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Abstract
SummaryFifty-nine strains of pediococci were isolated as representing the predominant non-starter flora in a series of Cheddar cheeses made over a period of 5 months. All strains had the same physiological characteristics and were identified asPediococcus cerevisiae. A common antigen was found in 54 of the strains, whereas in the other 5 the antigenic component appeared to be related but not the same. Both antigens were located in the cell wall.All the strains required folinic acid for growth and it was shown with one strain that the small amount of growth which occurred in sterile milk was greatly increased by the presence of the folinic acid producing starterStreptococcus cremoris924.
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Abstract
SummaryThe host–phage reactions of 20 strains of lactic streptococci currently used in cheese manufacture, and the phages active on them, were studied under a variety of conditions. The phages of the lactic streptococci conformed in their behaviour with the general behaviour of phages for other bacterial species. The burst size of phages which attack one strain of starter culture varied widely and also varied when one phage attacked different host strains. The burst size of a phage was also influenced by the host on which it was previously propagated. An increase of temperature from 30 to 37 °C the latent period, but it increased, decreased, or had no effect on the burst size. This increase in temperature also usually decreased the percentage adsorption of phage. Rennet at a concentration of 0·02 % significantly reduced the percentage adsorption of phage in sterile reconstituted milk and also in tryptone yeast-extract broth.
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O'Toole DK. Factors inhibiting and stimulating bacterial growth in milk: an historical perspective. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 40:45-94. [PMID: 7604740 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D K O'Toole
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon
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Crow VL, Holland R, Pritchard GG, Coolbear T. The diversity of potential cheese ripening characteristics of lactic acid starter bacteria: 2. The levels and subcellular distributions of peptidase and esterase activities. Int Dairy J 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Martley F, Crow V. Interactions between non-starter microorganisms during cheese manufacture and repening. Int Dairy J 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(93)90027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Köhler G, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH. Differentiation of lactococci by rRNA gene restriction analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991; 84:307-12. [PMID: 1687138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of the subspecies of Lactococcus lactis could be differentiated by rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). 16S rRNA-specific oligonucleotide as well as polynucleotide DNA probes were used for the detection of restriction fragments. In addition, a site-specific probe was designed for the intergenic spacer region of 23S and 5S rRNA genes. For all lactococcal strains the putative presence of six rRNA operons was confirmed. A non-radioactive hybridization assay was used based on hybrid detection by chemiluminescence. Specific patterns were found for any of the strains investigated. Subspecies-specific restriction fragments could be identified in addition to the strain-specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, F.R.G
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Rodrigues UM, Aguirre M, Facklam RR, Collins MD. Specific and intraspecific molecular typing of lactococci based on polymorphism of DNA encoding rRNA. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1991; 71:509-16. [PMID: 1685731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb03825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rRNA gene restriction patterns or species of the genus Lactococcus were determined. Chromosomal DNA was digested with endonucleases and probed with radiolabelled DNA complementary to rRNA synthesized by random oligonucleotide priming using reverse transcriptase. Highly discriminatory restriction patterns were obtained which served to distinguish the five currently recognized lactococcal species. In addition the observed variations in the patterns at intra-specific level indicate that rRNA gene restriction fingerprinting may be of value in distinguishing the individual strains for epidemiological studies, and monitoring and checking authenticity of starter strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, AFRC Institute of Food Research, Shinfield, Reading, UK
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Milton K, Hicks C, O’Leary J, Langlois B. Effect of Lecithin Addition and Homogenization of Bulk Starter on Agglutination. J Dairy Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Klaenhammer TR. Interactions of Bacteriophages with Lactic Streptococci. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Long chain formation of group N streptococci induced by citric acid. Biotechnol Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MacBean RD, Hall RJ, Linklater PM. Analysis of pH-stat continuous cultivation and the stability of the mixed fermentation in continuous yogurt production. Biotechnol Bioeng 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260210903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lees G, Jago G. Role of Acetaldehyde in Metabolism: A Review 2. The Metabolism of Acetaldehyde in Cultured Dairy Products. J Dairy Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reiter B, Kirikova M. THE ISOLATION OF A LYSOGENIC STRAIN FROM A MULTIPLE STRAIN STARTER CULTURE*. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 1976. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1976.tb00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lees GJ. Acetaldehyde: an intermediate in the formation of ethanol from glucose by lactic acid bacteria. J DAIRY RES 1976; 43:63-73. [PMID: 177470 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900015600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group N streptococci formed acetaldehyde and ethanol from glucose. As the enzymes aldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase were present this would enable these organisms to reduce acetyl-CoA to acetaldehyde and convert acetyl-CoA to acetyl phosphate and acetate. A pentose phosphate pathway which converted ribose-5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate was also present. Acetaldehyde could not be formed via the hexose monophosphate shunt or by direct decarboxylation of pyruvate, as the enzymes phosphoketolase and alpha-carboxylase were absent. Phosphoketolase activity was induced in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis after growth on D-xylose. Group N streptococci also contained an NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase which reduced acetaldehyde to ethanol while both NAD- and NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activities were found in Leuconostoc cremoris.
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Thomas TD, Jarvis BD, Skipper NA. Localization of proteinase(s) near the cell surface of Streptococcus lactis. J Bacteriol 1974; 118:329-33. [PMID: 4208129 PMCID: PMC246762 DOI: 10.1128/jb.118.2.329-333.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two criteria suggest that most of the proteinase of Streptococcus lactis is localized in the cell wall. (i) Intact cells possess proteinase activity when incubated with a high-molecular-weight substrate. (ii) Most of the cell-bound proteinase activity is released during spheroplast formation under conditions which result in the release of only 1% of the intracellular enzymes aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The solubilized cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm fractions contained 84, 0, and 16%, respectively, of the total proteinase activity with casein as substrate. The physiological role of a surface-bound proteinase in this organism is discussed.
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Sorrells KM, Cowman RA, Swaisgood HE. Hydrolysis of α
s, 1
-Casein B by
Streptococcus lactis
Membrane Proteinase. J Bacteriol 1972; 112:474-9. [PMID: 16559159 PMCID: PMC251434 DOI: 10.1128/jb.112.1.474-479.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated proteinase of
Streptococcus lactis
strain 3 hydrolyzed α
s, 1
-casein B into 11 peptide fragments. Eight of the 11 peptides were purified and partially characterized. Each peptide contained several, but not all six, essential amino acids required for growth. The culture was able to utilize one peptide as the sole source for the essential amino acid leucine. Leucine, serine, valine, and glycine were found to be NH
2
-terminal residues. Two of the peptides were phosphopeptides. The data support the functional role of the membrane-associated proteinase as being involved in the initial breakdown of proteins to peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sorrells
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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Sullivan RA, Infantino DG. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cheese. II. Coenzymes, 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose, and 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose-5-Phosphate. J Dairy Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(72)85422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Westhoff DC, Cowman RA. Substrate specificity of the intracellular proteinase from a slow acid producing mutant of Streptococcus lactis. J Dairy Sci 1971; 54:1265-9. [PMID: 5094692 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)86018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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MOCQUOT G, HUREL C. THE SELECTION AND USE OF SOME MICRO-ORGANISMS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FERMENTED AND ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCTS. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1970.tb02786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sullivan RA, Infantino DG. Carbohydrate metabolism in Cheddar cheese. I. N-acetylneuraminic acid, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, and phosphorylated sugars. J Dairy Sci 1969; 52:761-7. [PMID: 5374014 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Keenan TW, Bills DD. Metabolism of volatile compounds by lactic starter culture microorganisms. A review. J Dairy Sci 1968; 51:1561-7. [PMID: 4878839 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(68)87231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vedamuthu E, Reinbold G, Hammond E. Inhibitory Activity of Acid and Rennet Whey on Propionibacteria. J Dairy Sci 1968. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(68)87019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cavett JJ, Garvie EI. Biochemical and serological characters of three strains of streptococci previously reported as Streptococcus cremoris isolated from deep-frozen peas after thawing. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1967; 30:377-81. [PMID: 6073992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1967.tb00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Schleifer KH, Kandler O. Zur chemischen Zusammensetzung der Zellwand der Streptokokken. Arch Microbiol 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00416935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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