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Flórez P, de Castro M, Rodríguez D, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Carvajal A. Intralaboratory Validation of a Kinetic Turbidimetric Assay Based on Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) for Assessing Endotoxin Activity in Cow Milk. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030427. [PMID: 36766315 PMCID: PMC9913736 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, one of the most common diseases in dairy cattle, causes severe losses in the dairy sector worldwide and affects animal welfare. The disease is characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland and is mainly caused by bacterial infections, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The release of endotoxins associated to bacterial lysis is a weighty factor in the clinical course of Gram-negative associated mastitis and should be taken into consideration when using antibiotics in the treatment of these infections. Therefore, endotoxin detection in milk samples would be of help in the management of bovine mastitis. With this aim, we have validated a kinetic turbidimetric assay based on Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) for the quantification of endotoxins in milk samples. The assay was adapted to this particular matrix by incorporating filtration and dilution of the milk samples in the procedure. Our results demonstrate the robustness and usefulness of the assay, which allows the identification of coliform mastitis in milk samples from affected cows and the quantification of endotoxin activity in bulk and commercial milk samples. Further studies are required to evaluate the performance of the assay in mastitis milk samples associated to Gram-negative bacteria other than Escherichia coli as well as during the clinical course of these Gram-negative mastitis or after their treatment with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Flórez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina, IBIOMED, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Mobed A, Hasanzadeh M. Environmental protection based on the nanobiosensing of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs): material and method overview. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9704-9724. [PMID: 35424904 PMCID: PMC8959448 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin control is critical for environmental and healthcare issues. LPSs are responsible for several infections, including septic and shock sepsis, and are found in water samples. Accurate and specific diagnosis of endotoxin is one of the most challenging issues in medical bacteriology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plating and culture-based methods, and Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay are the conventional techniques in quantifying LPS in research and medical laboratories. However, these methods have been restricted due to their disadvantages, such as low sensitivity and time-consuming and complicated procedures. Therefore, the development of new and advanced methods is demanding, particularly in the biological and medical fields. Biosensor technology is an innovative method that developed extensively in the past decade. Biosensors are classified based on the type of transducer and bioreceptor. So in this review, various types of biosensors, such as optical (fluorescence, SERS, FRET, and SPR), electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemiluminescence, on the biosensing of LPs were investigated. Also, the critical role of advanced nanomaterials on the performance of the above-mentioned biosensors is discussed. In addition, the application of different labels on the efficient usage of biosensors for LPS is surveyed comprehensively. Also, various bio-elements (aptamer, DNA, miRNA, peptide, enzyme, antibody, etc.) on the structure of the LPS biosensor are investigated. Finally, bio-analytical parameters that affect the performance of LPS biosensors are surveyed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin control is critical for environmental and healthcare issues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mobed
- Aging Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Uchida T, Kaku Y, Hayasaka H, Kofuji M, Momose N, Miyazawa H, Ueda Y, Ito K, Ookawara S, Morishita Y. Utility Of An Automatic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic Turbidimetric Test For Endotoxin Screening Of Dialysate Samples. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:429-433. [PMID: 31632161 PMCID: PMC6789175 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s225246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxin contamination of dialysate has serious adverse effects on patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, endotoxin activity in dialysate is closely monitored. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) has been used as a reagent to measure endotoxin activity. Here, we investigated the efficacy of an automatic LAL kinetic turbidimetric test (Toxinometer ET-mini) for screening endotoxin activity in dialysate. Methods In total, endotoxin activity was measured in 110 dialysate samples obtained from several sites within hemodialysis circuits between June 2012 and March 2018. The results were compared with those from a conventional chromogenic substrate LAL test conducted by a clinical examination laboratory. Results Both the automatic LAL test and the chromogenic substrate LAL test had a minimum detection level of 0.001 endotoxin units (EU)/mL. Endotoxin activity levels measured via the automatic LAL test showed a strongly positive correlation (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.9933; 95% CI: 0.9902–0.9954) and good agreement (mean difference: 0.00±0.01 EU/mL) with those obtained using the chromogenic substrate LAL test. Conclusion The results suggest that the automatic LAL test may be useful for endotoxin activity screening in hemodialysis facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kaku
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayasaka
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaya Kofuji
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Momose
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Miyazawa
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Ito
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Ookawara
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Morishita
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
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Sotohira Y, Suzuki K, Sasaki H, Sano T, Tsuchiya M, Suzuki Y, Shimamori T, Tsukano K, Sato A, Yokota H, Asakawa M. Plasma endotoxin activity in kangaroos with oral necrobacillosis (lumpy jaw disease) using an automated handheld testing system. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:971-6. [PMID: 26902804 PMCID: PMC4937157 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of directly determining
endotoxin activity in plasma samples from kangaroos with lumpy jaw disease (LJD, n=15) and healthy controls
(n=12). Prior to the present study, the ability of the commercially available automated handheld portable test
system (PTSTM) to detect endotoxin activity in kangaroo plasma was compared with that of the
traditional LAL-kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay. Plasma samples, which were obtained from
endotoxin-challenged cattle, were diluted 1:20 in endotoxin-free water and heated to 80°C for 10 min. The
performance of the PTSTM was not significantly different from that of the traditional LAL-based
assay. The data obtained using PTSTM correlated with those using KT
(r2=0.963, P<0.001). These findings indicated that the
PTSTM is applicable as a simplified system to assess endotoxin activity in macropods. In the
present study, we demonstrated the diagnostic value of plasma endotoxin activity in kangaroos with systemic
inflammation caused by oral necrobacillosis and identified plasma endotoxin activity as a sensitive marker of
systemic inflammation in kangaroos with LJD. Based on ROC curves, we proposed a diagnostic cut-off point for
endotoxin activity of >0.22 EU/ml for the identification of LJD. Our results indicate that
the assessment of plasma endotoxin activity is a promising diagnostic tool for determining the outcome of LJD
in captive macropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Sotohira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Suzuki Y, Suzuki K, Shimamori T, Tsuchiya M, Niehaus A, Lakritz J. Evaluation of a portable test system for assessing endotoxin activity in raw milk. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:49-53. [PMID: 26279135 PMCID: PMC4751116 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare endotoxin activities detected in raw milk samples obtained from cattle by a commercially available portable test system (PTS) and traditional microplate limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assay, which determined activities using a kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay. Raw milk samples were obtained from 53 and 12 dairy cattle without and with clinical mastitis, respectively. Comparison between the KT and PTS was performed by the Friedman test. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate associations between any two continuous variables. Linear regression model analysis was also performed to obtain the equation describing the relationship between PTS and KT assay. The endotoxin activities detected in 200- or 400-fold diluted milk samples were similar between PTS and KT assay, whereas a significant difference was observed in 100-fold diluted milk (P<0.001). The results obtained from 200- (r(2)=0.778, P<0.001) and 400-fold diluted milk samples (r(2)=0.945, P<0.001) using PTS correlated with those using KT assay. The median milk endotoxin activities in Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical mastitis cows were 0.655 and 11,523.5 EU/ml, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that PTS as a simple and easy test to assess endotoxin activity in raw milk is efficient, simple and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Suzuki K, Shimamori T, Sato A, Tsukano K, Tsuchiya M, Lakritz J. Detecting endotoxin activity in bovine serum using an automated testing system. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:977-9. [PMID: 25787927 PMCID: PMC4565822 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the ability of the commercially available portable test system (PTSTM) to detect endotoxin activity in bovine serum, with that of the traditional LAL-kinetic turbidimetric (KT) and chromogenic (KC) assays. Prior to testing, serum samples, which were obtained from endotoxin-challenged cattle, were diluted 1:20 in endotoxin-free water and heated to 80°C for 10 min. The performance of the PTSTM was not significantly different from that of the traditional LAL-based assays. The results using PTSTM correlated with those using KT (r2=0.963, P<0.001) or KC assays (r2=0.982, P<0.001). Based on these findings, the PTSTM could be applied as a simplified system to assess endotoxin activity in bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Siragusa GR, Kang DH, Cutter CN. Monitoring the microbial contamination of beef carcass tissue with a rapid chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate endpoint assay. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31:178-83. [PMID: 10972724 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) endpoint assay was found to be an accurate and rapid means of gauging levels of beef carcass microbial contamination within 10 min. The assay demonstrated a high correlation with the total mesophilic bacterial and coliform surface populations from inoculated beef carcass surface tissues. This assay was tested on a set of actual beef carcass surface samples (n = 121) demonstrating the utility of the chromogenic LAL test as a means of monitoring carcass microbial contamination in a near real-time fashion. Classifying the chromogenic LAL results into four contamination groups was found to be a sound means of utilizing the resultant chromogenic LAL data for detecting carcasses with high levels of microbial contamination. For beef carcass testing, this assay can be used with no instrumentation other than the required 37 degrees C incubator and, as an option, a microplate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Siragusa
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA.
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González I, Martín R, García T, Morales P, Sanz B, Hernández PE. Polyclonal antibodies against protein F from the cell envelope of Pseudomonas fluorescens for the detection of psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated meat using an indirect ELISA. Meat Sci 1996; 42:305-13. [PMID: 22060777 DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(94)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/1995] [Revised: 07/14/1995] [Accepted: 08/08/1995] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens and related psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated meat. The ELISA uses polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against protein F from the cell envelope of Pseudomonas fluorescens AH-70. The anti-protein F antibodies were recovered from the crude antiserum by ammonium sulfate precipitation and conjugated to biotin. Commercial Extr Avidin-peroxidase conjugate was used to detect the biotinylated antibodies bound to their specific antigens. Subsequent enzymatic conversion of substrate gave distinct absorbance differences when assaying meat samples containing P. fluorescens strains of different origin as well as related psychrotrophic microorganisms. The detection threshold for the ELISA assay developed in this work was 10(4)-10(5) cfu cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- I González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología III, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Gonzalez I, Martin R, Garcia T, Morales P, Sanz B, Hernandez P. Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked lmmunosorbent Assay. J Dairy Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(94)77298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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González I, Martín R, García T, Morales P, Sanz B, Hernández PE. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens and related psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated milk. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 74:394-401. [PMID: 8486545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb05144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was developed for detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens and related psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated milk. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against protein F from the cell envelope of Pseudomonas fluorescens AH-70. The anti-protein F antibodies (anti-PF) bound to the wells of a microtitre plate were used to capture this protein from the micro-organisms on milk samples. Further immunorecognition of the captured antigen was attained with the same anti-PF antibodies conjugated to biotin. ExtrAvidin-peroxidase was used to detect the biotinylated antibodies bound to their specific antigens. Subsequent enzymic conversion of substrate gave clear absorbance differences when assaying milk samples containing Ps. fluorescens strains of different origin as well as related psychrotropic micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Steffens K, Maier T. [Determination of the endotoxin content of egg products using a miniaturized chromogenic Limulus test]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1989; 188:531-4. [PMID: 2763716 DOI: 10.1007/bf01043044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay was applied to monitor endotoxin concentration in egg products. Analysis of differently contaminated whole egg probes revealed a strong correlation of endotoxin concentration to total bacterial count 6 x 10(4) cfu x ng-1, where cfu = colony-forming unit) as well as to number of Enterobacteriaceae (1 ng/7 x 10(2) cfu). Similar relations were also found for egg white and egg yolk probes. A significant influence of heat pretreatment of egg probes (65 degrees C, 60 min) on endotoxin detection could be excluded. Up to a concentration of 10 mg x ml-1 endotoxin-free whole egg material did not interfere with the test system. A miniaturized version of the chromogenic Limulus test, which can be carried out in microtiter plates, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steffens
- Deutsches Institut für Lebensmitteltechnik, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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Perez de Castro B, Asensio MA, Sanz B, Ordoñez JA. A method to assess the bacterial content of refrigerated meat. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1462-5. [PMID: 3415222 PMCID: PMC202680 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.6.1462-1465.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method has been developed to estimate the levels of gram-negative bacteria on refrigerated meat. The method is based on the aminopeptidase activity of these bacteria, which cleaves L-alanine-p-nitroanilide to yield p-nitroaniline, which is easily determined spectrophotometrically. This method allows the determination of levels around 10(6) to 10(7) CFU cm-2 in about 3 h. Because of the yellow color of p-nitroaniline, bacterial loads around 10(7) CFU cm-2 develop a color intense enough to be detected with the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Perez de Castro
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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