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Ideal body image for the opposite sex and its association with body mass index. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:190-198. [PMID: 34886917 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932021000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This research studied the preferences reported by women and men about their Ideal Body Image for the Opposite Sex (IBIOS), and its association with body mass index (BMI). It also analysed the preferences of each sex for a woman's ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man's ideal body image (M-IBI). A total of 450 participants aged 18-70 years with different weights were studied. Their IBIOS was assessed using standard figural stimuli. The sample was divided in four groups by sex and age (<45 years; ≥45 years). Sex and age differences in IBIOS, as well as sex differences in the preferences for a woman's ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man's ideal body image (M-IBI), were tested using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The association between IBIOS and BMI was analysed using Spearman's correlation. In all groups, the most chosen silhouette as IBIOS was number 4. In the under-45 years group, women chose bigger silhouettes for the opposite sex than men did (p<0.05). In this age group women chose as ideal smaller silhouettes for the female body than men did (p<0.01). In addition, women and men in the younger age group and with normal weight chose smaller silhouettes, while those who were overweight or obese selected larger silhouettes (p<0.001). Age was found to be a relevant factor in IBIOS preferences, and in the association between IBIOS and nutritional status as measured by BMI, which was only observed to be significant in the younger age group.
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Godoy-Izquierdo D, Lara R, Ogallar A, Rodríguez-Tadeo A, Ramírez MJ, Navarrón E, Arbinaga F. Psychosocial and Diet-Related Lifestyle Clusters in Overweight and Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6461. [PMID: 34203684 PMCID: PMC8296278 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored intraindividual multidimensional profiles integrating psychosocial factors, namely, body image and satisfaction, weight-related self-stigma, positivity, and happiness, and behavioural-lifestyle factors, namely, adherence to a healthy diet, among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aimed to investigate the association of excess weight (i.e., measured body mass index, BMI) with the abovementioned multidimensional configurations. A convenience sample of 100 adult individuals (60% females) with excessive weight (69% overweight; 31% obesity) was recruited. They completed self-reports regarding the study variables, and their weight and height were measured. With a perspective centered on the individual, a cluster analysis was performed. Three distinct intraindividual psychosocial and diet-related profiles were identified: a group of healthy individuals with excess weight (46%); a group of individuals who were negatively affected by their excessive weight and showed the most distressed profile (18%); and a group of dysfunctional individuals who seemed to be excessively unrealistic and optimistic regarding their excessive weight and unhealthy lifestyles, but were troubled by their weight (36%). Furthermore, individuals in the affected cluster had higher obesity (mean BMI ± SD = 32.1 ± 3.7) than those in the clusters of healthy (28.0 ± 3.0) and dysfunctional individuals (28.1 ± 3.3) (p < 0.05). The results showed that there are specific psychosocial and lifestyle profiles in the adult population with excess weight and that there are relationships among psychological, behavioural, and body-composition factors. For clinical application purposes, it is important to account for the heterogeneity within individuals who are obese and to individualize the interventions, with a focus from weight change to the individual's overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Godoy-Izquierdo
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (M.J.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Raquel Lara
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (M.J.R.); (E.N.)
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Adelaida Ogallar
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (M.J.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Tadeo
- Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, Universidad Autónoma Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez 32300, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (M.J.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Estefanía Navarrón
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (M.J.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Félix Arbinaga
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Experimental, Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Ciencias del Deporte, Campus Universitario El Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
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da Fonseca MDJM, Pimenta IT, Albuquerque LDS, Aquino EML, Cardoso LDO, Chor D, Griep RH. Factors Associated with Body Size Perception and Body Image (Dis)Satisfaction in the Elderly: Results of the ELSA-Brasil Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186632. [PMID: 32933014 PMCID: PMC7558384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the association between body image perception and (dis)satisfaction and sociodemographic and behavioral factors in the elderly, using multinomial logistic regression. Data were analyzed for 1686 women and 1499 men participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Men with less schooling and women with lower per capita income showed higher odds of underestimating their body size. Former smokers of both sexes showed higher odds of overestimating their body size; lower schooling and lower per capita income decreased these odds. Increasing age, lower per capita income, and smoking increased the odds of dissatisfaction due to thinness in men, and married marital status decreased these odds. In women, low per capita income, weekly consumption of vegetables, and smoking increased the odds of such dissatisfaction. Factors that increased the odds of dissatisfaction due to excess weight in both sexes were primary or secondary schooling and former smoking. In women, low per capita income, weak physical activity, weekly consumption of vegetables, and excessive alcohol intake also increased the odds of such dissatisfaction. The results suggest that improved living conditions and the adoption of healthy behaviors can help reduce misperceived negative body image among elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil; (I.T.P.); (L.d.O.C.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isiyara Taverna Pimenta
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil; (I.T.P.); (L.d.O.C.); (D.C.)
| | | | - Estela M. L. Aquino
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Brazil;
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Cardoso
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil; (I.T.P.); (L.d.O.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Dóra Chor
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil; (I.T.P.); (L.d.O.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Rosane Harter Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
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Considering BMI, Body Image and Desired Weight Change for Suitable Obesity Management Options. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e35. [PMID: 32895084 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts.
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Godoy-Izquierdo D, González-Hernández J, Rodríguez-Tadeo A, Lara R, Ogallar A, Navarrón E, Ramírez MJ, López-Mora C, Arbinaga F. Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4186. [PMID: 32545437 PMCID: PMC7344457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Godoy-Izquierdo
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (A.O.)
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (A.O.)
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Tadeo
- Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo, Ciudad Juárez 32300, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - Raquel Lara
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Adelaida Ogallar
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (A.O.)
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
| | - Estefanía Navarrón
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Grupo de Investigación Psicología de la Salud y Medicina Conductual (CTS-267), Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.L.); (E.N.); (M.J.R.); (C.L.-M.)
- Seneca Foundation & Departmen of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Gentry Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Félix Arbinaga
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Experimental, Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Huelva, Campus Universitario El Carmen, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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