoire de Santé Génésique Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Age of natural menopause onset in BRCA1/2 carriers - systematic review and meta-analysis. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2021; 19:171-173. [PMID: 33488327 PMCID: PMC7812531 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Germinal pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with high risk of cancers, including breast, ovary, fallopian tubes and primary peritoneal. Non-oncological implications of germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, complicating reproductive health are less described. The influence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 on age of natural menopause remains inconclusive and controversial. Material and methods PubMed database was searched for potentially relevant abstracts. Studies which were not case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies were subsequently excluded. Reference lists from systematic reviews or meta-analyses, dealing with the topic of menopause and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germinal pathogenic variants, were also checked to identify eligible studies. We also included our original, unpublished data from families, affected by BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant, consisted of at least two postmenopausal female siblings with differing variant status. Results and conclusions Initial database search retrieved 193 abstracts. We identified 4 eligible studies for meta-analysis. Two studies not reporting dispersion measures and not reporting age of natural menopause in control group were left in summary for illustrational purposes, yet were excluded from meta-analysis. 4 studies and our original, unpublished data, combining data from 1535 germinal BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers and 3191 control individuals, did not support the hypothesis of association between germinal pathogenic variants of “breast cancer genes” and premature menopause.
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Barad DH, Darmon S, Weghofer A, Latham GJ, Wang Q, Kushnir VA, Albertini DF, Gleicher N. Association of skewed X-chromosome inactivation with FMR1 CGG repeat length and anti-Mullerian hormone levels: a cohort study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:34. [PMID: 28454580 PMCID: PMC5410032 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premutation range CGGn repeats of the FMR1 gene denote risk toward primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also called premature ovarian failure (POF). This prospective cohort study was undertaken to determine if X-chromosome inactivation skew (sXCI) is associated with variations in FMR1 CGG repeat length and, if so, is also associated with age adjusted antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels as an indicator of functional ovarian reserve (FOR). METHODS DNA samples of 58 women were analyzed for methylation status and confirmation of CGGn repeat length. Based on previously described FMR1 genotypes, there were 18 women with norm FMR1 (both alleles in range of CGG n=26-34), and 40 women who had at least one allele at CGGn<26 or CGG>34 ( not-norm FMR1). As part of a routine evaluation of ovarian reserve, patients at our fertility center have their serum AMH assessed at first visit. Regression models were used to test the association of ovarian reserve, as indicated by serum AMH, with sXCI. RESULTS sXCI was significantly lower among infertility patients with norm FMR1 (6.5 ± 11.1, median and IQR) compared to those with not-norm FMR1 (12.0 ± 14.6, P = 0.005), though among young oocyte donors the opposite effect was observed. Women age >30 to 38 years old demonstrated greater ovarian reserve in the presence of lower sXCI as evidenced by significantly higher AMH levels (GLM sXCI_10%, f = 11.27; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Together these findings suggest that FMR1 CGG repeat length may have a role in determining X-chromosome inactivation which could represent a possible mechanism for previously observed association of low age adjusted ovarian reserve with FMR1 variations in repeat length. Further, larger, investigations will be required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Barad
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah Darmon
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
| | - Andrea Weghofer
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
- 0000 0001 2286 1424grid.10420.37Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna University School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qi Wang
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
| | - Vitaly A. Kushnir
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
- 0000 0001 2185 3318grid.241167.7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - David F. Albertini
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
- 0000 0001 2177 6375grid.412016.0Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- 0000 0004 0585 2042grid.417602.6The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), New York, NY USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY USA
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Stem Cell and Molecular Embryology Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
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Yang W, Fan C, Chen L, Cui Z, Bai Y, Lan F. Pathological Effects of the FMR1 CGG-Repeat Polymorphism (5-55 Repeat Numbers): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 239:57-66. [PMID: 27193037 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.239.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene contains a highly polymorphic trinucleotide (CGG) repeat and consists of various allelic forms. Traditionally, 55-200 repeats and over 200 CGG repeats have been highlighted to be associated with ovarian dysfunction and neuro-psychiatric risks. However, previous studies had paid little attention to the allelic forms of 5-55 CGG repeats. Herein, we sought to evaluate the pathological features of FMR1 allelic category with a range of 5-55 CGG repeats. We further classified the spectrum of CGG sizes (5-55 repeats) into three sub-groups as low numbers of CGG repeat (< 26 repeats), normal CGG count (26-34 repeats), and small CGG expansion (35-54 repeats). Our systematic review documented that low numbers of CGG repeat (< 26 repeats) revealed a close relationship with premature ovarian failure. Correspondingly, the meta-analysis showed that small CGG expansion, involving allelic sizes with 35-54 (n = 8, OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.75-2.00, P > 0.05) and 41-54 (n = 7, OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.14-2.30, P < 0.05), was both linked to the risk of ovarian dysfunction. Additionally, small CGG expansion exerts significant influence on male Parkinsonism cohorts (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.50-3.14, P < 0.05), mental retardation, and repeat instability. Our data provide evidence that the CGG-repeat numbers below 26 or above 34 of FMR1 gene are also associated with disease risks and thus should be regarded as pathological genotypes for a routine test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Experimental Medicine, Affiliated Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University
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